Chemistry

Chemistry 101 01 with Kehre at Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

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By: Stephanie Diehl
Created: 2010-11-17
Size: 104 flashcards
Views: 540

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non electrolyte

non conducting solute in solution

electrolyte

conducting solute in solution

Ion

atom or group of atoms that has acquired a net electrical charge as a result of gaining or losing one or more electrons.

Cation

Positively charged ion

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Polyatomic ions

Ions that are themselves made up of more than one atom or element

Hard Water

Contains high concentrations of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions

Soft Water

Contains few of these dissolved ions

Malnutrition

Caused by a diet lacking in the proper mix of nutrients, even though the energy content of the food may be adequate.

Undernourishment

Experienced when the daily caloric intake is insufficient to meet the metabolic needs of a person.

Properties of Fats

Greasy, slippery, soft, low melting, water insoluble, solids.

Properties of Oils

obtained from olives, corn or nuts. Exhibit many of the properties of animal-based fats, but in liquid form.

Lipids

Edible fats and oils, and also triglycerides, cholesterol and other steroids.

Fatty Acids

Characterized by 2 structural features: (1) A long hydrocarbon chain generally containing an even number of carbon atoms [typically 12-24], (2) A carboxylic acid group [-COOH or -CO2H] at the end of the chain

Stearic Acid

Condensed formula CH3(CH2)16COOH

Triglyceride

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule. Belong to the lipid family, and is also known as a triester.

Saturated

Fatty acids contain only C-to-C single bonds between the carbon atoms

Unsaturated

A fatty acid that contains one or more C-to-C double bonds between carbon atoms

Polyunsaturated

A fatty acid that contains more than one C-to-C double bond between carbon atoms

Hydrogenation

hydrogen gas, H2, is added to a double bond (C=C) and converts it to a single bond (C-C)

Cholesterol

A lipid, falls into the class of compounds called steroids

Carbohydrates

Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The best known dietary carbohydrates are sugars and starch.

Monoaccharide

Simple sugar

Disaccharide

Double sugar formed by 2 monoaccharides

Polyaccharide

Formed from many monoaccharides or disaccharides.

Proteins

Polyamides or polypeptides, polymers made up of amino acid monomers.

Amino Acids

General formula for an aminio acid includes 4 groups attached to a carbon atom (1) carboxylic acid group, (2) amine group, (3) hydrogen atom, (4) side chain designated as R.

Peptide Chain

Covalent bond that forms when the -COOH group of one amino acid reacts with the -NH2 group of another, thus joining the two amino acids.

Essential Amino Acids

Must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them

Protein Complementarily

Combining foods so total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids

Vitamins

Essential in the diet, small amounts. All organic molecules with a wide range of physiological functions. Generally not used as a source of energy, help break down macronutrients.

Minerals

Essential for good health.

Exothermic Reaction

There is a net release of energy (energy from the metabolism of food)

Antioxidants

Compound added to foods, drugs, and cosmetics to minimize the oxidation of unsaturated oils and fats that can cause rancidity, color loss, and flavor change.

Irradiation

Food preservation through this uses short wavelength, high energy gamma radiation to kill microorganisms. Such radiation s ionizing radiation.

Chromosomes

46 compact structures of intertwined molecules of DNA

Genes

30,000 short pieces of DNA that code for the production of proteins, giving you particular inherited characteristics.

DNA

A special template written in a molecular code on a tightly coiled threat that carries all genetic information.

Nucleotides

A combination of a base, phosphate group, and a deoxyribose sugar.

Double helix

the nature of the base pairing required that the two strands be coiled in the shaped of this.

Replication

The process by which DNA copies are made. The original copy partially unwinds and complementary portions separate. These serve as template for synthesis of complementary strands. 2 DNA strands is the result.

Codon

The genetic code is written in groupings of three DNA bases.

Primary Structure

Sequence of the amino acids that make up each protein. Hys-Pro-Gly-Ala

Secondary Structure

Localized arrangement of the backbone segments of a protein chain.

Tertiary Structure

Refers to the three-dimensional structure of the entire polypeptide.

GMO

Genetically modified organism.

Clone

Collection of cells, identical to the original.

Recombinant DNA

DNA that has incorporate DNA from another organism. Sometimes referred to as a Chimera.

Transgenetic

Artificially created plants and animals that share the genes of another species. Increased shelf life, Resistance to pests or viruses, producing tolerances to specific herbicides.

Mixture

A physical combination of two or more substances present in variable amounts

Molecule

A fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.

Chemical Formula

Symbolically represets the type and number of each element present.

Chemical Reactions

Characterized by the rearrangement of atoms when reactants are transformed into products.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Says that atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal.

Secondary Pollutant

Produced from other pollutants

Significant Figures

Helps to indicate the certainty in a measurement and, later, a calculation.

Exact Numbers

Obtained by counting items or from a definition that compares two units in the same measuring system.

Measured Numbers

Everything else for which we must use Sig Fig rules.

Protons

Have a positive charge

Electrons

Have a negative charge

Neutrons

Are Neutral

Symbols

Represent the name of an element. Consists of 1 or 2 letters, and starts with a capital letter

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers and have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Atomic symbol

Represents a particular atom of an element, gives the mass number in the upper left corner and the atomic number in the lower left corner.

Dobson Unit

A measure of the amount total amount of ozone in a column of air.

Catalyst

A chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its speed without undergoing permanent change.

Fluorocarbons

Stable, not decomposed by UV radiation, would not catalyze the destruction of ozone...but, would build up in atmosphere and contribute to global warming.

Hydrocarbons

Too flammable and have decreases boiling points so useless in refrigeration.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons

HCFC's.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases capable of absorbing and reemitting infrared radiation to the atmosphere.

Global atmospheric lifetime or "turnover time"

Time required for a gas added to the atmosphere to be removed.

Albedo

Ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected relative to the amount of radiation incident on the surface.

Forcings

Factors that affect the annual global mean surface temperature, natural and anthropogenic.

Energy

The capacity to do work or supply heat

Work

The movement against a force

Heat

Energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object.

Temperature

Determines the direction of the heat flow.

Joule

The amount of energy required to raise a 1-kg object 10 cm against the force of gravity.

Calorie

1 cal is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be transformed from one form to another.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The entropy of the universe is increasing.

Entropy

Randomness in position or energy level.

Combustion

A chemical process in which a fuel combines rapidly with oxygen to release energy and form products.

Exothermic

When energy is released during the course of a chemical reaction.

Endothermic

Chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

Activation energy

The energy required to initiate the reaction.

Bond Energy

The amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a chemical bond.

Thermal Cracking

Heating starting material to a high temp

Catalytic Cracking

Catalysts are used at a lower temperature

Isomers

Different compounds with the same chemical formula.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of uniform composition

Solvents

Substances capable of dissolving other substances-usually present in the greater amount.

Solutes

Substances dissolved in a solvent-usually present in the lesser amount.

Aqueous Solution

When water is the solvent

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom's attraction for the elections it shares in a covalent bond

Hydrogen Bond

An electrostatic attraction between an atom bearing a partial positive charge in one molecule and an atom bearing a partial negative charge in a neighboring molecule.

Polyatomic Ions

Ions that they themselves made up of more than one atom or element.

Hormones

Chemical messengers, produced by the body's endocrine glands

Enzymes

Proteins that act as biochemical catalysts, influencing the rates of chemical reactions.

Pharmacophore

The portion of a molecule that determines the biological effects of a drug.

Combinatorial chemistry

The systematic creation of large numbers of small molecules in 'libraries' that can be rapidly screened in vitro for potential new drugs.

Chiral

Molecules have four different groups attached to a central atom.

Enantiomers

A chiral molecules and its non-superimposable mirror image are a special kind of isomer.

Generic Drug

Chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years.

About this deck

By: Stephanie Diehl
Created: 2010-11-17
Size: 104 flashcards
Views: 540

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy