Social Evolution Midterm
Biological Anthropology 01:070:204 with Jacobson at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
About this deck
By: Kate DeRosa
Created: 2011-10-17
Size: 244 flashcards
Views: 139
Created: 2011-10-17
Size: 244 flashcards
Views: 139
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Geological Proof that evolution is a reality includes...
The Earth's age of 4.5 Ga.
comparative anatomy and embryology evidence that evolution is a reality includes...
homologous structures and analogous structures
homologous structures are...
similar due to shared ancestry
analogous structures are...
similar due to convergent evolution
biogeographical evidence that evolution is a reality includes...
the fact that life on earth is not uniform; the diversity of life reflects ecological variation; plate tectonics
madagascar broke away from africa roughly....
165 Ma
lemurs and prosimians are found on madagascar because...
they were able to raft to the island prior to the evolution of monkeys
population genetics provides evidence of evolution by...
showing the mechanism of inheritance; it allows the study of adaptation and speciation
molecular biology provides evidence for evolution by...
allowing evolutionary changes to be observed at the molecular level
the first principle of natural selection is...
the ability of a population to expand is infinite but the ability of the environment to support it is finite
the second principle of natural selection is...
that organisms within a population vary and this variation impacts an organisms ability to survive; the environment determines what traits are beneficial
the third principle of natural selection is...
that these variations are inherited and passed on to the next generation
evolution is the...
change of gene frequency over time
comparative psychology deals with...
operant conditioning concentrated on the behavior of a few species in very controlled environments
notable names in comparative psychology are...
thorndike, watson, and skinner
ethology is studied in...
a variety of species in their natural habitats using a broad evolutionary perspective
notable names in ethology are...
heinroth, lorenz, and skinner
Biology developed...
eugenics and social darwinism
eugenics is the...
study and practice of selective breeding of humans with the goal of improving the species
eugenics was at the cold spring harbor lab...
from 1910 to 1940 with the support of many rich families
social darwinism led to...
racial hygiene, forced sterilization, extermination of individuals based on perceived differences
sir francis galton is famous for...
eugenics and creating composite families
the theory of human instincts...
rejects any biological basis for human behavior and asserts that culture is the major determinant for human behavior
Franz Boas developed...
the theory of human instincts
sociobiology was developed in...
the 1970s
sociobiology combines...
human behavioral ecology, evolutionary psychology, biology, sociology, ethology, anthropology, and zoology
according to sociobiology, an animals behavior will act to...
maximize its reproductive success
E.O. Wilson wrote...
the book on sociobiology, "the extension of population biology and evolutionary theory to social organization"
George Williams developed the...
gene-centric view of evolution
W.D. Hamilton developed the theories or...
kin selection and altruism
Robert Trivers developed the theories of...
reciprocal altruism, parental investment, sex ration, parent-offspring conflict, inter-genomic conflict, deceit and self deception, and game theory
differential survival states that...
some traits give others more of an advantage to survival in their environment which then results in producing more offspring since they are more successfully able to survive
Teleology is the thinking that...
everything has a purpose/happens for a reason; designed with some specific goal in mind
"The Great Chain of Being" refers to...
teleology
Teleology is often applied to...
cultures
when teleology is applied to cultures,
cultures are categorized into categories and assessed at various levels of their evolution
Archdeacon William Paley developed...
natural theology
natural theology is based around the...
watchmaker theory
the watchmaker theory states that...
complex and intricate living things could not simply happen by chance but were created by some cosmic designer.
"darwin's dangerous idea" was...
the theory of evolution or the "blind watchmaker" analogy
Lamarkism states that...
the characteristics acquired during one's life can be passed onto their offspring; giraffes
Ontogenetic traits are traits that...
are acquired during ones lifetime and cannot be passed on to offsprign
August Weisman distinguished...
the difference between germ line cells and somatic cells
genetic information flows from...
genotype to phenotype
darwin failed to explain these 4 areas of his theory...
the mechanism of inheritance, how novelty is introduced into the germ line, existence of altruistic behavior, and the disadvantageous traits that are highly selected for in a species.
examples of altruism in nature include...
food sharing, alarm calls, and grooming
group selection...
rationalized that selection can act on the level of the population where individuals participate in behaviors costly to them that are "for the good of the group"
darwin's "hostile forces of nature" postulated...
why maladaptive traits caused by sexual dimorphism would exist when theres no room in nature for extravagance and waste.
the descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex discussed...
the forces of natural selection and how they are complemented by sexual selection
Kippling wrote the...
"Just So" stories that speculated/stated why certain things occurred that could never be tested.
Gould and Lewontin developed the...
Panglossin Paradigm
The Panglossin Paradigm states that...
everything has evolved to suit specific purposes ie: the human nose evolved to hold glasses
The lesson learned from the Panglossin Paradigm is...
that not every trait can or must be explainable as adaptive
Moths being attracted to light is an example of...
behavior that is genetic but not adaptive
armadillos defensive mechanism to jump in the air is an example of...
a behavior that is genetic but not adaptive
Genetic drift is...
a random shifting in gene frequency that is not based on adaption
the founder effect...
results in a genetic bottle neck since a population is founded by a small number of individuals where there is a great limitation on the genetic variation of the population
phenotypic plasticity is when...
the end product of a trait can vary based on the current environmental conditions
coral reefs, trees and the build up of bone based on varying use are all examples of...
phenotypic plasticity
social learning may...
not have any genetic ties but can result in reproductive advantages
The 3 criteria traits must meet in order to be adaptive according to George Williams are...
reliability, economy, and efficiency
Reliability of a trait...
refers to having a trait develop in all members of a species under normal environmental conditions
economy of a trait refers to...
the mechanism of the trait resolving an adaptive problem without any huge costs to the future success of the organism
efficiency of a trait refers to...
having the trait be a good solution for an adaptive problem that must perform its function well
developmental constrains...
can act on behavior
brood parasitism is when...
host birds are "imprinted to recognize eggs of the first brood and if a cuckoo parasitizes a birds nest, they will forever recognize those eggs as their own but it must occur before the first brood
brood parasitism is an example of...
the developmental constrains acting on bahvior
life history strategy is...
that adaptation always represents a trade off between survival and reproductive needs ; need to examine the whole picture to determine the ultimate causation and long term benefits of adaptations
adaptive significance is...
looking at traits that may no longer be adaptive today and as a result are now vestigial remants of adaptions of the past
an example of a vestigial trait in humans is...
human infants being able to clutch at birth was an adaptive ability for more primitive primates that had to grasp onto their mothers fur
evolutionary psychology states that...
the human psyche is designed to cope with specific problems found in pre-cultural environments in which we evolved
environment of evolutionary adaptedness was from...
2Ma to 40Ka and has to do with evolutionary psychology
hard-wired mental modules was developed by...
tooby and cosmides
the human desire to seek out foods high is salt and fat content is an example of...
hard-wired mental modules
one problem with evolutionary psychology is...
the fact that behavioral strategies are directly correlated with maximizing reproductive success which is part of darwins theory
sociology and evolutionary biology states that the human psyche is...
flexible and behaviors are to maximize reproductive success in the current environment
reproductive success is difficult to measure in the modern human population because...
birth control hinders actual reproductive success so the only way we can truly measure it is based on the number of sexual partners
william prons...
sent students to study what behaviors were learned in indigenous populations to determine what was learned and what behaviors were hardwired
the mukogodo of kenya...
have a goal of acquiring wealth in terms of cattle to make them more reproductively successful/desireable to the women in the population
the yabanano of the amazon...
have a goal to be fierce warriors in order to be reproductively successful and have access to other men's mates
the Ache people of paraguay...
have the goal of being a good hunter in order to be more reproductively successful because the best hunters are given access to females
the kipsigs of kenya...
are pastoralists and farmers and they have a goal to have the most crops to be more reproductively successful
maze bright vs maize dull proved that...
rats can be bred for "intelligence" and proved the heredity of traits
rats raised in the "enriched" environment had...
increased acetylcholine levels , a thicker cerebral cortex, more neuron connections
environmental influences can mask...
genes
the 4 positions on the spectrum of genetic determination of behavior are...
innate, modified by learning, selectively learned and learned
songs in crickets are an example of...
innate behavior
gull chicks pecking at anything that resembles their mother's beak before learning to more accurately recognize it is an example of...
behavior that is modified by learning
language acquisition in humans is an example of...
selectively learned behavior
milk bottle opening in tits and potato washing in macaques are examples of...
learned behavior
dizygotic twins are...
fraternal
monozygotic twins are...
identical
dizygotic twins exhibit...
psychological and behavioral differences
monozygotic twins exhibit...
shared physical and behavioral traits even when they are completely isolated from one another
the 2 problems williams pointed out about group selection are...
the rare occurrence of both low migration rates and high extinction
altruistic behavior is...
costly to the actor and benefits the recipient
selfish behavior...
benefits the actor and is cost to the recipient
cooperative behavior...
benefits all participates
spiteful behavior...
is costly to all participants
hamilton defines kin selection as...
inclusive fitness based on coefficient of relatedness
inclusive fitness acts on...
the level of the gene when rb>c
rb>c works for altruism when...
r is the coefficient of relatedness, b is the benefit to the recipient and c is the cost to the actor
parent and offspring have and r of...
0.5
full siblings have an r of...
0.5
1/2 siblings have an r of...
0.25
first cousins have an r of...
0.125
an r of 0.125 is the...
furthest degree of relatedness animals can detect
traits that appear negative can increase in frequency if...
they increase RS later in life
alarm calls in prairie dogs is an example of...
a trait that appears negative until it increase RS later in life
the 4 possible mechanisms of kin recognition are...
proximity, familiarity, phenotypic matching, and the recognition of alleles
proximity is...
when an animals treats anyone close to them as a relative
familiarity is...
when an animal is associated with another from a young age, there is a decrease in aggression and an increase in altruism
phenotypic matching is...
when animals are altruistic to others that have a similar odor to them
recognition alleles are...
alleles that pair with other phenotypic traits that allows other to see that they are altruistic
the westermark theory...
states that individuals that are reared in the same environment do not mate because even if they are not related they feel they are and lack sexual attraction to one another
the kibbutzim experiment...
is when children were raised in groups from an early age and then forced to mate without successfully reproducing since they viewed each other as siblings
selfishness is also known as...
"extracted altruism"
The flu virus is an example of...
selfishness or "extracted altruism"
mutualism-symbiosis can be...
interspecific and intraspecific
commensalists....
benefit while the other is neither harmed or benefits
reciprocal altruism is when...
when unrelated organisms and organisms of another species cooperation
reciprocal altruism requires...
a sense of justice and injustice, a sense of fairness and moralistic aggression
reciprocal altruism is based on the fact...
the favor will be returned at some point in time
the requirements of a species to have reciprocal altruism...
must be relatively long lived, low dispersal rate, ability to recognize and remember individuals, need a mechanism for detecting cheaters, keep "score", everyone must participate, and selective pressure should be strong and favor those who take the benefits and run
cheater detection...
has a strong selective pressure to punish those that cheat the RA system
"live and let live" applies to...
letting your known neighbors live without provoking aggression since they are known to you.
territorial playback experiments showed....
that when a neighbors call was played from inside a near by territory, they were vigoriously attacked when normally they were left alone when in their own territory
the territorial playback experiments were conducted with...
the white throated swallows
the WWI example of "live and let live" is...
the christmas truce of 1914 where enemy teams missed on purpose after having established relationships with one another
vampire bats...
will let others that cheat the system starve to death
coalition in baboons is when...
non alpha males form relationships with alpha males in order to have access to females.
vervet monkeys have grooming system where…
if they shared a grooming experience with someone in the last 2 hours, they are more alert to their alert calls than others in the group
both whales and dolphins have been known to…
display recirpocal altruism even with other species such as humans
early humans had all the necessary criteria for…
RA
gross cheating is when…
a cheater fails to reciprocate at all and altruist recieves nothing in return; selection favors immediate discrimination of the cheater
subtle cheating is when…
the cheater gives back but always less than what the altruist gave to them
friendship is…
a tendency to form strong bonds with others that are unrelated to you
moralistic aggression is a…
protective mechanism to keep you from being cheated; sense of fairness/justice may seem disproportionate to the offense
grattitute and sympathy result in/from…
empathy
guilt and reparative altruism are to…
motivate the cheater into salvaging the relationship
sense of justice is…
judgements based on third party interactions
game theory is…
often considered the prisoner's dilema; cooperate in order to have an overall benefit for everyone
tit for tat had to do with the…
axelrod computer tournament
the costs of sex include…
time and energy spent, verable to predators during mating, break up good genes, disease transmission, deleterious recessive alleles, same sex competition
the benefits of sex include…
parental care increases RS, new gene combinations, DNA repair mechanisms during meiosis
george williams developed the ____ principle in 1975
lottery principle
the lottery principle states that…
asexually breeders have 100 tickets to the lottery but they all have the same number so slim chance of winning yet sexually producing organisms have 100 tickets with all different numbers so they have a higher chance of succeeding
aphids have…
the option of reproducing sexually or asexually based on the current environmental conditions
the red queen hypothesis states that…
for every adaption there is a counter adaptation creating a genetic arms race
anisogamy is…
having sex cells of unequal size
isogamy is…
having sex cells of equal size
sex and "pair bonds" are not actually cooperative behaviors but…
there is actually a lot of conflict btwn individuals to maximize their own RS
monogamy is actually either…
serial, annual or perennial
genetic evidence shows that both males and females…
sneak extra pair copulations
polygny is…
one male with many females
female defense polygny is when…
males protect the females from other males in return for exclusive mating rights
comparative socioecology says that body size, metabolism and diet impact…
resource usage, group size and distribution of resources and male distrubition based on female access
when females are widely spread and "rare"…
males choose monogmy
when females are intermediately dispersed, males choose…
a harem
when females are groups, males…
choose multi-male groups
polyandry is when…
the roles are reveresed and the females are selective over the males
the spotted sandpiper is an example of…
polyandry
fisher's sex ratio theory states that…
more males are born because it increases overall RS since they can have more offspring than females
the trivers-willard hypothesis…
states that parents invest more in males when conditions are good and more in females when conditions are poor
an animal example of the trivers-willard hypothesis is…
how red eer mothers produce more sons when there are good conditions and more daughters in poor conditions
the bateman princle states that…
females almost always invest more energy into offspring than males, making females a limiting resource that males must compete over
is famous for…
fathering over 1000 children
baker and bellis suggested that…
the human orgasm functions to draw sperm up towards the cervix, increase the chance of conception
thornhill et al 1996 stated that..
females have more orgasims with more symmetrial partners
baker and bellis discovered that men…
can adjust their number of sperm/ejaculate depending on mating patterns
when males are not with their mate for extended periods of time…
they double the number of sperm in the ejaculate
the fisher sexy son hypothesis states that…
there is a runaway selection for sexual characteristics since females develop a preference for specific male traits
run away selection states that…
these sexual dimorphic traits have nothing to do with other fitness measures, they are only selected for by making the males more desirable to females
the good genes hypothesis states that…
females choose males that have traits that indicate "good genes"
honest signals of good genes include…
size, physical condition, color of plumage, bodily symmetry, and the size/quailty of the territory held
symmetry is important because it…
indicates developmental stability
Zahavi's handicap principle…
states that while survival is important, being able to survive with costly characteristics developed to their full potential indicates the presence of good genes
hamilton and zuk's parasite model shows…
males with parasites cannot produce as colorful plumage and therefore are not prefereed by females
the red comb in chickens being less bright is an example of…
parasite load impacting female mate choice
in areas where human parasite loads are high…
men rate female beauty more highly
scorpionflies produce more eggs when….
the males are larger and present bigger gifts
the widow bird was manipulated in an experiment that proved…
even if it was man made, the females prefered males with long tails
the 3 types of basic life activities include…
growth, repair and maintenance, and reproduction
r-selected species…
produce large numbers of cheap eggs and have no parental investment; high mortality rate
k-selected species…
produce few but energetically expensive offspring which parental investment
primates are distingushed by…
flat nails on some digits, large brain size to body size ratio, highly variable social systems, long gestation periods, complex visual system, opposable thumbs and toes, reduction of olfactory ability, and dermatoglyphics
dermatoglyphics are…
fingerprints
old and new world monkeys diverged…
about 50 Ma through allopatric speciation
15 Ma, the east african rift vally seperated…
east and west africa
the formation of the east african rift valley lead to…
hot arid low land deserts and open savanna grasslands; optimal preservation through volcanic activity
unique characteristics of humans are…
hairlessness, dentition reduction, rich material culture, language, large brain/neocortex
the "man the hunter-scavenger" theory of bipedalism…
says bipedalism was efficient for slow speed and increased stamina however, this results in the need to search for meat and the fossil record has bioedalism prior to meat eating
the "predator avoidance" theory of bipedalism…
allowed hominins to better spot predators on the open savanna
the "woman the gatherer" theory of bipedalism…
says bipedalism frees up the females hands as they gather and transport resources in a climate that had scarce food resources meaning one had to travel long distances and gather a lot of food to provide for a large group
the "reduced exposure to the sun" hypothesis of bipedalism…
reduces the body surface exposed to sunlight by about 1/3 and being in open areas such as the savanna, there was an increased exposure to the harmful uv rays
Ardipithecus was in middle awash and E. africa around…
6-4Ma
Ardipithecus had ____ locomotion
bipedal on ground, quadrepedal in trees
Ardipithecus had small canines in both sexes and had a ___ diet
woodland omnivore
Australopithecus lived in E. Africa, middle awash and S. Africa from…
4-1.2 Ma
Australopithecus was a …
striding terrestrial biped
Homo has existed since…
2.25 Ma- 100,000 years ago
male gorillas have prominent…
sagittal crests
chimps have been known to use plants for…
medical purposes
chimps have a ____ social system
fission-fusion
bonobos diverged from chimps around…
0.9 Ma
the brain is about 2% of our body weight but consumes…
20% of our bodys energy
the aboreal theory for large brain size suggests…
movement in trees and the coordination requred for coordination and control selected for a larger brain size BUT there are many aboreal predators with small brains
folivores specialize on low quality diets since…
that food is plentiful and they developed specialized guts for that food type; not selection pressure for larger brains
most primates have a ___ diet
frugivorous omnivore
frugivorous omnivores need to have a complex brain because..
they have to "map" what fruits are ripe in both time and space and keep track of this to maintain a balanced diet
spider monkeys are furgibores and they have…
a brain size more than double the folivorous howler monkey
homo habilis had the first evidence of…
basic, non-symmetrical tools and large brains
the largest period of rapid brain growth occurred from 1.5 Ma to 300,000 years ago with…
homo erectus
symbolic culture and art originates around…
35,ooo years ago
agriculture originates around…
11,000 years ago
encephalisation and ballastics states that…
a larger brain with more complex motor skills was required for throwing objects
machavellian intelligence allows…
and individual to serve his/her own interest by interacting with others either cooperatively or manipulatively but without disturbing the overall social cohesion of the group
there is positive feedback between social complexity and…
brain size/intelligence
the minimal primate group size reflects…
the size needed to defend against predators
the max primate group size is constrained by…
ecological and social factors
larger primate groups….
take longer to travel, are more noticable to predators, and provide less food per individual
when a primate group is too large…
social conflicts arise over food, mate access, and dominance
in large primate groups, high ranking individuals…
have a higher RS because they have priority access to resources and mates
deception is use to…
fool others, ie false warning calls to sneak resources
social primates must be able to…
recognize individuals, keep track of social debts, determine how another would view a situation
theory of mind is…
being able to realize others have minds that are not your own
zero order intentionality is…
not even being self-aware
first order intentionality is…
self recognition, "I think"
second order intentionality is…
self awareness and realization that others are also aware, "I think you think…"
the 3 main sections of the human brain are…
the primitive core, the mid section and the outer layer
the primitive core was inherited from…
reptelian ancestors
the mid section has…
sensory perception, intergration of bodily functions, white matter
the outer layer has…
cerebral cortex, grey matter
the outer layer in mammals is up to…
35% of the brain
in prosimians, the outer layer is up to…
50% of the brain
the outer layer in humans is…
80% of the brain
encephalisation and run away sexual selection states that…
the brain became large because females prefer intelligent males; positive feedback loop
genetic imprinting is when traits act differently depending on if they are…
paternal or maternal
paternally active genes view maternal siblings as…
unrelated, r=0 so they act selfishly
maternally active genes view maternal siblings as…
realted, r=1 and act altruistically
neoteny is…
small genetic changes that effect timing of development of features
steven pinker stated that…
inherited disiorders involving grammatical erros in speech
brocas are controlls…
speech
wernickles are controlls…
language comprehension
About this deck
By: Kate DeRosa
Created: 2011-10-17
Size: 244 flashcards
Views: 139
Created: 2011-10-17
Size: 244 flashcards
Views: 139
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy