Art History

Chartes Catherdral:

-gothic church

-3 portals, 3 windows= trinity

left=bad, right=good

-7 is perfect number (3doors 3windows 1circle)

-requires great foundation

-clerestory, triforium, arcade

don't think we need to know this actually

St. Francis Preaching to the Birds:

-Giotto Early ItalianRenaissance

-fresco style

-narrative-telling a story in an accessible way

Arena Chapel in Padua:

-1305

-north Italy

-fresco

-comic book like narratives

-renaissance

Christ coming to Jerusalem:

-inside Arena Chapel

-fresco

-1305-6

-special attention to donkey

-lady in middle of removing veil

-Renaissance

Lamentation of Christ:

-first painting to include someones back to us

-Everything directed to christ

-emphasis on bottom corner leaving middle empty

-in Arena Chapel

-Renaissance

-involves viewer in painting

-fresco

-budding tree=rebirth of christ

Merode Altarpiece:

-artist Robert Campin-Nothern Renaissance

-oil painting on oak (devotional triptych)

-private devotion small in size

-carpenters mousetrap--cross=devils mousetrap

-"disguised symbolism"

-Renaissance

-Christian Art

Jan Van Eyck Self Portrait:

-Northern renaissance

-shows superiority thru detail & headwear

-1:1 scale

-Artist becomes subject

-sets standard/style for later artists

-renaissance

Arnolfini Wedding:

-Jan Van Eych-nothern renaissance-flemish

-dog=fidelity symbol

-removed sandals when moses spoke to God

-while domestic scene, suggests ceremony

-began the fascination with mirrors--breaking down boundaries between paintings and reality

-

The Garden of Earthly Delights:

-Hieronymus Bosch-northern renaissance

-looks like triptych (altar piece)

-Meant for public display (large)

-Freud had replication

-negative connotations--mutated animals, carcasses

-different portrayal of God

-unheroic

-monkey(lust) riding elephant (chastity)

-depicts sexuality

-center focus on alchemy

-1500 predicted as apocalypse

-when closed shows image of world

-self consciousness

renaissance as a rebirth of classical antiquity

celebrating man as center of universe

6 symptoms of change-

-being of where they are in timeline

-linguistic

-religious

-technological

-economic

-psychological

St. George:

-Donatello~1410 Early renaissance Italy

-stone sculpture, larger than life

-gothic style, on civil building(not church)

-in niche not part of architecture

-protector, soldier, symbol of Florence

-figure is like shield

-free standing

-standing yet moving, chiastic

-real emotion, thoughtful

Gattamelata:

-Donatello-early renaissance italy

-larger than life, bronze & gold equestrian

-similar to Marcus Aurelius

-"professional soldier"

-Modeled after Republican Rome

-Artist's name and location written on pedestal

-artist wants to be known for work

David and Goliath:

-Donatello Early renaissance italy

-very sexual and suggestive

-half naked=pornography

-first free standing bronze since Greeks

-feminine and masculin

-made for select elite

-Paganism with Christianity

-Medici Family, in their Palace

Ginevra de' Benci:

-Leonardo da Vinci-High renaissance italy

-woman not framed in domestic setting or with husband

-sfumato ("smoke" in Italian)=subtle change in gradient shading from light to dark

-one of ldv's rare paintings

Mona what?

-Leonardo da Vinci-high renaissance italy

-one of ldv's rare paintings

-part of first public museum(paris)

-huge media attention when stolen

-copies made in the period it was created

-admires not the woman but the painter

-oil painting--techniques only possible in this style

-looking at us=bold for the time(she is just as important as us)

-Horizon at her eye level-eyes window to soul

-portrait feels alive-first for renaissance

-smile is expression sought after

-researching source of life

Name/title/location:

The Hold Trinity with the Virgin, St John and Two Donors, Santa Maria Novella, Florence

Artist/Architect:

Masaccio

Medium/method:

Fresco

Period/style:

Early Renaissance

Significance:

Patronage - portraits of buyers
Eye level is bottom of cross
Perspective allows us to reconstruct building

Name/title/location:
The Tribute Money, Brancacci Chapel, Florence
Artist/Architect:
Masaccio
Medium/method:
Fresco
Period/style:
Early Renaissance
Significance:
The Brancacci's paid for it to be fully painted
Celebrates life of Saint Peters
Narrative is separated into two spaces
Perspective introduced, atmospheric perspective invented - thinking and looking, very Renaissance
Christ at center of Apostles

The Calling of St. Matthew:

-Artist Caravaggio-Italian Baroque

-shallow, stage like

-invited as spectators

-contemporary Roman dress

-deep shadow cuts across wall

-Christ calls matthew to new life

-real significance is any one of us can be called by christ at any time

-Baroque period in Italy

-purposeful ambiguity of identity

-oil painting

-gesture mimics michaelangelo's Adam

-chiaroscuro(rapid light dark contrast)

Judith and Her Maidservant with the head of Holofernes:

-Artist Artimesia Gentileschi

-1625 oil on canvas baroque Italy

-Judith is female heroine-tells narrative

-inside tent-single candle light source

-woman with power

-baroque becomes theatre-breaks barrier between art and life

-tense moment

-sexual-clothes and women

-form elaborates on content

-promoter of female agency

-painted 6 times- does she hate men or just like to paint decapitation? she was raped

Self Portrait as the allegory of painting

-Artemisia Gentileschi

-1638 baroque Italy

-oil on canvas

-looking in mirror at herself

-unstarted portrait in painting

-identifies artist as woman showing confidence

David- baroque Italy?

-Artist Gianlorenzo Bernini (25years old) 1623

-round statute life size marble

-activation of surrounding space-rejection of armor on ground

-compare to Donatello's David

-greatest technician of marble of all time (crazy thin marble rope)

-puts hand in flame to find pain grimace-possible self portrait

-comparison to Discobolus

-surpasses D. since engaged from all sides not just one

*(activates all three dimensions of space)

Comparison of the three Davids

Donatello's david

-smooth and sexual

-action over -confused afterthought

Bernini's David

-action and grimace on face

-100 years after michael.'s

Michaelangelo's david

-

Cornaro Chapel by Bernini

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

-statue feels like it is floating, out of this world

-designed everything to have effect of theatre

-one of first to do so

-possibly too over the top?

-catholic churches play big role

Velazquez, The water carrier of Seville
-dignity

-oil on canvas

-contrast of boy pushed to corner

-old man is central focus

--below in social distinction, but above in experience

-connection in hands between rough and smooth

-suggestion of water in glass, textured clay

-baroque in Spain

-raises genre(common) to religious setting

Las Meninas-1656 (the maids of honor)

-artist Velazquez spanish baroque

-this is the worlds greatest painting say them

-painted by their greatest artist

-not easily determined what the subject is

-maybe a painting really about velazquez- hes the one standing facing us

-scale of important mythical paintings

-king & queen reflected in mirror

-we take position of k+q

-quick brushstroke to define movement

Peter Paul Rubens-flemish baroque

-served as diplomat by painting around Europe

-Garden of Love

-oil on canvas

-not history painting, not biblical

-all portraits of ppr himself and his wives

-Helen is pushed by cupid into him

-Venus in top right squeezing water out of breasts

-girl pushed is ppr’s wife who was 16

-copies Titians ideal world of mythology

Jacob van Ruisdael-dutch baroque

-Jewish Cemetery

-dramatic and ominous landscape

-country that can be flooded by the sea in an instant

-sky is dramatic player

-rainbow almost suggestion of lightening bolt

-landscape as dramatic elements- sky, brilliant lighting, broken trees, rushing stream,

-no place to enter picture

Vermeer-dutch baroque

-Woman holding a Balance

-melancholy

-bustling mercantile society

-enormously quiet non action moments – thoughtful moments

-oil on canvas

-baroque painting

-looks pregnant-emphasizes domestic role

-fur lines cloak

-capturing genre moment

-

Frans Hals-dutch ba

-The Jolly Toper

-oil on canvas

-mouth open, talking, extending a glass

-extremely participatory painting

-“he’s a happy drunk”

-fills canvas with subject

-swift brush, imprecise, portrays movement greatly

-fast motion of brush

-capturing where we are focusing but less so on surrounding area.

-barque

-browns oranges, black hat framing his face

-captures sense of instantaneity

Rembrandt-dutch baroque

1658, self portrait pg 724 in book

-dressed up as oriental wealthy man

-uses himself as subject as emperor

-larger than life quality, but life size

-penetrating eyes, eyes as windows to soul

- extraordinarily thick and almost abstract paint application

-impasto technique- extra thick paint style

Blinding of Samson 1636 pg 719

-Rembrandt, dutch Baroque

-many figures

-painted for Constantine Something

-very close to life size

-setting is inside a tent

-from old testament

-soldiers come inside tent and blind Samson

-toes screeching in terror

-toes framed in contrast of light in center of picture

-viewer implicated inside tent

-long diagonal of weapon and soldiers

The Night Watch-1642 pg 720

-Rembrandt

-“the beginning of the end for Rembrandt”

-baroque dutch

-oil on canvas

-high point in career

-not at night

-title is wrong

-more than 20 figures

-marching out into our space

-by 19^th century only two front figures were still visible because of varnishes put on

-real accomplishment is making 20 people interesting

-natl. treasure of Holland like las meninas

Jacques Louis David- Oath of the Horatii, 1784 pg 814

-revolutionary on two important points

-romanticism-enlightenment

-proper roman virtue

-painting in the age of enlightenment

-speaking to a time when people are about to rise up and form a new government

-DORIC ORDER-chooses manly Spartan atmosphere

-three panel division-men devoted to higher cause

-at time of creations of new nations

Fragonard- The Swing, 1767

-Rococo(not a period on study sheet?)

-decorative, ornamental

-pretty but not serious

-woman swinging

Death of Marat 1793

-Jacques-Louis David-romanticism(enlightenment)

-Know date because of paper in picture

- Stabbed to death in bath

-Murder implied rather than shown

-Religious dimension

-Marat treated as a martyr

-Sparse arrangement-almost like a still life of death

-Coloration of background is very subtle

-High light contrast

-suggestion of christian martyr--stile-like

Benjamin West The Death of General Wolfe

-18^th century romantic

-academic artist, trained

-1770, painted in England

-oil on canvas

-battle on plains of Quebec

-Revolutionary because of painting contemporary history

-what about native American

· reporting on new world native dressing style

· posed in ‘thinker’ style

-Celebrating English General

-highly artificial-death doesn't look like this

Fuseli-Nightmare

-romanticism

-interested in sublime and fear

-fleeting and precise

-goblin crouched on woman

-Phidian drapery

-bulbous eyes of horse where only head is seen in background

-horse has served highest associations in past works until this work where it becomes a symbol of fear

-nightmare-where the world goes topsy-turvy

-age of “Frankenstein”

-Gremlin rape to the face

A Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

-Goya Spanish romanticism

-here is a rational human who falls asleep and falls into irrational world

-weird behaviors take over mind

-smaller print

-modulated surface-on brass with applicant put onto it

-official painter for king of spain

The Family of Charles IV (1800)

-oil on canvas

-Francisco Goya romanticism spanish

-Charles declares war on French as Napoleon is taking over world-idiot

-Goya has split loyalties

· paints for king, but likes reasoning of French

-Complete oppression of Spanish by French

-full scale very large portrait

-goya marches thin line between flattery and insult

3^rd May 1808

-three slaughters-

-Goya romanticism spanish

-peasant Martyrs

-painted in 1814-close to actual event

-oil on canvas

-supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

-unknown peasants heroicized

-made something universal out of something very specific

· speaks to many people of different times

-participants as french side

-aspiring to create universal art

-speaks to all war

The Haywain

-Constable- english romanticism

-study of landscape is a scientific endeavor

-attention to scale and proportion

-raising landscape to a higher level

-“the sky is the chief organ of sentiment”

-gain of human emotion from landscape

-variety of color and light coming through trees

-brilliance of light from far field

-cart going no where in water

-anticipating impressionism

-critics considered unfinished

Hannibal Crossing the Alps 1812

-William Turner english romanticism

-napoleon just crossed alps

-hannibal did this in 218 bce

-horrible storm coming-dark in day

-alps going on and on and on in background

-large dramatic painting

-more emphasis on landscape than people

-no effort to portray things as they are

-painting the sublime, the fear of the people

-tinyness of humans vs enormous landscape

-approaching impressionism

The Slave Ship: Throwing overboard the Dead and Dying-Typhoon coming on… 1840

-William turner-romanticism english

-favored poet James Johnson’s the seasons

-we can just call it the slave ship

-terror of nature

-sun is blood red

-vibrant colors
-ocean serves as lifeline to world, but also biggest danger

-

Abbey in the Oak Forrest

-Caspar David Friedrich

-romanticism german
-using nature to suggest quiet drama

-green forest is source of suggestion and primitive origins for germans

-decline of sunlight

-about to be swept into primeval forest

-sense of passing of life

-suggested graveyard

-called something in the green forest?

-landscape has surplanted the mythology art

Thomas Cole –The Oxbow 1836

-american artist

-somewhere in Massachusetts

-sense of vastness of country-time when people began to move west

-contrast of unsettled land and settled

-nostalgia of older unsettled America

-romanticism-recapturing the past

-its known where this actual place is with his own romantic twist

-looking south, storm is actually passing

-americans have landscape not myth

Raft of the Medusa-Théodore Géricault

-french romanticism

-actual event

-officers cut people on raft free from 1 lifeboat, and cannibalism ensues

-constructed actual life-size recreation and studied event a lot

-rising diagonal composition people tumble through foreground

- reaches back to the past-elgin marbles and romanticism

Death of Sardanapalus 1827

-Eugene Delacroix

-french romanticism

-inspired by Byron and Berloiz

-Sard. Committing suicide with all his possessions and followers, and burning everything

-dramatic diagonal tumbling forward

-red curtains representation of blood to come

-romanticism in

-rich colorful style-romant-importance is color

-Rubenist-follower of PetePaulRub

Gustave Courbet-The Stonebreakers

-realism

-“show me an angel and I will paint it"

-painted right after huge disruptions with society in Europe

-portraying the lowliest people in society-revolutionary

-subjects stand for all peasants-don’t see faces so not specific

-others called the painting a biblical proverb

-supposedly destroyed during world war 2

-monochrome colors

-composed in greek stile style

The Third Class Carriage-Daumier

-realism

-French train, 3^rd class was lowest class-poorest of the poor

-sense of claustrophobia-12 people in carriage

-sympathetic view of people

-world that we would prefer to ignore

-can almost smell the people

Impression sunrise

· Captured effervescent sense of light at the sunrise—painted quickly

· Interested in the ships and coal barges, huge amount of commercial activity in this French harbor

· Subject matter is nothing (sunrise)

· Style—looks unfinished, but its signed

· Monet, Claude-impressionism french

Manet-The Luncheon in the Grass

-impressionism

-7/9 foot painting

-prostitute looking straight out

-brushstrokes visible

-nature looks unfinished in places

-in the rejected Salon

-abbreviated and unfinished

-really thinking of history of art-similar to pictures of outdoors people w/o clothes

-still life of fruit in front left-master of colors

-suggests so much through less

Edward Manet- A Bar at the Folies-Bergère 1872-82

-in a way brackets impressionism

-light brown, without varnish-different from other impressionist work

-flickering gas light

-interest in modernity(modern life in Paris)

-reflection to the right side-oblique angle

-confusion of what is in the mirror and not in mirror

-a picture you would want to hear

-mirror expands space

Edgar Degas-The Orchestra 1868-69

· These are now artists who have to make work on their own

-Sell by themselves, not as respected as “the salon”

·A little before impressionists, but they looked to his work

·Interested in modernity

·Painting of his good friend the bassoonist

·Were in the dark looking to light-focus on the orchestra pit

-dancers are anonymous

-extremely composed to look uncomposed

Monet-The River 1868

· Early Monet

· No varnish, almost unmixed colors

· More interested in shapes of light than perspective

· Painted from light to dark, unlike other artists

· Impressionism

· Painting Plen air outdoors)

· Lots of thought behind composition

· River is made up of reflections only

-just painting what the eye sees

-impressionism as a type of realism

Monet-The Gare Saint-Lazare Arrival of a Train

·impressionism

-capturing fleeting moments of light and atmosphere

-Picture carefully framed by shed

· Trains coming and going- busy location for painting

· Modernity focus-trains and new city in the background

· Trains at different proportions

· Focus on smoke

·

Monet-Haystacks 1880’s

-impressionism

· Taking impressionism to a new stage

· Tries to capture time of day, change of light, seasons

· Colored shadows-painting what he sees, over exaggerated

· Comes close to abstraction

Renoir-The Boating Party

· Figural painter

· Popular place to visit outside Paris

· Renoirs group of friends and associates

· Railroad bridge in background

-Modernity included

· Working fast, and outside

· Yellows of hats to move eye, strong diagonal down and left

· Eyes focus from one to the other in foreground-sexual undertone

-trying to create a narrative

Mary Cassat

· Born in Philly-moved and met Degas

-impressionism

The Child Bathing

· Weird angle of view

o Something of Degas seen(like his Orchestra)

· Stripes help to flatten picture out

· All about flattening patterns

· She is influenced by Japanese prints

Paul Cezanne-

-post impressionism

· Things that take time to be in a museum

· ONE other cezanne oooops

Mt. Saint-Victorie Quarry

· Study of geometry

· Goes back to Doriphorous- study of cannon

· He had enormous impact on cubism

· abstract quality

Seurat- La Grande Jatte

· Mixing of country and city together

· Incredible sinse of depth even though reduced to dots

-divisionism

· Lots of activity, but frozen quality

· Breaking down mixed color into individual parts

· Tapestry like egyptain quality-everywhere filled

· “Warm and light colors are happy”

-carefully placed symmetry in trees

Van Gogh-The Potato Eaters

· Caravaggio influence

· Pg 913

· Don’t read too far into his life in his paintings

·worked quickly but thoughtfully

-earlier works

The Night Café

-not working outside like most impressionists

-van Gogh

-exploring unflattering colors

-sense of alienation

-feeling of absence

-mostly consists of floorboards

-12:15 am on clock

Gougan-Vision after the sermon

· Everything about the sermon is non naturalistic

· Sepreation of something very far away from close with no transition

· Jacob wrestling an angel

· Were seeing their vision

· Abstract and mythic story

· Red is a difficult color to control

· Ritual of burning fields-red suggests primitive religious right

· Nabis-profit

Henri Matisse -Fauves

· Naturalistic

-20th century fauvism

· Portrait artist, but he calls it a painting not a portrait

-

(Picasso)

· Psychological and disturbing painting

· Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

-in direct response to Jois de vivre

-waited 9 years to display it

-portraying women in a bordello

-tries to capture the dimension of time

-hard to put into painting

-cubism-thought of himself as abstraction

-fragmentation of glass

Van Gogh

-caught up in swirl

-impressionism

-at the end of his life from his own window

-uniformity of painting across painting

-brushstrokes require precise work

-blue hue hard to work with

-the tree anchors the left

-cyrpes symbolizes death

-balances the vertical of the steeple

· Guernica 1937

-picasso post imre

4/26/1937 Germans and Italians bomb Guernica

trying to capture horror in journalistic way b+w color

painted very quickly after the event

quicker than 3^rd may 1808 by Goya+less composed

abstract methods to display the horrors of war

broken sword represents the losing side

looks like newsprint

stayed in MOMA in NYC until Franco died in Spain

-art has political value

The Last Supper

-Leonardo Da Vinci high renaissance

-fresco in room where monks meet

-not very flexible(fresco)

-perspective extends space in long narrow room

-converges on christ

-no halo around head, but three surrounding windows

-everyone is moving away from him in 4 groups of 3

-

The Pietà

-Michelangelo 1500, high renaissance

-title means pity

-image icon to be prayed to

-marble round statue

-virgin is much larger than life

-only work he has ever signed

-christ is not shown bloody, but clean and elegant

David

-Michelangelo, high renaissance

-more pagan than christian

-no real indication that it is David

-not focused on battle but figure

-man yet a boy, chiastic

-manu forti- powerful large hands

Sistine Chapel

The Sistine Chapel

-Michelangelo-high rennasaince

-took 4 years to paint+16years to preserve

-working with fresco

-used clever engineering bridge to paint

-ceiling never receives direct sunlight-brighter colors than usual

Creation of Adam

-Michelangelo-high renaissance

-Sistine Chapel

-surprising that he would try to depict God

-very easy to read composition

-beings surrounding god suggest the rest of his creations

-adam looks lifeless-waiting for god to give him soul

-gesture of hands capture entire scene

-passive vs active

-shape that surrounds god is like brain

-illustrates all of genesis

-fresco

Temptation and Expulsion

-Michelangelo high renaissance

-shows two scenes divided by tree and snake

-tail of snake confusing, just like nature of evil

-fresco sistine chapel

-adam is picking fruit without temptation

-suggestive direction of eve

-

Stanze della Signatura

-Raphael high renaissance

-room of the signature

-placed in an everyday room for the pope's business

-wall of philosophy

-pagan stoa scene

-visualization of famous philosophers

-authors of books below paintings

-plato and Aristotle touching sky and earth respectively

-composed like vinci's drawing of man

The Tempest

-Giorgione

-in Venice

-high renaissance

-point where we can't identity subject

-focus is now on landscape(beginning)

-very momentary event in sky

-woman looking at audience

-

Bacchanalia of Andreas

-Titian high renaissance

-drinking and an homage to God

-trying to imagine mythology of past

-very much a painting that includes us

-inviting us to drink and hear music

-oil painting creates modular motion

-drapery is Phidian and dynamic

Man with the Blue Sleeve

-Titian high renaissance

-we don't know who sitter is, but we have artist, showing his importance

-painting is engaging us

-mimics jan van eych's painting

-really big blue sleeve-bijans contribution

Self Portrait-Albrect Drurer

-drurer northern high renaissance

-dressed as artist of high status

-similar to god-creating something from nothing

-artist not just craft of creation, but intellectual

-looks like jesus

-focus on face and hands

The Blind Leading the Blind

-Bruegel high renaissance northern

-masterful use of composition

-series of diagonals from left to right

-genre picture focus on lower class

-depicts proverb

-church in background- following blindly?

Melloncholy-Drurer printmaking blah

-wood relief

-cut out positive space

-high detail

-northern high renaissance

Peasant Wedding

-Bruegel high renaissance northern

-makes a group of 40 people interesting thru narrative

-confusion of legs of man in red

-enter image on two men carrying food and then travel around

-bruegel sitting in corner

-

Hunters in the Snow

-Bruegel high renaissance northern

-at left two largest high contrast figures

-motion of fire contrasts with stillness of distance

-eyes zig zag over to cliff then come back with verticals of tree

-brambles block center path

-good sense of distance

-smaller background

-large landscape view

Birth of Venus

-Botticelli early renaissance Italy

-Her movement is aided by Zephyr and Chloris

-Figures are done with outlines and feel flatter.

-Poop

Name/title/location:

St Luke Drawing the Virgin, Flanders

Artist/Architect:

Rogier van der Weyden

Medium/method:

Oil and tempera on panel

Period/style:

Northern Renaissance

Significance:

Perspective
Artist involved in painting

Art History

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