TEST 2

Geography 101 with Applegate at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

About this deck

By: Elise Birge
Textbook:

World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives (with Subregions)
Created: 2010-02-28
Size: 112 flashcards
Views: 401

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African Union (AU)

?a political organization consisting of all the countries on the African continent and some nearby islands promoting economic cooperation and social welfare

Agroforestry

?the raising of economically useful trees

Animism

?a belief system in which natural features carry spiritual meaning

Apartheid

?a system of laws mandating racial segregation in South Africa, in effect from 1948 until 1994

Carrying

capacity ?the maximum number of people that a given territory can support sustainably with food, water, ad other essential resources

capacity

?the maximum number of people that a given territory can support sustainably with food, water, ad other essential resources

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

?a sub-regional organization that promotes economic cooperation among 20 African states

Currency

devaluation ?the lowering of a currency?s value relative to the US dollar, the Japanese yen, the European euro, or other currency of global trade

devaluation

?the lowering of a currency?s value relative to the US dollar, the Japanese yen, the European euro, or other currency of global trade

Desertification

?a set of ecological changes that converts non-desert lands into deserts

Devolution

?the weakening of a formerly tightly unified state

Dry

forests ?forests that lose their leaves during the dry season

forests

?forests that lose their leaves during the dry season

East African Community (EAC)

?an organization formed by Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda to promote economic links among the countries of East Africa

Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)

?a sub-regional organization that promotes economic cooperation among 11 Central African States

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

?an organization of West African states working toward forming an economic union

Escarpment

?the systematic removal of an ethnic group or people from a region or country by deportation or genocide

Female

circumcision ?the removal of the labia and the clitoris and sometimes the stitching nearly shut of the vulva

circumcision

?the removal of the labia and the clitoris and sometimes the stitching nearly shut of the vulva

Fragile

environment ?an area that contains barely enough water, soil nutrients, or other resources essential to meet the needs of plants and animals; human pressure in such environments may result in long-term or irreversible damage to plant and animal life

environment

?an area that contains barely enough water, soil nutrients, or other resources essential to meet the needs of plants and animals; human pressure in such environments may result in long-term or irreversible damage to plant and animal life

Fusion

?the blending of elements of a new or newly introduced faith with elements of an indigenous religious heritage

Grassroots

economic development ?economic development of projects designed to help individuals and their families achieve sustainable livelihoods

economic

development ?economic development of projects designed to help individuals and their families achieve sustainable livelihoods

Horn

of Africa ?the part of Africa that huts out from East Africa and wraps around the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula

Africa ?the part of Africa that huts out from East Africa and wraps around the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

?a band of atmospheric currents circling the globe roughly at the equator; warm winds from both north and south converge at the ITCZ, pushing air upward and causing copious rainfall

Laterite

?a permanently hard surface left when minerals in tropical soils are leached away

Leaching

?the washing out into groundwater of soil minerals and nutrients released into soil by decaying organic matter

Lingua

franca ?a common language used to communicate by people who do not speak one another?s native languages; often a language of trade

franca

?a common language used to communicate by people who do not speak one another?s native languages; often a language of trade

Mano

River Union (MRU) ?an organization for economic integration that administers a customs union in the sub-region comprising Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone

River

Union (MRU) ?an organization for economic integration that administers a customs union in the sub-region comprising Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone

Mixed

agriculture ?the raising of a variety of crops and animals on a single farm, often to take advantage of several environmental niches

agriculture

?the raising of a variety of crops and animals on a single farm, often to take advantage of several environmental niches

Neocolonialism

?modern efforts by dominant countries to control economic and political affairs in other countries to further their own aims

Pastorialism

?a way of life based on herding; practiced primarily in savannas, on desert margins, or in the mixture of grass and shrubs called open bush

Polygyny

?the taking by a man of more than one wife at a time

Sahel

?a band of arid grassland that runs east-west along the southern edge of the Sahara

Self-reliant

development ?small-scale development schemes in rural areas that focus on developing local skills, creating local jobs, producing products or services for local consumption, and maintaining local control so that participants retain a sense of ownership

development

?small-scale development schemes in rural areas that focus on developing local skills, creating local jobs, producing products or services for local consumption, and maintaining local control so that participants retain a sense of ownership

Shifting

cultivation ?a productive system of agriculture in which small plots are cleared in forestlands, the dried brush is burned to release nutrients, and the clearings are planted with multiple species; each plot is used for only two or three years and then abandoned for many years of regrowth

cultivation

?a productive system of agriculture in which small plots are cleared in forestlands, the dried brush is burned to release nutrients, and the clearings are planted with multiple species; each plot is used for only two or three years and then abandoned for many years of regrowth

Southern

African Development Community (SADC) ?an organization of 14 countries in Southern and East Africa working together for regional development and freer trade

African Development Community (SADC)

?an organization of 14 countries in Southern and East Africa working together for regional development and freer trade

West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)

?an organization that works to promote economic integration among countries in West Africa that share a common currency

Adivasis

?a social group outside the caste system thought to be descendents of the ancient original inhabitants of South Asia

Agroecology

?the practice of traditional, nonchemical methods of crop fertilization and the use of natural predators to control pests

Aryans

?first recorded invaders of South Asia.

Brahmins

?members of the Hindu priestly caste, which is the most privileged caste in ritual status

Bride

price ?a price paid by the groom to the family of the bride to compensate them for the loss of her labor and companionship

price

?a price paid by the groom to the family of the bride to compensate them for the loss of her labor and companionship

Buddhism

?a religion of Asia that originated in northern India in the 6 th century BCE as a reinterpretation of Hinduism; it emphasizes modest living and peaceful self-reflection leading to enlightenment

Caste

?an ancient Hindu system for dividing society into hereditary hierarchical classes

Chipko

movement ?a grassroots Indian environmental movement that attempts to slow down deforestation, reforest cleared land and increase ecological awareness

movement

?a grassroots Indian environmental movement that attempts to slow down deforestation, reforest cleared land and increase ecological awareness

Civil

disobedience ?the breaking of discriminatory laws by peaceful protestors

disobedience

?the breaking of discriminatory laws by peaceful protestors

Communal

conflict ?a euphemism for religion-based violence in South Asia

Dowry

? a price paid by the family of a bride to the groom (opposite of a bride price), formerly a custom practiced only by the rich

Green

revolution ?increases in food production brought about through the use of new seeds, fertilizers, mechanized equipment, irrigation, pesticides, and herbicides

revolution

?increases in food production brought about through the use of new seeds, fertilizers, mechanized equipment, irrigation, pesticides, and herbicides

Harappa

culture ?the Indus Valley civilization

culture

?the Indus Valley civilization

Harijans

?members of a social group in Hindu India considered so lowly as to have no caste; also known as Dalits or untouchables

Hearth

?metaphorically, place of origin

Hindi

?the language of the Hindu people, which became the language of trade of the northern subcontinent of India and is still used by more than 400 million people

Hinduism

?a major world religion practiced by approximately 900 million people, 800 million of whom live in India

Indian

Diaspora ?the set of all people of South Asian heritage living (and often born) outside of South Asia

Diaspora

?the set of all people of South Asian heritage living (and often born) outside of South Asia

Indus Valley civilization

?the first substantial settled agricultural communities in South Asia, which appeared about 4500 years ago along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and along the Saraswati River in modern-day India

Jainism

?originally a reformist movement within Hinduism, Jainism is a faith tradition that is more than 2000 years old; found mainly in western India and in large urban centers throughout the region.

Kshatriyans

?members of the Hindu warrior and ruler class

Monsoon

?a wind pattern in which in summer months, warm, wet air coming from the ocean brings copious rainfall and in winter, cool, dry air moves from the continental interior toward the ocean

Mughals

?a dynasty of Central Asian origin that ruled India from the 16 th to the 19 th century

Parsis

?a highly visible religious minority in India?s western cities; Parsis are descendants of Persian migrants who did not give up their traditional religion Zoroastrianism when Iran became Muslim

Partition

?in this context, the breakup following Indian independence that established Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan

Purdah

?the practice in South Asia of concealing women, especially during their reproductive years, from the eyes of nonfamily men

Regional

conflict ?especially in South Asia, a conflict created by the resistance of a regional ethnic or religious minority to the authority of a national or state government

conflict

?especially in South Asia, a conflict created by the resistance of a regional ethnic or religious minority to the authority of a national or state government

Religious

nationalism ?the belief that a certain religion is strongly connected to a particular territory and that adherents should have political power in that territory

nationalism

?the belief that a certain religion is strongly connected to a particular territory and that adherents should have political power in that territory

Sikhism

?a religion of South Asia that combines beliefs of Islam and Hinduism

Social

forestry movement ?in 1973 in the Himalayan district of Uttar Pradesh, India, and manufacturing plant planned to cut down a grove of ash trees.

forestry

movement ?in 1973 in the Himalayan district of Uttar Pradesh, India, and manufacturing plant planned to cut down a grove of ash trees.

Sudras

?members of the Hindu caste of low-status laborers and artisans

Taliban

?an archconservative Islamist movement that gained control of the government in Afghanistan in the mid-1990s

Vaishyas

?members of the Hindu landowning farmer and merchant caste

NOTE

? Bombay is now officially Mumbai .

Key Terms?

Partition, apartheid, Sahel, Sikhism, caste

Chapter 8

South Asia

Fusion ?the blending of elements of a new or newly introduced faith with elements of an indigenous religious heritage

Also known as ?syncretism?

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) ?a band of atmospheric currents circling the globe roughly at the equator; warm winds from both north and south converge at the ITCZ, pushing air upward and causing copious rainfall

Near the equator, from about 5� north and 5� south, the northeast trade winds and southeast trade winds converge in a low pressure zone known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ. Solar heating in the region forces air to rise through convection, which results in a plethora of precipitation. The ITCZ is a key component of the global circulation system.

Quiz #1 Questions

What is the Dutch Disease? Why is it so damaging to a nation?s economy

Dutch Disease is when the growth of oil exports harms a nation?s other economic activities. It does this by inflating the value of the nation?s currency. Overvalued currency then makes it difficult export now-expensive locally made goods and encourages the import of now-cheap foreign-made goods.

What do we mean by rent when we are talking about natural resources? What do we mean by rent seeking

Rent is the difference between what it costs to extract or produce a natural resource and what that resource sells for. In the case of petroleum, the rents are enormous these days. Rent seeking is when a person or a group attempts to get some of that money ? by fair means or foul.

Can you identify two forms of uncontrolled rent seeking that have damaged Nigeria

Officials siphoning off government petroleum income and rebel groups that attack the petroleum facilities in hopes of being paid off to stop are two kinds of Nigerian rent seekers who have hurt the country.

What step has Norway taken to avoid the damage that massive petroleum exports can have on a nation?s economy

Norway has placed almost all its petroleum export earnings in a rainy-day fund for when the oil runs out. In this way, it remains isolated from the rest of the economy and unable to damage it.

How do we account for the fact that most Nigerians from the north of the country are Muslims while most of those from the south are Christians

The north of Nigeria ? and West Africa in general ? came under the influence of the Muslim culture of North Africa. Europeans ? English in this case ? arrived by sea to colonize southern Nigeria.

We noted in class that Nigerians think of themselves as a nation with pan-African or even global responsibilities. How has that sense of responsibility manifested itself abroad

Nigeria has participated in several UN peacekeeping missions both in and beyond Africa.

Although Nigeria is the leading nation of West Africa, there are several others of considerable importance. Can you identify two of them

We noted that Ghana and the Ivory Coast are among the more important West African nations.

History explains the large number of independent nations that crowd the southern coast of West Africa. How so

The countries along the southern coast are the descendents of European colonies, of which here were many.

We noted in class that the very large population of Nigeria is grouped into three distinct regional concentrations. Where are those three concentrations? Where do we find Kano? Where do we find Lagos? What do we find Port Harcourt? Which one coincides with Nigeria?s largest petroleum reserves

Those concentrations are in the north, with Kano as its most important city, in the southeast, dominated by Lagos, the nation?s capital, and the Southeast, or the delta region, dominated by Port Harcourt and the home of most of Nigeria?s petroleum reserves. (Combined answer to the several forms of this question.)

Here?s a list of the most important members of the world?s petroleum-importing club. Which, if any of the countries on the list have crashed the party

Russia, Venezuela, and Iran have crashed the parties on various tests.

Here?s a list of the most important members of the world?s petroleum-exporting club. Which, if any of the countries on the list have crashed the party

Chipko movement ?a grassroots Indian environmental movement that attempts to slow down deforestation, reforest cleared land and increase ecological awareness

Literally ?hugging?
Same as social forestry movement

Indus Valley civilization ?the first substantial settled agricultural communities in South Asia, which appeared about 4500 years ago along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and along the Saraswati River in modern-day India

Also known as the Harappa Culture
Architecture and urban design was very advanced for the time?there were multistory houses with piped water and sewage disposal, planned towns with tree-lined boulevards laid out in a grid, high degree of consistency in building materials over a large area
Evidence of a trade network that extended to Mesopotamia and eastern Africa
Writing system that has yet to be deciphered

Mughals ?a dynasty of Central Asian origin that ruled India from the 16 th to the 19 th century

A group of Turkic Persian people from Central Asia that invaded in 1526, thus intensifying the spread of Islam.
The Mughals reached height of their power and influence in the 17 th century, controlling north-central plains of South Asia. After the last great Mughal ruler (Aurangzeb) died in 1707, a number of regional states and kingdoms rose in power and competed with one another, creating an opening for yet another invasion.

Sikhism ?a religion of South Asia that combines beliefs of Islam and Hinduism

The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Taliban ?an archconservative Islamist movement that gained control of the government in Afghanistan in the mid-1990s

Fundamentalist Islamic militia; in 1995 the Taliban militia took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government

Key Themes

The ancient and layered pattern of cultural influences ?South Asia has experienced multiple waves of cultural and religious influences since prehistoric times. The most recent is globalization.
The importance of village life ?South Asia has many large cities, but 70% of the region?s people live in hundreds of thousands of villages, and rural modes of spatial organization and interaction persist even in the cities
The lingering influence of British colonization ?although British colonial rule ended more than 50 years ago, it has left its mark on the landscape and culture of the region. South Asians are struggling to define national identities that can accommodate lingering British and other outside influences while retaining strong South Asian traditions and moral values.
Extremes between rich and poor ?disparities in wealth and startling contrasts between traditional and technically advanced ways of life are commonplace across the region and pose dangers to the continuation of democracy in these pluralistic societies.
Continuing population growth ?South Asia has a population higher than that of China. High population growth puts stress on resources, and the region faces a number of challenges in providing its people with the basics of life.
Environmental concerns and conflicts ?as in other densely populated regions experiencing economic growth and rising consumption, environmental issues are foremost on people?s minds. In addition to the increasing problems of land degradation, shortages of water, and pollution, a number of conflicts have emerged over how resources are to be used and the effects of large-scale development on local people.

Critical Thinking Questions

Dams and the reservoirs they create are sources of irrigation water and generators of electricity. What are factors that have rendered so many places in South Asia, as well as elsewhere around the world, in need of markedly more water and electricity
Explain why some would say that India has been part of globalization for thousands of years. Tie this history to what is happening in the present.
What are some of the lingering features of the British colonial era in South Asia? To what extent in globalization reinforcing or erasing these features
Development projects are supposed to improve the lives of people where they take place. To what extent has the development of India?s IT industries lived up to the ideal
Name some possible ways in which India?s large population of young people could be an advantage in the global economy.
Describe some trends in South Asia that are increasing environmental degradation and some other trends that are increasing awareness among the citizenry of the need to protect the environment.
The monsoon cycle creates starkly different landscapes over the course of a year. What are some of the ways in which the monsoons of South Asia affect daily life, agricultural patterns, and the material culture of the region
Industrialization in South Asia was stifled by the British and remained dormant for a long time. Describe industrialization in the pre-British era and its post-independence fate as well as how it is reviving in the 2000s.
Why do you think so many agencies place such great emphasis on teaching poor women to read? What are the effects they seek
What are the factors attracting the Indian diaspora back to the homeland

About this deck

By: Elise Birge
Textbook:

World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives (with Subregions)
Created: 2010-02-28
Size: 112 flashcards
Views: 401

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis