Final Exam Flash Cards-Rogers

Assimilation

Fits new experiences into existing schemata
complex events are simplified to be understood

Accommodation

change schemata to fit new experiences
existing ideas are made more complex

what are Piagets 4 cognitive stages

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

what is the sensorimotor stage

0-24 months of age
needs to learn object permenance

what is the preoperational stage

2 years-7 years of age
needs to learn conservation and reversibility

what is the concrete operational stage

7 years-11 years
continues to learn concrete thinking

what is the formal operational stage

11 years and up
continues to learn abstract thinking

what is conservation

quantity stays the same regardless of change in shape

what is reversibility

once the quantity of something changes shape to appear like more or less, it can be put back into its original form

what was Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

children and parents were put in a room to play the parents were then asked to leave for a short time and then return

what are Ainsworths 3 types of attachment

secure
avoidant
resistant

what is secure attachment

child gets slightly upset when parent leaves, then plays a while, and is happy when the parent returns

what is avoidant attachment

child dosen't care when parent leaves or returns

what is resistant attachment

child gets really upset when parent leaves, stays upset, and is still upset when parent returns, child may push or kick returning parent

what are the 2 things you must do to have an experiment

control and manipulate the variables (multiple conditions)
randomly assign supjects to different conditions

what is a corrolation

statistical relationship between 2 things
may be positive or negative
CANNOT DETERMINE CAUSE/EFFECT

what is a positive corrolation

when one goes up the other goes up

what is a negative corrolation

when one goes down the other goes up

what are 3 types of memory

short term
working
long term

what is short term memory

thoughts in the moment

what is working memory

thoughts held in the mind so you can work on them

what is long term memory

things you can look back on and remember

what is one of the factors that determines what is stored in the long term memory

the importance of the information

what are the 4 kinds of memory

semantic
procedural
episodic
sensory

what is semantic memory

abstract pieces of information

what is procedural memory

how to do something

what is episodic memory

specific events

what are sensory memories

memories that have to do with senses and perceptions

what part of the brain forms memories

hippocampus

what are 2 ways to respond to stimuli

habituation
sensitization

what is habituation

reaction to repeated stimuli gets weaker

what is sensitization

reaction to repeated stimuli gets stronger

what is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning

classical conditioning is involuntary; operant conditioning is voluntary

what are the 4 parts of classical conditioning

conditioned
unconditioned
stimulus
response

what is unconditioned

before learning

what is conditioned

after learning

In the case of Pavlovs dogs what was the unconditioned stimulus

Food- sight, smell, taste

In the case of Pavlovs dogs what was the unconditioned response

salivating to the food

In the case of Pavlovs dogs what was the conditioned stimulus

sound of the footsteps

In the case of Pavlovs dogs what was the conditioned response

salivating to the footsteps

what 2 parts of classical conditioning are always the same

the unconditioned and conditioned responses are always the same

what are the 4 parts of operant conditioning

positive
negative
reinforcer
punisher

in operant conditioning, what does positive refer to

adding something

in operant conditioning, what does negative refer to

taking something away

in operant conditioning, what does reinforcement do

causes behavior to increase

in operant conditioning, what does punishing do

causes behavior to decrease

what are the 6 parts of the neuron

dendrites
neucleus
cell body (soma)
axon
axon terminals
glial cells

what are the 2 parts of the nervous system

central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

what are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system (ANS)

what does the somatic nervous system control

movement

what does the autonomic nervous system control

automatic functions like heartbeat and breathing

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic
parasympatethic

what does the sympathetic nervous system control

fight or flight

what does the parasympathetic nervous system control

calms body down after the sympathetic nervous system is activated

what are the 4 parts of the cerebral cortex

occipital lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe

what does the occipital lobe control

vision (visual cortex)

what does the temporal lobe control

hearing, emotion (amygdala), speech and the names of objects (Wernicke's area)

what does the parietal lobe control

sensation (pain, touch, and temp)

what does the frontal lobe control

motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, memory, planning, reasoning

what is Gestalt Psychology

the study of overall patterns (the whole is not the same as teh sum of all the parts)

what is figure-ground

black and white figures in which one color is seen as the figure and the other as the ground

what is proximity

grouping things together based on distance from one another

what is similarity

grouping things together based on similarity

what is closure

closing figure behind obstruction

what is the moon illusion

the illusion having to do with the size and distance of the moon in relation to the background

what are the 3 motives

primary
secondary
stimulus

what is a primary motive

a biological need (food, water, sleep)

what is a secondary motive

something of incintive value (eating a something for taste rather than hunger)

what is a stimulus motive

seeking stimulation (exploration, curiosity)

what are the 3 models for emotion

James Lange theory
cannon bard theory
schachter's cognitive theory

what is the James Lange theory

emotional feelings follow bodily arousal

what is the cannon bard theory

emotional feelings cause arousal

what is schachters cognitive theory

arousal alone does not produce emotion; it must be labeled or interperated

Studying large groups of people to learn about various aspects of personality is the:

a) nomothetic approach
b) idiographic approach
c) trait approach
d) comprehensive personality research approach

a) nomothetic approach

John is usually shy, but at the party he became quite talkative. This deviation from his norm is considered a:

a) state
b) trait
c) internal locus of control
d) being tipsy

a) state

Kayla wants to go scuba diving instead of rock climbing b/c she knows how to dive and is confident in her abilities. She probably has...

a) an openness to new experiences
b) an internal locus of control
c) an external locus of control
d) spontaneity

b) internal locus of control

True/False

Raising people's self esteem generally has little effect on aggressive behavior and can lead to decreased performance in school or on the job.

TRUE

Which is not one of the 5 personality traits?

a) conscientiousness
b) introversion
c) agreeablness
d) openness to new experiences
e) neuroticism

b) introversion (it's extraversion)

Chris wants to become a chef, and practices his skills daily by preparing meals for his family. He probbaly has high:

a) agreeablness
b) openness to new experiences
c) neuroticism
d) conscientiousness

d) conscientiousness

This is the tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful and to strive for achivement and competence.

Jim and Nick are twin brothers. It's likely that:

a) they will be exempt from an unshared environment
b) both will exhibit similar personality traits
c) the parents personalities have greatly influenced Jim and Nick's
d) there is no correlation

b) both will exhibit similar personality traits

*Parent's personalities have little effect on their children.

True/False

The differences in personality that occur over age are fairly predictable.

TRUE

Your grandma is 65. It's likely that she is:

a) more neurotic than you are
b) more conscientious than you are
c) more willing to do something new
d) less agreeable than you are
e) both a & d

b) more conscientious than you are

Conscientiousness and agreeablness tends to increase as you get older.

Woah! That fortune cookie describes your personality perfectly: "You can be shy at times, but you love a good laugh"; Wow, whats the likelihood? Either you're really lucky or you fell prone to:

a) specialized personality reading
b) deception
c) projective technique
d) Barnum effect

d) Barnum effect

This is when you believe any generalized statement thats said about your personality.

A test in Cosmogirl that proves what kind of flirter you are is probably:

a) a standardized personality test
b) a realistic intrepretation of you as an individual
c)an MMPI test
d) extremely inaccurate portrayal of you

a) standardized personality test

"I have chest pain several times a week" is an item you'd probably find on:

a) a standardized test
b) a Thematic Apperception test
c) the Rorschach test
d) the MMPI

d) the MMPI

The MMPI stands for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory...It's a standardized test consisting of true/false items. It was devised empiracally (based on evidence) and is intended to measure clinical conditions such as depression.

True/False

The MMPI can identify lying.

TRUE

True/False

The Rorschach Inkblot technique is a projective technique.

TRUE

The Rorscach Inkblot test:

a) has very good ratings
b) has a reliability near 96%
c) has serious problems
d) is standardized

c) has serious problems

The Thematic Apperception test:

a) tests your response to previously encountered stimuli
b) involves studying an abstract pattern and saying what it looks like
c) often involves projecting yourself into the 20 pictures youre asked to tell the story about
d) is poor at measuring power and affiliation needs

c) involves projecting yourself into the 20 pics

Responding just as quickly to the word "flower" as the word "slaughter" in the implicit association test may mean:

a) you think violence is neither pleasant nor impleasant
b) you are an idealistic thinker
c) you dislike slaughter more than flowers
d) you crave attention

a) you think violence is neither pleasant nor unpleasant

True/False

Criminal profiling has promising results

False

The results are unimpressive.

True/False

Anxiety has increased over the decades.

TRUE

The results from projective techniques:

a) are promising
b) are generally easy to interpret
c) are not very predictable
d) are quite predictable & difficult to interpret
e) b & c

d) are quite predictable and difficult to interpret

What is not a characteristic of a psychological disorder?

a) they suggest severe personal distress
b) they are self-defeating
c) they are untreatable
d) they are dangerous

c) they are untreatable

The most widely used classification scheme for psychological disorders is:

a) the MMPI
b) the DSM-IV-TR
c) the Rorschach Inkblots test
d) the Thematic Apperception test

b) the DSM-IV-TR

Tom is afraid to go into crowds. He has a phobia known as:

a) Ambulophobia
b) Agoraphobia
c) Social phobia
d) Metrophobia

b) agoraphobia

Features of this include autonomic overarousal, excessive vigilance, and motor tension:

a) generalized anxiety disorders
b) panic disorders
c) acute stress disorders
d) psychomotor retardation

a) generalized anxiety disorder

Laura wakes up from nightmares about a crash she was involved in 6 months before. She is most likely suffering from:

a) generalized anxiety disorder
b) panic disorder
c) posttraumatic stress disorder
d) acute stress disorder

c) posttraumatic stress disorder

Phobias symobolize conflicts originating in childhood, according to:

a) the social cognitive theory
b) the psychodynamic perspective
c) the learning theory
d) the biological approach theory

b) the psychodynamic perspective

True/False

Anxiety disorders tend to run in families.

TRUE

If you wanted to reduce your anxiety, you might take:

a) Emtricitabine
b) Docosanol
c) Benzodiazepines
d) Olanzapines

c) Benzodiazepines

Jane went to work this morning and never returned; 5 days later you find out she's been located in New York and has no idea who you are. She's suffered from:

a) dissociative fugue
b) schitzophrenia
c) conversion disorder
d) bipolar disorder

a) dissociative fugue

Lindsey insists that she is sick, even though her physicians regard her as healthy. Lindsey has:

a) a conversion disorder
b) la belle indifference
c) hypochondria
d) major depressive disorder

c) hypochondria

Bipolar disorder is a type of ________ disorder.

a) personality
b) anxiety
c) mood
d) dissociative

c) mood disorder

True/False

Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression.

TRUE

Psychomotor retardation is a symptom of:

a) schizophrenia
b) conversion disorder
c) avoidant personality disorder
d) major depression

d) major depression

The dogs given an electric shock in Seligman's experiment on depression exhibited...

a) persistent efforts to escape the shock
b) learned helplessness
c) unpredictable behavior
d) manic, aggressive behavior

b) learned helplessness

Blaming something on your own personality suggests:

a) stable attribution
b) global attribution
c) unstable attribution
d) internal attribution

a) stable attribution

Research into depression focuses on underutilization of the neurotransmitter _____ in the brain.

a) melatonin
b) estrogen
c) dopamine
d) serotonin

d) serotonin

Paranoid, disorganized and catatonic are all types of:

a) schizophrenia
b) anxiety disorders
c) personality disorders
d) dissociative disorders

a) schizophrenia

Nathan thinks he's Jesus, really. He's suffering from:

a) a stupor, characteristic of catatonic schizophrenia
b) delusions, characteristic of paranoid schizophrenia
c) dissociative identity disorder
d) schitzotypal personality disorder

b) delusions (paranoid schizophrenia)

Psychological views of schizophrenia hold that:

a) behavior is the same as infantile behavior
b) it occurs b/c of sexual assault as a child
c) it occurs b/c the ego is overwhelmed by sexual or aggressive impulses
d) it occurs b/c the person has been reared in a socially awkward situation

c) it occurs because the ego is overwhelmed by sexual or aggressive impulses

True/False

People with schizophrenia have less gray matter, larger ventricles and smaller brains.

TRUE

True/False

Schizophrenia is affected by overutilization of serotonin in the brain.

FALSE

Overutilization of dopamine affects schitzophrenia.

TeFalse

Personality disorders are inflexible and maladaptive.

TRUE

Jack has few friends and doesn't care to pursue a relationship. He probably has:

a) schizotypal personality disorder
b) schizoid personality disorder
c) antisocial personality disorder
d) avoidant personality disorder

b) schizoid personality siorder

This is characterized by social withdrawal.

Schizotypal personality disorder is a disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors.

Many theoretical explanations of personality disorders are derived from the:

a) biological model
b) learning model
c) psychodynamic model
d) socioeconomic model

c) psychodynamic model

This type of therapy assumes disorders stem from unresolved, unconscious conflict.

a) cognitive
b) behavior
c) psychodynamic
d) humanistic

c) psychodynamic

Jim receives therapy in which he lies on a couch and talks about what's on his mind, using free association. He's experiencing:

a) psychoanalysis
b) resistance
c) transference
d) client-centered therapy

a) psychoanalysis

As a child, James' parents scolded him for crying out. In his psychoanalyst therapy session his therapist offered him a suggestion that went beyond his beliefs. He felt the therapists was scolding him. He's experiencing:

a) wish fulfillment
b) transference
c) interpretation
d) resistance

b) transference

Transference is responding to one person in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person in childhood.

The underlying cause of a dream is known as its:

a) manifest content
b) latent content
c) wish fulfillment
d) frame of reference

b) latent content

Modern therapists using psychodynamic therapies:

a) focus on insight alone
b) emphasize the id
c) use directive methods
d) focus on conscious material

c) use directive methods

Carl goes to therapy where his therapist sits across from him, nods frequently and encourages the patient's goals. Carl goes to:

a) psychodynamic therapy
b) behavior therapy
c) cognitive therapy
d) client-centered therapy

d) client-centered therapy

In this type of theory, clients perform exercies to heighten their awareness of their current feelings and behaviors, isntead of exploring the past. This is an example of:

a) client-centered therapy
b) psychodynamic therapy
c) Gestalt therapy
d) Rogers therapy

c) Gestalt therapy

"The diaogue", "I take responsibility" and "playing the projection" are exercises used in:

a) client-centered therapy
b) psychodynamic therapy
c) Gestalt therapy
d) Rogers therapy

c) Gestalt therapy

Behavior therapists differ from others in that they:

a) don't foster insight into childhood origins of problems
b) believe dreams are the "royal road to the unconsciouness"
c) use participating methods as a form of therapy
d) tend to avoid building warm, therapeutic relationships

a) don't foster insight into childhood origins of problems

If you have a phobia of flying, you may reduce your fear through a behavioral-therapy process known as:

a) systematic desensitization
b) modeling
c) aversive conditioning
d) biofeedback training

a) systematic desensitization

The "token economy" concept is part of what?

a) modeling
b) operant conditioning
c) observational learning
d) classical conditioning

b) operant conditioning

Instead of studying 2 hours at a time, you build up to it in 20 min intervals. This is an example of:

a) systematic desensitization
b) functional analysis
c) hierarchy effect
d) successive approximations

d) successive approximations

Jessica uses a diary to keep track of when she feels depressed and her prior activities leading up to that point. She's using:

a) functional analysis
b) internal locus of control
c) biofeedback training
d) cognitive therapy

a) functional analysis

Sara's therapist suggests her problems stem from her own thinking and how she selectively perceives her world. She's taking:

a) psychodynamic therapy
b) humanistic therapy
c) behavior therapy
d) cognitive therapy

d) cognitive therapy

Thomas went on a date with Chelsea, who doesn't wish to see him again. Thomas just knows he's doomed now to a life of solitude. He engaged in:

a) selective perception
b) overgeneralizations
c) magnification
d) absolutist thinking

d) absolutist thinking

True/False

Experiments on therapy methods are generally easy to arrange and control.

FALSE

difficult to arrange and control

The belief that we must have the love and approval of those who are important to us is an example of:

a) selective perception
b) absolutist thinking
c) irrational beliefs
d) humanistic errors

c) irrational beliefs

True/False

Client-centered therapy fosters insight and self-actualization

TRUE

Therapy can be successful b/c of nonspecific factors such as the relationship between the client & therapist.

True/False

TRUE

True/False

Research on the effectiveness of therapy has been encouraging.

TRUE

True/False

Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies are effective with people with psychotic disorders.

False

Cognitive therapies are effective with people with psychotic disorders.

People with schizophrenia are often given:

a) antianxiety drugs
b) oxazepem
c) antipsychotic drugs
d) antidepressants

c) antipsychotic drugs

Antidepressants work by:

a) increasing the concentration of serotonin in the brain
b) increasing the concentration of dopamine in the brain
c) preventing the reuptake of dopamine in the brain
d) increasing the activity of an enzyme that breaks down noradrenaline and serotonin.

a) increasing the concentration of serotonin in the brain

The severing of a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is known as:

a) electroconvulsive therapy
b) prefrontal lobotomy
c) psychosurgery
d) both b & c

d) both b & c

Prefrontal lobotomy is a type of pscyhosurgery.

True/False

Cognitive therapy is as effective as, or more effective than, antidepressants.

TRUE

True/False

Client-centered therapy uses a directive approach.

FALSE

________ is the process of forming impressions of others.

a) judging
b) person perception
c) attributions
d) stereotyping

b) person perception

True/False

Good looking individuals are viewed as more competent than less attractive individuals.

TRUE

"Dumb jocks" and "conservative jerks" are examples of:

a) social schemas
b) discrimination
c) stereotypes
d) both a & c

d) both a & c

James swears that all freshman girls are easy, when in fact he's only met 2 who come off that way. He fell prey to:

a) illusory correlation
b) spotlight effect
c) external attributions
d) none of these

a) illusory correlations

This is a misperception that occurs when people estimate they have encountered more confirmation of an association between social traits than they have actually seen.

Sonya failed her chemistry test and you swear its because she didn't do all her homework assignments. You're ascribing the failure of the test to:

a) her specific level of intelligence
b) self-serving bias
c) external attributions
d) internal attributions

d) internal attributions

(It's her fault)

Observer's bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior is known as:

a) internal attribution bias
b) defensive attribution
c) fundamental attribution error
d) self serving bias

c) fundamental attribution error

After failing an essay you blame your grade on the strict grading scale, but in truth the professor felt your arguments in the paper were weak. You fell prey to:

a) self-serving bias
b) actor-observer bias
c) defensive attribution
d) hindsight bias

a) self-serving bias

This is when you attribute failures to external causes (hard test) and attribute successes to internal causes (i studied hard, i'm smart)

True/False

Similarity in personality is a key determining factor in interpersonal attraction.

FALSE

Similarity in personality as a factor is "modest at best". Similarity in attitudes is what attracts people to each other. (Common interests...)

Jack and Mary have been together for 6 weeks and believe they are completely in love. Sure, they fight often, but they quickly make up. They can't get enough of each other. They have:

a) passionate love
b) compassionate love
c) companionate love
d) intimacy

a) passionate love

Someone who finds it difficult to trust their partner and who doesn't like being very close to them probably had parents who:

a) were supportive & responsive
b) fought with each other
c) were inconsistent in their reactions to the child
d) were unresponsive and distant

d) were unresponsive and distant

Romantic love is an attachment process; people's intimate adulthood relationships follow the same form as their attachments in infancy. A cold/rejecting parent style would contribute to "avoidant attachment" in an infant, and therefore the adult attachment style is also known as "avoidant". (pg. 509)

Men are generally more interested in seeking youthfulness and physical attractiveness b/c:

a) of social demands
b) of reinforcement by their buddies
c) of testosterone
d) of evolution

d) of evolution

It's believed that men adapted the need for physical beauty in their partner b/c a healthy, well-bodied woman is a sign of reproductive success.

True/False

Mate poaching, when someone tries to attract another person who is already in a relationship, occurs more often in men than women.

TRUE

Saying that abortion makes you angry is an example of:

a) cognitive attitude component
b) behavioral attitude component
c) affective attitude component
d) global attitude component

c) affective attitude component

Cognitive attitude component would be beliefs or ideas held about something. Example in class: "I like an apple"
Behavioral attitude component would explain whats being done to enforce the attitude. Such as: "i eat an apple a day"

Celebrity endorsements are an example of:

a) evaluative conditioning
b) classical conditoning
c) operant conditioning
d) both a & b
e) both a & c

d) both a & b

Evaluative conditioning is a type of classical conditioning.

In Festinger & Carlsmith's study on attitude change, the participants who were given $1 to lie rated the task __________ than those who given $20 to lie.

a) more enjoyable
b) less enjoyable
c) equally enjoyable
d) less worthwhile

a) more enjoyable

They experienced higher dissonance (conflicting attitudes) which led them to believe they must have enjoyed the task more than they thought. After all, what other incentive would there be to lie? A $1 is not worth a lie.

This occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure:

a) spotlight effect
b) social roletaking
c) obedience
d) conformity

d) conformity

True/False

John has frequent seizures, but he feels safe going to the fair because it's true that lots of people will stop and help him if he's in trouble.

FALSE

In large crowds, people fall prey to the bystander effect, in which nobody really moves to action.

True/False

Group polarization involves widening the gap between factions in a group.

FALSE

No, it pulls the whole group to one side or another.

true/false

Social loafing is inevitable.

False

It's not inevitable.

Social loafing is the reduction in individual effort when you know others in your group are also working on the same task.

The results of the Stanford Prison Stimulation, in which participants were told to act like guards and abuse the "prisoners" if need be, were:

a) proof that the fundamental character of humans is peaceful
b) shocking because of the disobedience of the guards to do as they were told
c) eye opening because of the tyrannical way the guards acted
d) disproving of social roles

c) eye opening because of the tyrannical way the guards acted

How do most modern psychometric theories explain intelligence?

Intelligence is a mental capacity that can be understood by analyzing performance on mental tests.

What is fluid intelligence?

The natural ability to take problems, reason, and remember. Determined primarily by genetic or biological factors.

What is crystallized intelligence?

The knowledge and abilities acquired as a result of experience.

The type of ability displayed by gifted musicians is said to be what kind of intelligence?

Musical

Athletes, dancers and surgeons have what type of intelligence?

Bodily-kinesthetic

True or false:

The knowledge possesed by scientists and superior problem solvers is known as logical mathmatical intelligence.

True

If you can express yourself verbally or are a gifted writer or poet you have what kind of intelligene?

Lingustic

True or False:

If you have spatial intelligence you are a great mathmatician.

False.

Spatial intelligence is having superior navigation skills or the ability to visualize spatial scenes.

True or false:

If you can easily infer others' moods, temperaments, or intentions then you have superior interpersonal intelligence.

True

What is intrapersonal intelligence?

Having great insight into his or her own personal feelings and emotions.

The ability to observe and interact with diverse species in nature is what kind of intelligence?

Naturalist

How did Sternberg conceptualize intelligence?

He was convinced that it is important to understand the mental operations behind the planning and execution of specialized tasks. He proposed 3 types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.

What is analytical intelligence and an example of it?

People who are better than others at processing information. An example of this people who do well on the SAT.

What is creative intelligence?

Expresses how well people are able to cope with new or novel tasks.

Practical intelligence measures how well people fit into their enviornment. An example of this is what?

People with street smarts.

True or False:

An achievement test measure the ability to learn in a particular area.

False.

An achievement test measures your current knowledge of competence in a particular subject.

What is an aptitude test?

The ability to learn in a particular area, to acquire knowledge needed for success in a given domain.

What does reliability measure?

The consistency of test results. Does the test produce similiar scores from one test administration to the next?

If a test measure what it's supposed to measure, it is said to have what?

Validity

What is standardization?

Keeping the testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures similar across all administrations of a test.

Content validity measures what?

The degree to which the content of a test samples broadly across the domain of interest.

What is predictive validity?

Must predict the outcome adequately. For example, the SAT measures the success in college.

What does construct validity measure?

How well a test applies to a particular theoretical scheme or construct.

What is a norm group?

A reference group when referring to the standardization of testing.

Why is the standardization of testing important?

It guarentees that all test takers will be treated the same.

Why is the IQ score useful?

Because it establishes an easy to understand baseline for "average" intelligence.

How is tacit knowledge acquired?

It comes from experience.

Are the IQ's for twins similar?

The Twin study showed that the more overlapping of the genes the closer the IQ will be.

What is the Flynn effect?

This applies more to populations than individuals.

It says that performance on IQ tests seem to be rising steadily and consistently over time.

True of False:

If your IQ is above 100, you are said to be gifted.

False.

If your IQ is above 130 then you are said to be gifted.

What does your score on an IQ test have to be to be considered mentally retarded?

A 70 or below

How do you calculate IQ?

(mental age/chronological age) x 100

What does mental age measure?

The skills that are needed in school such as memory, reason, and verbal comprehension.

What enables us to adapt to ever-changing environments?

a) expertise
b) problem-solving
c) intelligence
d) attention

c) intelligence

The use of psychological tests to measure intelligence is known as what:

a) psychometrics
b) heuristics
c) longitudinal studies
d) heritability

a) psychometrics

The natural/biological ability to solve problems, reason and remember is known as _______ intelligence.

(fluid/crystallized)

FLUID

Who argued that the traditional conception of intelligence needs to be broadened to include special abilities or talents?

a) Sternberg
b) Galton
c) Gardner
d) Flynn

c) Gardner

He defined intelligence to mean the ability to solve problems that matter in a specific cultural setting.

The 3 types of intelligence, according to Sternberg's Triarchic theory, are:

a) emotional, cognitive, creative
b) emotional, practical, analytical
c) analytical, emotional, cognitive
d) analytical, creative, practical

d) analytical, creative, practical

A(n) ________ test measures your ability to learn or acquire knowledge in a particular subject.

(achievement/aptitude)

aptitude

Conceptualizing intelligence simply in terms of adaptability tells us much about what accounts for individual differences.

TRUE/FALSE

FALSE...it does NOT tell us much

A procedure for analyzing the relationships, or correlations, among test scores is known as what?

a) heuristics
b) aptitude test
c) factor analysis
d) psychometrics

c) factor analysis

What does the "g" factor measure?

a) specific intelligence
b) general intelligence

b) general intelligence

The components of a good test include all of the following except:

a) accuracy
b) reliability
c) validity
d) standardization

a) accuracy

Construct validity refers to...

a) the measure of the consistency of the test results
b) the degree to which the content of a test varies
c) the degree to which the test predicts the outcome accurately
d) how well a test applies to a particular theoretical scheme

d) how well a test applies to a particular theoretical scheme

How do you calculate IQ?

a) chronological age DIVIDED BY mental age, times 100
b) mental age DIVIDED BY chronological age, times 100
c) neither

b) mental age divided by chronological age, times 100

Your friend has a deviation IQ of 125 from other people her age. This means she is:

a) below average
b) average
c) above average
d) a sevant

c) above average

"100" is the normal, or average, deviation IQ.

The deviation IQ is derived from determining where your performance sits in an age-based distribution of test scores.

The normal IQ ranges from:

a) 65-115
b) 80-120
c) 70-130
d) 75-125

c) 70-130

The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel & useful are characteristics of:

a) functional intelligence
b) cognitive intelligence
c) analytical intelligence
d) creativity

d) creativity

True/False

Tacit knowledge (practical knowledge about how to perform well on the job) bears little relationship to the "g", or general intelligence factor.

TRUE

True/False

Crystallized intelligence may decline with age, but fluid intelligence is said to remain constant.

FALSE

Other way around. Fluid intelligence may decline with age...

Who termed the phrase: "nature vs. nurture"?

a) Sternberg
b) Galton
c) Gardner
d) Flynn

b) Galton

He said that environmental factors such as social and educational opportunities influence intelligence.

True/False

To establish a genetic basis for a psychological or physical characteristic, you must control for the effects of the environment.

TRUE

The IQ scores of identical twins:

a) vary, depending on the environment
b) are quite similar, regardless of the environment
c) generally tend to be either above or below average
d) vary, regardless of the environment

b) are quite similar, regardless of the environment

True/False

Heritability, which measures the role genetic factors play in producing intelligence differences, applies only to individuals.

FALSE

applies only to groups

Your African American friend has just taken a test that was said to measure general intelligence instead of just problem solving. Now he's worrying about the results. He has suffered from:

a) test bias
b) stereotype threat
c) heritability
d) all of these

b) stereotype threat

African American children reared in economically advantaged White households tend to hold _____ IQs than the national African American mean score.

a) the same
b) significantly lower
c) significantly higher
d) slightly higher

c) significantly higher

Intelligence is mainly determined by...

a) genes
b) the environment
c) a mixture of (a) and (b)
d) social/ethnic/emotional skills

c) a mixture of genes & the environment

What do cognitive psychologists study?

How people think, how they acquire knowledge, what they know, how the imagine, and how they solve problems.

What is a prototype?

Familiar or typical example of a category.

How does the spreading activation principle work?

Thinking about one or more concepts will activate or prime the concepts linked to it.

What is a preattentive process?

Procedure for extracting information automatically and simultaneously across a large portion of the visual field. The item will stand out.

What is the attentive process?

Procedure that extracts information from one part of the visual field at a time. You have to search the item out.

What is change blindness?

The tendency to fail to detect changes in any part of a scene to which we are not focusing our attention.

What is the attentional blink?

A brieft period (100-700ms) after percieving a stimulus, during which it is difficult to focus on another stimulus.

How many years does it take to become an expert?

10 years

What are the 4 phases of problem solving?

Understanding the problem, generating the hypothesis, test the hypothese, check the results.

What is an algorithim and what is an example of one?

It's a mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem. An example would alphabetizing a list.

What is a heuristic and an example?

Heuristics are strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an ivestigation. An example would be taking a test to determine which career path to take.

What is a major characteristic of creative people?

The willingness to take risks.

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to accept on hypothesis and then look for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities.

What is functional fixedness?

The tendency to adhere to a single approach to problem or a single way of using an

What is the sunk cost effect?

The willingness to do something we wouldn't otherwise choose because of money or effort already spent.

What is the deep structure of a sentence?

The underlying logic or meaning of a sentence.

Wh is the surface structure of a sentence?

The sequence of words as they are actually spoken or written.

What happens when the Broca's area is damaged?

Inarticulate speech and difficulty bothing using and understanding grammatical devices.

What happens when Wernicke's area is damaged?

There is difficulty recalling names of objects and impaired comprehension of language.

At what age do you develop an adult speech pattern?

At 4 years old a child has developed close to an adult speech pattern.

What is the Stroop Effect?

The difficulty in selectively attending to the colors of the inks and ignoring the words written in those colors.

Is reading and automatic process?

Yes.

What do current models of selective attention emphasize?

We bring to bear multiple attentional resources, using more than one sensory modality, on tasks that require divided attention.

What are the 2 main purposes of consciousness?

Monitoring and controlling.

What is monitoring?

Keeping track of internal mental processes, personal behavior, and the enviornment to maintain self-awareness in relation to the surrounding enviornment.

What are stored at the preconscious level?

Information that could easily become conscious but that is not continously available. Autonomic behaviors are also stored here.

What are autonomic behaviors?

Behaviors that require no conscious decisions about which muscles to move or which actions to take.

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

This occurs when we are trying to remember something we already know but we can't quite access it.

What does the subconscious level involve?

Less awareness and is slightly more accessible to consciousness than the unconscious level.

Is information in the subconscious level easily accessible?

No.

How does an altered state of consciousness differ from a normal state?

In our altered state, such as dreaming or sleeping, awareness is somehow changed. Cognitive processes may be more shallow or uncritical than usual. An example of this is people doing things drunk than they would never do sober.

What is the preservation and protection theory?

This theory says that sleep serves an adaptive function and it protects the individual during that portion of the 24 hour day in which being awake would put the individual at the greatest risk.

What is the restoration theory?

This theory states that we sleep to restore depleted resources and dissipate accumulated wastes. This theory also says that sleep may have chemical causes.

How long do the cycles of the circadian rhythms last?

They are on 24 hour cycles.

How long do infants sleep?

About 17 total hours a day.

When a child reaches 6 months, how many hours a day are spent asleep?

About 13 hours.

At what age do we develop and adult sleep pattern?

By age 5-7, where we sleep about 8 hours a day and are awake for the remainder.

When people were allowed to create their own sleeping schedules how long did their subjective days become?

25 hours.

What are the 5 stages of sleep?

Stage 1: transitional stage between wakefullness and sleep.

Stage 2: the stage in which we spend more than half of our sleeping time.

Stages 3 & 4: the proportion of delta waves. When the delta waves are at 20-50% the sleeper is in stage 3. When the waves are greater than 50%, the sleeper is in stage 4.

*The 1st 4 stages make up the N-REM cycle.*

Stage 5: REM sleep

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

Because at the same time that the brain is very active, the body's capacity for movement is greatly diminished.

When someone has difficulty falling asleep, wakes up during the night, has trouble falling back asleep, and wakes up too early in the morning, the person is said to have what?

Insomnia

What is narcolepsy?

Disturbances in the pattern of sleep and wakefulness in which the person has a hard time staying awake.

What is the cause of narcolepsy?

Unknown

What is sleep apnea?

A breathing disorder that occurs when the sleeper repetedly stops breathing.

Why is sleep apnea dangerous?

Because it deprives the body of oxygen.

What stage does sleepwalking usually occur in?

Stages 3 or 4

True or False: Children are more succeptible to nightmares than adults are.

True.

What are four factors that influence whether a person can be easily hypnotized?

1. Social factors

2. The skill of the hypnotist

3. The effectiveness of the procedure

4. What exactly the individual is asked to do.

What are the 4 basic categories of drugs?

Narcotics, CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, and hallucinogens.

What are opoids?

Syntheticaly produced narcotics

What are the effects of amphetamines on neurotransmitters?

They stimulate the release of neurotransmitters and you have increased alertness. This results in increased motor activity and arousal.

The process of thinking, gaining knowledge and dealing with knowledge is known as?

a) learning
b) cognition
c) understanding
d) studying

b) cognition

True/False

We naturally organize items into hierarchies.

TRUE

If someone asks you to think of a person named "Holly", it's likely that your next thought will be that of the Holly bush, will might remind you of Christmas time, and then Christmas trees, and baking cookies, and so forth...

This is an example of:

a) multiple attention allocation
b) preattentive processes
c) spreading activation
d) generative thinking

c) spreading activation

The frequent failure to detect changes in part of a scene is known as:

a) shifting attention
b) the attentional blink
c) preattentive process
d) change blindness

d) change blindness

If an event changes slowly, you may not notice it. You hold a few details but these vary from time to time; you do retain the gist of a scene.

A brief period of time after perceiving a stimulus during which it is difficult to attend to another stimulus is known as:

a) shifting attention
b) the attentional blink
c) preattentive process
d) change blindness

b) the attentional blink

You and your friend are playing slapjack, and you just slapped a jack--hardly one second later the next card is flipped over and it's another jack, but this time you're not so quick to respond and your friend slaps it before you realize what happened. This is most like:

a) the attentional blink
b) the change blindness phenomenon
c) a shift in attention
d) the spreading activation theory

a) the attentional blink

While the brain is binding the first stimulus into a single object, it cannot bind the second one and does not fully perceive it. (Aka...your brain has just dealt with the knowledge that you've slapped a jack, and cannot fully attend to the second notion that there's another jack for you to slap).

We don't notice a second stimuli 100-700 ms after the first one. Obviously, this Slapjack example is a bit of an exaggeration, but hopefully it makes sense.

True/False

Experts are usually born with some creative talent that is naturally manifested as they get older.

FALSE

Expertise requires about TEN YEARS of concentrative practice.

Expertise requires about how many years of concentrative practice?

a) 2
b) 8
c) 10
d) 20

c) 10 years

The ability to look at a pattern and recognize its important features quickly is a characteristic of:

a) Wernicke's aphasia
b) Expertise
c) Cognitive development
d) Attentive processing

b) expertise

Which of these is not a phase of problem solving?

a) testing the hypothesis
b) understanding the problem
c) gathering a good research participant group
d) checking the results

c) gathering a good research participant group

Yes, this is important for testing your hypothesis; but it is not a direct phase of problem solving. The one I left out is "generating a hypothesis"

You and a friend are playing chess, and it's your turn to move. You have 5 minutes to move, and in that time you consider every possible move and finally come to the best one. You have used...

a) an algorithm
b) a heuristic
c) creativity

a) an algorithm

This is a mechnical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis.

You are taking a test that is going to help determine your career path. You are doing this based on what?

a) heuristics
b) algorithms
c) base-rate info
d) categorization

a) heuristics

These are strategies for simplifying a problem or guiding an investigation.

True/False

Whenever we face a new problem, we must devise a new solution instead of relying on a memorized or practiced solution.

TRUE

True/False

Creativity is basically the same thing as expertise.

FALSE--creative people take risks; experts repeat motions over and over to increase how well they can do that activity.

Your friend is holding a small grapefruit, but you're not really paying too much attention. You see from a distance that its orange and round, so you assume its an orange. You fell prey to what?

a) representative heuristic
b) availability heuristic

a) representative heuristic

If you see something that looks like something else, you automatically assume that's what it is.

You decide to drive your own car instead of getting on the bus, because you assume riding the bus is more dangerous (only poor, homeless people ride the bus, right?); but actually, buses have a lower accident rate than cars. You've fallen prey to the:

a) representative heuristic
b) availability heuristic

b) availability heuristic

One category (buses being perceived as dirty and unsafe) gets more publicity or is more memorable than another (car crashes).

The tendency to accept one hypothesis and then look for evidence to support it is known as:

a) representative heuristic
b) availability heuristic
c) functional fixedness
d) confirmation bias

d) confirmation bias

You think you're on to something, so you get stuck in one mindset. (That just has to be right!)

Assuming something only goes a certain way without considering other approaches is known as:

a) representative heuristic
b) availability heuristic
c) functional fixedness
d) confirmation bias

c) functional fixedness

You go to the football game because you paid for it even though it's cold and rainy and you'd honestly rather not go. This is an example of:

a) confirmation bias
b) functional fixedness
c) sunk cost effect
d) availability heuristic

c) sunk cost effect

The ability to express new ideas is known as:

a) creativity
b) productivity
c) intelligence
d) cognitive reasoning

b) productivity

The system for converting a deep structure (underlying logic or meaning of a sentence) into a surface structure (the actual sentence) is known as what?

a) fixational grammar
b) transformational grammar
c) language acquisition device
d) productivity

b) transformational grammar

This is characterized by inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammatical devices (video in class)

a) Wernicke's aphasia
b) Broca's aphasia

b) Broca's aphasia

True/False

Children who are exposed to as much language as possible may have an increased vocabulary but not an accelerated rate of progression through the stages.

TRUE

By what age can a child speak like an adult?

a) 3 years
b) 3.5 years
c) 4 years
d) 4.5 years
e) 6 years

c) 4 years

True/False

A child who doesn't learn a language while young is permanently impaired at learning one.

TRUE

When we're reading a page of print, are our eyes moving in a jerky or smooth fashion?

jerky

While reading, quick eye movements are known as:

a) fixations
b) saccades

b) saccades

True/False

We can only see during fixations, not during saccades.

TRUE

The difficulty of selectively attending to the colors of the ink instead of the color spelled out is known as what?

a) color-blindness effect
b) change-blindness effect
c) Stroop effect
d) blindsight effect

c) Stroop effect

True/False

Our single pool of attentional resources can be divided among multiple tasks.

TRUE

What 2 main purposes does consiousness serve?

a) monitoring and explaining
b) monitoring and controlling
c) controlling and explaining
d) controlling and predicting

b) monitoring and controlling

True/False

Reading is an automatic process, not readily subject to consious control.

TRUE

Where are automatic behaviors stored?

a) preconsious level
b) subconsious level
c) relaxed wakefulness
d) consious level

a) preconsious

This involves the ability to detect information without realizing it:

a) awareness
b) blindsight
c) subliminal perception
d) subconsious detection

c) subliminal perception

How many neurotransmitters are there responsible for sleep?

a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) indeterminable

d) indeterminable

There is no one neurotransmitter responsible for sleep.

What are the 2 main possibilities as to why we sleep?

a) preservation & protection
b) restoration & preservation
c) restoration & protection
d) adaptation & protection

a) preservation and protection

These serve an adaptive function of staying out of harms way. We sleep at times that maximize our safety.

The process of restoring our depleted resources and dissipating accumulated wastes is known as:

a) restoration
b) preservation

a) restoration

Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that repeat every ____ hours.

a) 8
b) 16
c) 24
d) 25

c) 24 hours

As people acclimiate to an environment without time cues, their subjective days average how many hours?

a) 8
b) 16
c) 24
d) 25

d) 25

True/False

The view that sleep is chemically induced has been conclusively supported.

FALSE

It has not been conclusively supported.

During what period of sleep do we normally exhibit alpha waves?

a) relaxed wakefulness
b) Stage 1
c) Stage 2
d) REM sleep (Stage 5)
e) a & d

e) a & d

Relaxed wakefulness and stage 5, we exhibit alpha wave rhythms.

Which stage of sleep is most like relaxed wakefulness?

a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
e) Stage 5

e) Stage 5 (REM sleep)

True/False

Dreams are only associated with REM sleep.

FALSE

They are more common in REM sleep but they happen in NREM sleep, also.

What kind of waves characterize deep sleep?

a) alpha
b) beta
c) theta
d) delta

d) delta waves

Difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night or waking up too early in the morning is known as what?

a) relaxed wakefulness
b) sleep apnea
c) insomnia
d) narcolepsy

c) insomnia

The uncontrollable urge to fall asleep periodically during the day is known as what?

a) narcolepsy
b) sleep apnea
c) relaxed wakefulness
d) insomnia

a) narcolepsy

Narcoleptics can lose consiousness for how long during a sudden sleeping spell?

a) 1-2 minutes
b) 10-15 minutes
c) 30-45 minutes
d) 1-2 hours

b) 10-15 minutes

Somnambulism is also known as what...

a) narcolepsy
b) sleep apnea
c) narcotics
d) sleepwalking

d) sleepwalking

True/False

We all have dreams every night.

TRUE

What belief is that dreams result from subjective organization and interpretation of neural activity?

a) problem-solving view
b) activation-synthesis view
c) none of the above

b) activation-synthesis view

These are anxiety-arousing dreams...Children are more susceptible than adults.

a) night terrors
b) nightmares

b) nightmares

The stimulating paradigm is a research technique for determining the effects of what?

a) meditation
b) drug use
c) sleep deprivation
d) hypnosis

d) hypnosis

Which is not a factor determining the ease of hypnosis in an individual?

a) social factors
b) skill of hypnotist
c) effectiveness of procedure
d) what the individual is being asked to do
e) the individual's age

e) the individuals age

The state of awareness that depends on techniques for altering consiousness through contemplation is known as:

a) dreaming
b) meditation
c) hypnosis
d) relaxed wakefulness

b) meditation

Which is not a basic drug category?

a) autonomic nervous system depressants
b) central nervous system depressants
c) hallucinogens
d) narcotics

a) autonomic nervous system depressants

Dependency on narcotics occurs because narcotics mimic neurotransmitters in the way they act at ____________ .

a) the thalamus
b) the hypothalamus
c) the synapses
d) the cortex
e) the preconsious level

c) the synpases

Which category of drug is charcterized by pain relief, relaxation & sleepiness?

a) narcotics
b) central nervous system depressants
c) central nervous system stimulants
d) hallucinogens

a) narcotics

Opium is a...

a) narcotic
b) depressant
c) stimulant
d) hallucinogen

a) narcotic

The most widely used and most well known CNS depressant is...

(FREE RESPONSE)

alcohol

Withdrawl from chronic intoxication of this type of drug may include convulsions, hallucinations and death.

a) narcotics
b) central nervous system depressants
c) central nervous system stimulants
d) hallucinogens

b) central nervous system depressants

Amphetamines, which stimulate the release of neurotransmitters into brain synapses, are a type of what?

a) narcotic
b) depressant
c) stimulant
d) hallucinogen

c) central nervous system stimulant

The most powerful natural stimulant is...

(free response)

cocaine

Tobacco is a type of...

a) stimulant
b) depressant
c) narcotic
d) hallucinogen

a) stimulant

This type of drug interferes with the transmission of serotonin in the brain.

a) stimulant
b) depressant
c) narcotic
d) hallucinogen

d) hallucinogen

Marijuana is a...

a) stimulant
b) depressant
c) narcotic
d) hallucinogen

d) hallucinogen

Physical symptoms like tremors and creeping of the skin, and perceptual symptoms such as hallucinations and an altered sense of time can occur after taking which hallucinogen?

a) marijauna
b) ecstacy
c) LSD
d) PCP

c) LSD

what are the 3 stages of prenatal development

germinal embroyonic fetal

what are the major hallmarks of each prenatal stage

germinal 1st 2 wks characterized by implantation and rapid growth of brain and nervous system
embroyonic 2-8 wks characterized by development of physical features
fetal 9 wks-birth characterized by rapid growth and refining of body systems

when is an embryo most suseptable to tetrogens

during formation of the bodies organs

what might morning sickness be

the bodys natural defense against tetrogens

what happens to neurons during the first two years of life

they grow and become more complex

what does the plasicity principle mean for neuronal development

neurons can adapt and become more complex where needed and discarded where they are not needed

2 physical changes that occur from toddlerhood to adolescence

size and coordination

how does the onset of puberty represent the interaction of genes and the environment

both genes and environment determine the time of the onset of puberty

when do people begin to physically decline

in their 20's

what kind of memory declines with age

recall

what kind of memory doesn't decline with age

recognition

how did piaget suggest people organize the world

mental models called schemata

what are piagets stages of cognative development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

what is the sensorimotor stage

birth-2 schemata revolves primarily around sensory and motor abilities, they lack object permanence

what is the preoperational stage

2-7 developed object permanence and imagination, lack conservation suffer from centration are egocentric and don't understand reversibility

what is the concrete operational stage

8-11, aquire true mental operations, understand conservation and reversibility, lack the ability to think abstractly

what is the formal operational stage

11-adult, master abstract thinking

what is the major problem with stage view development

might show characteristics of more than one stage

what is the major criticism of kohlbergs theory of moral development

cross culture differences

what evidence suggests infants desire and need contact comfort

contact comfort is the primary motivator of attachment

how do psychologists explain infant temperment

based on emotional reactivity; easy, difficult, and slow to warm

how do securley and insurcly attached infants react in the strange situation test

securley attached infants explore w/parent present, feels unsafe when parent leaves, happy when parent returns; insecurley attached infants show more fear and anxiety overall

what did erikson believe shaped a persons sense of self

psychosocial crises that we confront in stages in development

how does social learning explain gender role development

people in the environment reward gender appropriate behavior

what do the theories of piaget, kohlberg, erikson and kubler ross have in common

they are all based on stages of development

what is the main criticism of these theories

the stages are not consistant in everyone, a person may show signs of more than one stage

what are the 4 goals of psychology

describe behavior, predict behavior, explain behavior, control behavior

what are the five steps of the scientific method

define and describe the issue
form a testable hypothesis
choose a research strategy
test hypothesis (conduct study)
analyze data

what is an example of a predictive hypothesis

one that con be tested by observation but not controlled

what is an example of a casual hypothesis

one that can be tested in a controlled environment (experiment)

what is one problem with naturalistic observation

heisinberg uncertainty principle= subject reacts diferently because you observe it

what are case studies used for

in depth observation of one subject

what is an example of a case study

observing a particular subject to study how that subject reacts to circumstances surrounding them

what is the main disadvantage of a case study

lack of generalizability

why are correlational studies conducted

to test the relationship between two variables

what is the strength of a correlation

correlation coefficient, -1.00 to 1.00

what are some examples of positive and negative correlations

positive= x goes up y goes up

negative=x goes up y goes down

what do correlational studies not allow researchers to do

they do not allow researchers to find causation based on correlation

what is the 3rd variable problem with correlational studies

null

what are the two main features of an experiment

variables are controlled or manipulated
randomization

what is an example of an independant variable, a dependant variable, and a confounding variable

independent variable is manipulated, the dependent variable is not, and the confounding variable is a variable which has not been controlled

what is the difference between a population of intrest and a sample

a sample is a small portion of your population of interest

what are examples of quasi-experiments

experiments where randomization is not possible (smoking in pregnant women, you can't randomize and force people to smoke)

what are the advantages of using experiments

enables us to determine cause and effect relationships, we can control variables in experiments enabling us to obtain clearer results

what are the three reasons experiments are not used in all research

do not describe and predict behavior
may create artificial atmosphere
ethics and praticallity

what are the six parts of informed consent

purpose of research and experimental nature
services available to participant
manner participants assigned to treatment and control group
any aspect that may influence participants willingness to participate
compensation for or cost of
risks or side effects that may result

when is using deception research alright

when informing participants may affect results, and only if there are no other alternatives

what are ethical guidelines for using animals in research

animals must be treated humanely and in accord with all federal state and local laws, discomfort, illness, and pain must be kept to a minimum

what are the 5 fallacies that prevent critical thinking

irrelevant conclusion-conclusion that is irrelevant to course of experiment
composition-what is true of parts of a whole are assumed to be true of the whole
personalization-seeing yourself as the cause of something you were not responsible for
false cause-2 events happen together so one must cause the other
ad-hominem arguement-directing arguement toward person rather than toward subject

what are the 3 memory systems and examples of each

encoding-changed into usable form
storage-holds in system
retrieval-take out of storage

how do short term, working, and long term memory work and what does each store

short term memory holds small amounts of info for breif periods, when combined with other mental processes it is working memory, and what is important or meaningful is transferred to long term memory

how does chunking information help us remember

chunking reorganizes (recodes) information already in our long term memory

what is one way to increase the odds of a memory being stored in long term memory

by chunking and elaborative rehearsal

how would a student use elaborative rehearsal to remember?

by elaborating, extending, and reflecting about the meaning of the information

what are the differences among procedural, declarative, semantic, and episodic memory

procedural-learned skills declarative- 2 types specific factual knowledge, semantic-basic knowledge & episodic- what where and when of life events

how are recall rcognition and relearning used to measure memory

recall is used to see how quickly info can be retrived, recongnition is used to see how quickly previously learned info can be identified, and relearning is uses a "savings score" to see how quickly info is relearned

how is priming used to reveal implicit memories

by using cues

what are the basic characteristics of the Ebbinghaus curve

shows a rapid decline after immideate learning followed by a slower decline after time passes

what are examples of retroactive and proactive interference

retroactive interference is when the 2nd thing learned interferes with 1st thing learned and proactive interference is when 1st thing learned interferes with 2nd thing learned

what is the difference between repression and suppression

repression is motivated unconscious forgetting (usually bad memories) and suppression is an active conscious attempt to forget

what are some characteristics of flashbulb memory

they are formed when an event is surprising, important, or emotional; generally associated w/public tragedy, they are very detailed and vivid

where are long term memories stored

cortex

what are several ways people can improve their memories

knowledge of results (feedback), recitation, rehearsal, selection, organization, progressive part learning, cues, mnemonics

what are the basic principles of mnemonics and some examples of each

mnemonics is any kind of memory system or aid, use of mental pictures, making things meaningful, linking info to something already known, form weird mental associations

What is Learning?

a change in behavior due to experiences you have.�

Directly observed.

Habituation

decreased responsiveness to a repeated event

Sesitization

increased responsiveness to a repeated event

Classic Conditioning

associating 2 events, event signals outcome

PAVLOV

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

illicit an unconditioned response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

ex: for Pavlov was a tone

Becomes a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response

Little Albert

conditioned to be afraid of white rat

Stimulus Generalization

when a new stimulus produces response similar to the one produced by the Conditioned Stimulus

ex: �rat and the bunny = same�

Conditioned Response

the response the test subject has been conditioned to produce�

(salivating at tone of bell)

Stimulus Discrimination

the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

ex: the rat and the doll = different

Operant Conditioning

based on Thorndike's Law of Effect

actions will have an outcome or consequence

SKINNER

Reinforcement

something that increases your behavior (can be positive or negative)

Positive Reinforcement

something presented after your behavior

increases the behavior

ex: �good in store, given treat

Negative Reinforcement

removing something aversive�

increases the behavior

ex: �to stop making parents nag, get better grades

Punishment

something that decreases a behavior�

positive or negative

Positive Punishment

an aversive event that decreases a behavior (you want to avoid that behavior)

ex: hit brother, get spanked. �stop hitting brother in order to not be spanked.

Negative Punishment

"omission training"

taking something away that is enjoyed

ex: have a temper tantrum, don't get dessert

going to jail

positive punishment/negative reinforcement

wearing your seatbelt

negative reinforcement

(removes dinging from car or blinking light)

receiving good grades

positive reinforcement

pain relief

negative reinforcement

(doing something to take the pain away)

assigned community service

positive punishment

the high from cocaine

positive reinforcement�

(get a high, more likely to do it again)

dog stops begging after you feed it

negative reinforcement

Shaping

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of goal

** slowly adding steps in order to make it to final goal. �don't reward each step, but reward new step in order to learn

Schedules of reinforcement

continuous

partial

Continuous Reinforcement

behavior is reinforced every time

quick acquisition

quick extinction

Partial Reinforcement

behavior is reinforced only after some responses

slower acquisition

slower extinction

4 types of partial reinforcement

fixed-ratio

variable-ratio

fixed-interval

variable-interval

Fixed-Ratio

predetermined # of responses until you get reinforced

ex: �can take a break after cleaning 3 rooms

Variable-Ratio

random number of responses until you're reinforced�

hardest to extinguish of all 4

ex: �gambling

fixed-Interval

predetermined amount of time until reinforced

- cookies must cook for 12 minutes

Variable-interval

random amount of time must pass until reinforced

- checking for an important email/text

Observational Learning

learning by watching

modeling

learning by watching then imitating

very influential

Bandura's Experiment

Bobo doll and kids

Nature

biological influences

Nurture

environmental influences (parents, religion, culture)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

nerve bundles outside of brain and spinal cord

Systems within PNS

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic�Nervous System

Somatic�Nervous System

controls skin/muscles

Autonomic�Nervous System

Automatic, Involuntary

controls heart, lungs, etc

Divisions within autonomic�Nervous System

Sympathetic�Nervous System

Parasympathetic�Nervous System

Sympathetic�Nervous System

stress

uses energy

covers 4 F's of behavior: �fight, flight, fright, sex

heart rate and blood pressure go up, slows digestion, constricts vessels, dilates pupils

Adrenaline

Parasympathetic�Nervous System

peaceful

conserves energy

calm, resting behavior

lowers blood pressure/heart rate, aids digestion, dilates vessels, helps with sleep, contracts pupils

Endocrine System

In Autonomic�Nervous System

set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream

Hormones

chemicals released by glands

control: puberty, reproductive glands, BP, metabolism, insulin and glucose levels, calcium and potassium

2 Basic Cells in brain

neuron

glia

Neuron

a brain cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells

Glia

a "support" cell

insulates neurons

carries nutrients

removes waste material

provides myelin for axons

Cell Body is made up of...

nucleus, dendrites, axon

Nucleus

what controls cell body

Dendrites

what receives information from another neuron

Axon

long, single strand that signals to other cells whether or not to fire

Myelin Sheath

within axon

keeps signal going faster

Terminal buttons

very bottom of axon that sends neurotransmitter out and tells next neuron what to do

Neural Network

interconnected neural cells communicate

- we learn and remember by adding connections to our neural network (added knowledge is infinite)

Neuron Communication

electrical

chemical

Electrical Communication within Neuron

inside a neuron

action potential

Action potential

brief electrical charge that travels down axon (maintains 1 strength)

generated by the movement of positively charged ions through the sodium-potassium pump

causes the release of neurotransmitters

Chemical Communication within Neuron

between neurons

Uses Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that communicate between neurons�

each communicates a different message

travel across synaptic gap

*synapse

Sodium-Potassium Pump

negative at resting potential

positive at action potential

Synapse

the space between 2 neurons where chemicals are going to go with neurotransmitters

Action of Axon

sends

Action of Dendrites

receives

Kinds of Neurotransmitters

norepinephrine

dopamine

serotonin

Norepinephrine

alertness and arousal�

ex: �epinephrine

Dopamine

movement, learning, attention, emotion

Serotonin

mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

antidepressants (SSRI) control this in system (blocks neurons from absorbing serotonin so it remains in system)

Brain Structure

forebrain

midbrain

hindbrain

Forebrain

Right and left hemispheres

Cerebral Cortex

4 lobes

pituitary gland

limbic system

corpus callosum

Cerebral Cortex

outer covering of forebrain

Corpus Callosum

nerve fibers connecting 2 hemispheres

split it during surgery for epilepsy

4 Lobes of Forebrain

Frontal, Occipital, Temporal, Parietal

2 Hemispheres of Forebrain

Left: �motor functioning of right side of body

Right: �motor functioning of left side of body

complex tasks require both sides of brain (hemispheric specilization)

Left side of forebrain

words, letters, language sounds, verbal memory, speech, grammar rules, reading, writing, arithmetic

Right side of forebrain

geometric patterns, faces, emotional expressions, non-language sounds, non-verbal memory, emotional tone of speech, geometry, sense of direction, distance, mental rotation of shapes, spatial ability

Frontal Lobe

controls planning, judging, memory, emotion, inhibition and personality

primary motor cortex

prefrontal cortex

Primary Motor Cortex

important for planned control of fine movements�

each part is in charge of different parts of body

Prefrontal Cortex

controls organization and planning of movements and certain parts of memory

Frontal Lobe Damage

Phineas Gage (railroad worker)

first person to show that frontal lobe damage affects personailty

Parietal Lobe

sensory information

location of body parts and objects in space (there is a desk, i should walk around it)

Contains Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Sensory Homunculus

Temporal Lobe

Processes hearing

complex aspects of vision (visual memory, recognizing faces and objects)

Temporal Lobe Damage

causes specialized deficits

inability to recognize faces, melodies, etc

disturbances in speech and language comprehension (you can hear but you may not understand what they're saying)

Occipital Lobe

back of your head

specialized for vision

Occipital Lobe Damage

disturbances in vision including blindness

cortical blindness: can actually see, but your brain can't process it

effects dreams

Pituitary Gland

in forebrain

releases hormones and controls sleep/wake states

Limbic System

memory, emotions, drives

3 main structures in limbic system

amygdala

hippocampus

hypothalamus

Amygdala

aggression, fear, sexual behavior

Hippocampus

memory

Hypothalamus

hunger, thirst, metabolism, body temperature, sexual behavior, communications with pituitary gland (hormones)

Midbrain

pathway where sensory information from spinal cord ascends to the forebrain

Midbrain is involved in...

vision, hearing, eye movement, body movement

Hindbrain Structures

cerebellum

medulla

pons

Cerebellum

controls movement

motor coordination, balance, posture, aim, rhythmic movement (playing the drum)

Medulla

contols unconscious body functions

breathing, swallowing, blood circulation, muscle tone

Pons

connects brain stem and cerebellum

respiratory center

helps with sleep/arousal patterns

Reality

what we perceive

Perception

single, unified awareness derived from our senses while a stimulus is present

Sensing

taking in information

hearing people talking

Perceiving

making sense of the information we sense

mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patters

- listening/understanding... �realizing the people talking are talking about a movie they saw

Optical illusions

misinterpretation of a visual stimulus

brain tries to perceive depth

Awareness

can influence what we see or don't see

easy to see something you're not looking for (bear walking across screen)

often perceive what we expect to see (black & white banana = yellow)

Selective Attention

ability to attend to things of interest to us

- can't attend to everything, so we choose the important things

How we recognize things

past experience

surrounding area (context)

temporal lobe

Brightness Contrast

increase or decrease of apparent brightness because of objects around it

Feature-Detector Approach

recognize things by breaking them into small parts (lines, angles)

small parts are recognized by "feature detectors" in visual cortex

get over used and exhausted

stop using them, get "after-image"

most basic level of pattern recognition

Gestalt Psychology

investigates our ability to perceive overall patterns

believe pattern is an act of creation

Figure-Ground

distinguish between figure and background�

(2 black faces w/white background or white vase and black background)

Principles of Organization

Proximity

closer objects are, the more likely they are to be seen as a unit

xxx � � � �x � � x � � �x

Principles of Organization

Similarity

objects that hold similar shape or color are going to be grouped together

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

ooooooooooooooo

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

ooooooooooooooo

Continuation

tendency to fill in gaps in an interrupted space

Principles of Organization

Common fate

perceive objects as being in the same group if they change or move in similar ways

traffic

Principles of Organization

Good Figure

Perceive objects simple symmetrical figures

Principles of Organization

Closure

when there are gaps in pattern, we are able to mentally fill in gaps

picture of dots that look like a dalmation

Principles of Organization

Perceiving Movement

how we determine something is moving

Visual Constancy

perceiving objects as keeping their shape, size and color even though the actual stimulus changes�

ex: �paper, fold it, you know paper is still same thing

Vestibular System

Provides information about position relative to gravity and the head's position in space

helps maintain balance

done through inner ear

2 types of movement

apparent

actual

Apparent Movement

perceiving movement when there is none (optical illusion)

Actual Movement

seeing actual movement

Depth Pereption

live in 3d world, but retinas are 2D

ex: Ames Room (larger on 1 side than other), 3D sidewalk chalk

Ways we interpret depth perception

binocular cues (both eyes)

monocular cues (one eye)

Binocular Cues

Convergence

eye muscles tell brain how much they have moved

Convergence

the degree to which you turn your eyes to focus them

ex: �moving finger in from far away in front of eyes

>> angle you bring it in is how you perceive depth

Monocular Cues

relative size

linear perspective

detail

shadows

texture gradient

motion parallax

Relative size

2 + objects of similar size

one that appears larger is perceived as closer to us

Linear Perspective

cue that parallel lines seem to meet at a distance

detail

cue that closer objects have more detail than those farther away

Shadows

larger the shadow is, the closer we perceive it to be

Texture gradient

closer object is, crisper texture of object

fuzzier surface is, farther away it appears

ex: field of sunflowers

Motion Parallax

using speed of objects while moving

closer objects travel faster

ex: �in a car, grass moves faster than mountains in distance

Subliminal Perception

when we take information below our absolute sensory threshold (subliminal messages)

has no long term influence on human behavior

Research re: subliminal perception

we can detect it

priming (more likely to respond in certain way directly afterwards)

effects are brief and subtle

Motivation

desire that effects goal-oriented behavior

why we do what we do

can be... food, grades, money, sexual attraction/relationships

needs

internal deficiency (need for food or water)

Drives

expression of a need (need causes the drive)

>>>

response (action)

>>>

Goal

Primary Motives

biological needs (survival)

hunger, thirst, air, sleep, pain avoidance, elimination of waste, regulation of body temperature

stimulus motives

needs for stimulation and information

activity, curiosity, exploration, physical contact

Secondary motives

based on learned needs, drives and goals

power, affiliation, approval, status, security, achievements, fear/aggression

incentive

the value we place on a goal after the need is met

how we explain learned means (success, status): don't need for survival, but have incentive values for us

Homeostastis

bodily equilibrium

primary motive

Hypothalamus

tells you you're hungry

Lateral hypothalamus

"start eating!"

even if you're not hungry, if stimulated, can make you eat

Ventromedial hypothalamus

"stop eating!"

Damage to�Lateral hypothalamus

likely to never eat on your own again

damage to�Ventromedial hypothalamus

can start overeating dramastically

set point

proportion of fat our bodies maintain naturally

if low: �eat more

If high, releases LEPTIN�

why do we overeat?

external cues, secondary motives, incentives�

Factors of obesity

external cues (food is appealing, visible, easy to get, social)

Emotions (overeat when upset)

diet (sweetness, fat, variety, large meals)

genetics

inactivity

Anorexia Nervosa

excessive dieting or self-starvation

body percent must be below 85% of what is normal for age/height

can be compulsive working out

distorted body image

Bulimia Nervosa

cycle of binge eating followed by purging to get rid of calories (vomiting, laxatives, excess exercise)

2-14 times per week

not as high death rate as anorexia

Who Eating Disorders Affect

more women than men

women:

Anorexia: �1% have it;�

�� ages 15-29, 3-10% have it

Bulimia: �5% of college women

��

61% �of women have eating problems related to bulimia

Causes of eating disorders

mostly psychological

decreased self-esteem

family/social problems

failure at school/work�

traumatic events

feeling out of control

- one area of life they can control

- media can be a large factor in younger people

Stimulus motives

drives to investigate, explore and change the environment we live in

level of arousal influences how motivated we are

Arousal theory

inverted view theory

low arousal (under aroused): low performance

moderate arousal (optimally aroused): �maximum performance

high arousal (over aroused): poor performance

secondary motives

learned motives (cultural)

social motives, aggression, need for achievement

Social motives

based on our relationships with others

achievement, power, approval, status and affiliation

can be how people see you and/or how you see yourself

aggression

doing harm to others

linked to frustration and pain

learned motive

can depend on culture (our society is more aggressive that others)

need for achievement

ex: �buckets (those for high need of achievement do not want to fail = usually throw for b)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological�

safety�

love/belonging

esteem�

self-actualization

physiological

breathing, food, water, sex, homeostasis

basic

safety

security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property

basic

love/belonging

�friendship, family, sexual intimacy

basic

Esteem

self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

basic

self-actualization

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of the facts

growth

where does motivation come from

intrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

intrinsic motivation

internal cues (personal enjoyment of a task)

extrinsic motivaiton

external causes (external rewards, money, approval, etc)

emotions are characterized by...

physiological arousal

changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture and feelings�

have different intensities

3 primary emotions

fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, acceptance (trust)

Physiological arousal

change in heart rate, perspiration, etc

limbic system (amygdala - key for emotions) plays a role in emotions

Amygdala

key for emotions

specialized in producing fear

bypasses the cortex (increases reaction time)

primitive fear (allows us to react before we really know what's going on)

fight or flight

Controlling our emotions

verbal communication

non-verbal communication

verbal communication

can contol

nonverbal communication

facial expressions, posture, body language, other explicit acts we can't control

James-Lange Theory

emotions follow physiological repsonse

emotional stimulus >> arousal >> behavior >> emotional feelings

pretty correct in order

Cannon-Bard Theory

physiological and emotional reactions occur at same time

Emotional stimulus >> arousal

�� >> emotions

feel 2 combined, then act

Schacter's Cognitive Theory

ID a reason for some physiological arousal

experience and label the emotion

event >> arousal >> reasoning >>emotion

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

emotion = change in facial muscles

brain interprets muscle movements

ex: smile, experience happiness

frown, experience sadness

Lie Detector tests

measures changes in HR, BP and breathing

galvanic skin response: sweat

Problem: �can't measure what is causing overall physiological arousal (fear, anxiety, excitement, etc)

Final Exam Flash Cards-Rogers

Psychology 110 with Rogers at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

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