Final Exam
Biology 101 with Weinstein at University of Tennessee - Knoxville
About this deck
By: Grace Stepanek
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 223 flashcards
Views: 1166
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 223 flashcards
Views: 1166
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj
Sign up (free) to study this.
A single-celled organism does phagocytosis. What is it doing?
ingesting a food particle
What general process occurs on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
protein synthesis
What does the "tertiary" structure of protein refer to?
the way it folds up into a final shape
In facilitated passive transport, what assists the transport of a material into a cell?
protein
Where in a cell would you find a biological membrane?
surrounding the mitochondrion, surrounding the nucleus, and on the cell periphery
What is the importance of a kink or bend in the fatty acid portion of a phospholipid?
it helps the biological membrane maintain fluidity
What is starch?
a polymer of glucose molecules
What is the role of cholesterol in maintaining proper cellular function?
regulates fluidity of membranes
"It takes energy to store energy" What is the concept described by this statement?
coupled reaction
What contributes most to the fluidity of a biological membrane?
presence of unsaturated fatty acids
What is "actication energy"?
the energy needed to initiate a reaction
The defining feature of a eukaryotic cell is its
nucleus
How can molecules move from an area of low concentration into an area of higher concentration of the same molecules?
active transport
Which of the following is known to be the descendent of engulfed ancient bacteria?
mitochondria
relative to a pH of 6, a pH of 4 is _______ times more acidic/
100
What is the strongest type of bond called?
covalent
Two atoms share an electron. What is this referred to?
a covalent bond
At the most basic level, there are two types of cells:
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Which part of the phospholipid reacts with the aqueous portion of a cell?
the phosphate group
Enzyme function is dependent on its
shape
What does the Endosymbiotic Theory state?
mitochondria used to be independently living bacteria
Why are phospholipids particulary suited as constituents in cell membranes?
they are hydrophobic on one end and hydrophilic on the other
Proteins are synthesized on the ROUgh Endoplasmic Reticulum. Following this, the proteins are further modified before being exported from the cell. In which organelle does this occur?
Golgi Apparatus
Double bonds are found in which type of fatty acids?
unsaturated
Which of the following is an example of the secondary structure of protein?
the alpha helix configuration
After phospholipid, what is the next most abundant component of the cell membrane?
protein
What are "trans" fatty acids?
a type of double bond, usually artificially created in fatty acids, which are bad for your health
What is the scientific definition of theroy?
an accumulation of evidence that becomes incontrovertible to the extent that it is accepted as fact
An exergonic reaction is one that
releases energy and results from breakdown of complex molecules
Usually, enzymes are
proteins
When energy is transformed into another, what happens to the energy not converted to glucose?
it is lost as "waste heat"
What is a nucleotide?
a monomer consisting of a base, phosphate, and a sugar
An atom with a net positive or negative charge is referred to as
an ion
Carbohydrate monomers or protein monomers are bound into their respective polymers by way of a "condensation reaction" What molecule is a byproduct?
water
What happens during competitive inibition?
non-substrate molecules interfere with substrate molecules in the enzyme active state
What characterizes a hydrophilic molecule?
one that has positively and/or negatively charged regions
What is the cytoskeleton?
strands of protein that give shape to cells
What holds two strands of DNA together?
hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is most generally insoluble in water?
fatty acid
Which sugar do you find in DNA?
deoxyribose
ZThe organelle where glucose is converted into energy is called
the mitochondrion
Von Helmont performed an experiment in which he falsely concluded the plant biomass came from water. What did he prove?
plants did not come from their biomass from soil
About how much ATP do you generate every day?
an equal amount to your body weight
How many sets of homologous chromosomes does a male have? female?
22 and 23
What are the end products of respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Burning fossil fuels completes the biogeochemical cycle of which compound?
methane
You have blue eyes, which you know to be a recessive trait. What can you conclude about yourself?
you are homozygous recessive
Plants take in _____ from the atmosphere while animals release ____ into the atmosphere.
oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of the antennae complex?
capture of light energy (photons)
What process occurs in the stromata?
Calvin cycle
What occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?
independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
What important information did Mendel elucidate from his experiments?
he was the first to prove that specific traits are passed on through generations
What supplies the energy needed for the light-independent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
The leaves of plants are green because
yellow and blue light is absorbed by the leaf and re-radiated as green
Which of the following is true regarding glycolysis?
it is an anaerobic process
How does the artic ice cap help cool the Earth's overall climate?
ice reflects away incoming solar radiation or heat but open water absorbs solar radiation and heat
What occurs in the light independent reaction?
glucose is synthesized
The daughter cells of mitosis are
genetically identical
Until recently, the global atmospheric concentration of CO2 had never risen above ___ ppm. today the concentration is ____ and is rising by ___ ppm every year.
280; 390; 2
Where does the process of glycolysis occur?
cytosol
What process occurs on the thylakoid membrand?
energy capture via electron transport
Glucose is a high energy molecule. where does that energy originally come from?
the sun
What happens in the first step of the light dependent reaction?
an electron absorbs the energy of a photon
Human caused global warming occurring as a result of burning fossil fuel was first predicted...
in 1896 by a swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius
How are the oceans today affected by human production and release of carbon dioxide?
ocean chemistry is changing and the oceans are becoming more acidic
What do redox reactions accomplish?
storage of energy
What best describes what a glucose molecule represents?
storage of high energy electrons
After glycolosis and the krebs cycle, most of the energy originally in glucose is now
in NADH
Alleles are
alternate forms of a gene
Why is glycolysis on its own considered to be an inefficient means of energy production?
it produces only 2 of a possible 34-38 molecules of ATP from breakdown of glucose
What are the starting chemicals in the photosynthetic reaction?
carbon dioxide, water
How do gases and water vapor get into and out of the leaf?
through the stomata
In meiosis, what happens during prophase I?
"crossing over" to produce a tetrad
The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from
water
Where do the reactions of light-dependent reactions occur
thylakoid membrane
What sort of cell is a haploid?
sex cell
What accounts for the fact that endurance athletes can perform at such high levels?
they have more and bigger mitochondria than sedentary people
Where do the reactions of Krebs cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
The main importance of meiosis is that what occurs?
scrambling and recombination of genetic material during formation of gametes
Of what value are the molecules of NADPH and NADH
they store (or carry) energy during photosynthesis and respiration
Which molecule has the highest potential energy?
glucose
The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the origin of the carbon?
carbon dioxide
The Calvin cycle is
endergonic
The products of meiosis are
4 genetically different haploid cells
What occurs as the most direct consequence of electron transport in photosynthesis?
energy is stored as ATP and NADPH
During meiosis what does "crossing over" accomplish?
swapping of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
What can you conclude about a flower with an allele for both blue flowers (B) and white flowers (b)?
the phenotype is blue and the genotype is heteroxygous
What is one advantage of C4 photosynthesis over C3 photosynthesis?
C4 photosynthesis delivers pure carbon dioxide to the calvin cycle
Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere. What process returns that CO2 to the atmosphere?
krebs cycle
Oxidation and reduction refer to what sort of process?
movement of energy from molecule to molecule
What is the term for an observable trait in an organism?
phenotype
In the process of respiration, what must be present?
oxygen
What are the starting chemicals in the photosynthetic reaction?
carbon dioxide and water
Which of the following is an aerobic process?
Krebs cycle
When was global warming, as a consequence of human activity, first predicted?
1896 by Savante Arrhenius
In the breakdown of glucose for energy, most ATP is produced
during electron transport
The oxygen released in photosynthesis come from
water
What supplies the energy needed for the light-independent reaction?
ATP and NADPH
In the breakdown of glucose for energy, what happens to most of the energy prior to electron transport?
it is stored in NADH
At which precise point does carbon enter the biological world?
step one of calvin cycle
Which of the following is an endergonic reaction?
Calvin cycle
What is the most accurate definition of "respiration"
breakdown of glucose for energy in the presence of oxygen
Offspring of a monohyprid cross of AA and aa are
all heterozygous
What two main processes occur during photosynthesis?
energy capture; endergonic reaction to make glucose
What occurs during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesus?
the assembly of carbon dioxide into sugar
Which is an example of a gamete?
sperm cell and egg cell
Which of the following processes is anaerobic?
glycolysis
You have different alleles for eye color. What can you conclude?
you are heterozygous
What occurs in the chloroplast stroma?
glucose is synthesized
Why is glycolysis on its own considered to be an inefficient means of energy production?
it produces only 2 of a possible 34-38 molecules of ATP from breakdown of glucose
What is the role of NADP or NADPH?
storage of high energy electrons
Where are the light-dependent reactions located?
thylakoid membrane
The result of meiosis is
haploid gametes
What is another term for the light independent reaction
Calvin Cycle
Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
What color is least useful to photosynthesis?
green
Alleles are
alternate phenotypes
In what process is NADH found?
respiration
Which of the following is the main greenhouse gas causing climate change today?
carbon dioxide
When glucose is broken down for energy, what are the three main steps that the glucose molecule and its breakdown products pass through?
glycolysis - krebs cycle - electron transport
At what point in metabollism is the carbon cycle completed?
Krebs cycle
What is the "antenna complex"?
an array of pigment molecules that capture solar energy
Why do we need to breathe?
to provide oxygen to the final step of electron transport
What sort of cell undergoes mitosis?
somatic cells
The primary punction of the Calvin cycle is to
construct simple sugars from carbon dioxide
The daughter cells of mitosis are
genetically identical
Where is the chlorophyll located?
thylakoid membrane
What was the hypothesis that Mendel set out to prove?
inheritance of characteristics could be tracked through generations
After glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, most of the energy originally in glucose is now in
NADH
What in particular enables endurance athletes to perform for longer and higher intensities?
they have more and bigger mitochondria
Which protein does a red blood cell use to transport oxygen to cells?
hemoglobin
What is the main object of gene regulation in prokaryotic cells?
dealing with immediate environment conditions
What does "alternate splicing" accomplish?
variable assembly of exons to produce a variety of proteins from a single gene
In an operon, what does a repressor protein bind to?
DNA
What occurs in the capillary bed?
drop off of nutrients and gas exchange
What ingredients are needed for polymerase chain reaction?
all the ingredients for DNA replication
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA with a foreign gene inserted into it
Which molecule has the anti-codon?
tRNA
Translation occurs when
tRNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome
In a mutation, if a single DNA base is replaced by another DNA base, what occurs as a consequence?
nothing - the mistake will always be edited out
What do transcription factors do?
help initiate transcription
What enzyme mediates the replication of DNA?
DNA polymerase
What are exons?
portions of mRNA that code for protein
What is the site of translation?
cytoplasm
Small circular molecules of "extra" DNA in bacteria are called
plasmids
You experience a wave of peristalsis. What has just happened?
digesting or digested material is moving through your esophagus, or through your lower intestine
What is true about a cloned animal?
the cloned animal has DNA from one parent only
What is the "working unit" of the kidney?
nephron
Structurally similar cells having a specific function are
tissues
What molecule turns on the lac operon?
lactose
When the body maintains a constant internal invironment this is referred to as
homeostasis
A genetic fingerprint involves which of the following?
comparing sequences of repeating, non-coding DNA between two people
Where in the digestive process does most nutrient absorption occur?
small intestine
All veins carry
blood toward the heart
Three basis, in sequence, that code for a single amino acid referred to as
codons
What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to our knowledge of DNA?
she took the x-ray crystallographic image showing DNA to be a double helix with a uniform diameter
What is used to remove or excise a specific gene from the genomoe?
restriction enzymes
After blood delivers oxygen to the cell where does that oxygen go?
the mitochondria
What is an operon?
a sequence of genes transcribed together into on mRNA
Skin, as a whole, is
an organ
What intermediary molecule brings omino acids to mRNA and the ribosome?
tRNA
Where do you find the coronary artery?
covering the heart itself
Which molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
messenger RNA
What physical principle drives the exchange of gases between blood and cells?
diffusion
What can be said regarding the genetic code in a cat compared to the genetic code in a fungus?
they are identical
Which organ filters toxins from the blood?
kidney
What does RNA polymerase do?
makes messenger RNA
Which process produces mRNA?
transcription
You are a vegetarian and wish to eat good quality protein. What is one of your options?
consume a combination of grains and beans to get all essential amino acids
What must occur before macro-molecular nutrients can be absorbed into the blood?
they must be broken down into monomers
Where does the digestive process actually begin?
mouth
Where would you find the alveoli?
lungs
Nucleotides are composed of
sugar, phosphate, base
Both the lac and trp operons regulate gene expression at what stage of protein synthesis?
transcription level
Which part of the circulatory system delivers oxygenated blood to tissues and organs?
newly replicated DNA having one old and one new strand
Where would you find ribosomal RNA?
ribosome
In what structure does gas exchange occur between the blood and the outside atmosphere?
the alveoli
What type of structure is tissue?
structurally similar cells with a specific function
Transcription occurs in the ______ while translation occurs in the _____.
nucleus ; cytoplasm
What guarantees that a gene excised from one organism will "fit" into the genome of another organism?
the fact that the restriction enzymes leave complimentary sticky ends
The concept of genetic fingerprinting works by virtu of the use or
repetitive non-coding DNA
How can one gene code for more than one protein?
by varying the assembly of exons
The presence of lactose ______ the lac operon.
induces
You experience a wave of peristalsis. What has just happened?
digested material is moving through your esophagus or through your lower intestine
What is required to be present before transcription can take place in eukaryotic cells?
transcription factors
What is the consequence of a mutation invulving the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base?
a protein that has a totally scrambled amino acid sequence "downstream" from the mutation
After blood delivers oxygen to the cell, where does that oxygen go?
the mitochondria
What is a plasmid?
a circular strand of DNA found in bacteria
How does the heart get its oxygen supply?
from the coronary artery
The oxygen carrying protein within an erthrocyte (red blood cell) is
hemoglobin
Gene regulation that occurs for the purpose of cell specialization occurs to which type of cell?
eukaryotic cells
What does the systemic circulatory system do?
pumps blood to muscles and organs
Protein is synthesized at the ribosome. what is the ultimate origin of the amino acids?
the diet
What is "recombinant DNA"
DNA that has had a foreign gene inserted
What structure in the small intestine is responsible for absorption of nutrients?
the villi and microvilli
Digestion begins in the
mouth
Which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?
transfer RNA
What best defines an organ?
two (or more) tissues that perform a task
Which of the following is true?
the sequence of bases in DNA corresponds to the sequence of aminio acids in protein
What process must occur to major food ingredients during the digestive process
they must undergo hydrolysis reactions to be broken into monomers
What is the function or role of ribosomal RNA?
it is part of the structural framework of the ribosome
Transcription results in production of only one single copy of mRNA. True or False?
False
Which base does RNA have that DNA does not have?
uracil
During DNA replication, a nucleotide base is added to the template strand of DNA. Which enzyme facilitates this process?
DNA polymerase
What is the role or function of messenger RNA?
it carries information copied from DNA
An "inducible" gene is one that:
is turned on or activated by the presence of an inducer
What exactly is an operon?
a sequence of genes transcribed together into a single mRNA
The three RNA bases that code for an amino acid is collectively referred to as an
amino-RNA
What happens to each of the original strands during DNA replication?
each serves as a template for a new single strand of DNA
What is true regarding a whole animal that has been cloned?
all of its DNA comes from a single parent
Which of the following drains blood from the capillary bed?
veins
Because the genetic code is universal to all organisms, this means that
all organisms use the same codons to code for the same amino acids
The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template strand is
transcription
What occurs in the capillary bed?
drop off of nutrients and gas exchange
What does RNAi do?
it can prevent gene expression by binding to mRNA and preventing its translation
The skin is an example of an
organ
What enzyme is responsible for making RNA from DNA?
RNA polymerase
Nutritionists recommend that no more than ____ % of calories should come from fat
30
Both the lac and trp operons regulate gene expression at what stage of protein synthesis?
tertiary level
What sort of process is the ribosome involved in?
protein synthesis
Which scientist took the image of the DNA x-ray diffractino pattern that ultimately helped watson and crick elucidate the structure of DNA?
rosalind franklin
About this deck
By: Grace Stepanek
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 223 flashcards
Views: 1166
Created: 2010-12-02
Size: 223 flashcards
Views: 1166
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj