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Anthropology 110 with Devlin/eldridge at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

About this deck

By: Andrew Sugg
Textbook:

Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 Edition
Created: 2010-05-02
Size: 140 flashcards
Views: 1212

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Arboreal apelike ancestor

LCA

Elaine Morgan

Wading “only circumstance known to conduce to sustained erect bipedal locomotion

Artifacts

objects or materials made or modified for use by hominids

Australopiths

diverse forms 4.2-1.2 mya.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

7mya
Hominin
Discovered in Chad, an African country
In order to determine whether it is hominin

Absolute

K/Ar

In order to determine whether it is hominin

Foramen magnum
Brow ridges
Teeth
Dating techniques

Relative

superposition

Who was accepted at the earliest hominin

Orrorin tugensis

Bipedal

Form of locomotion

Cranial features

Foramen magnum position

Inferior

Femur

Neck and distal features

S curve

Human and Chimpanzee

Pelvis

Human and Chimpanzee

Torso to scale
Note pelvic differences in ilium

Evolution of Bipedalism

Why be a biped
The Aquatic Model
The question becomes: what was the environment like? Did wet trump dry or vice versa

Why be a biped

Carrying
Hunting
Seed and nut gathering
Feeding from bushes
Thermoregulation
Visual surveillance
Long-distance walking
Male provisioning

Paleoanthropology

Reconstruct the anatomy and behavior of ancestors
Study
Work in the field, excavate and analyze the fossils remains as well as artifacts around the fossils.

Carrying

Objects, tools, weapons, infants

The Aquatic Model

Great evolutionary benefits

Thermoregulation

Cooling

Great evolutionary benefits

Quadrupeds would have drowned in wet area or when trying to cool off
Elaine Morgan: Wading ?only circumstance known to conduce to sustained erect bipedal locomotion

Study

Artifacts and bones
Artifacts: objects or materials made or modified for use by hominids
The earliest artifacts are made of stone

** Appendix C

Summary of early hominin fossil finds in Africa

The Main Gorge at Olduvai

Well-known site in Africa
Louis and Mary Leakey conducted continuous excavations from the 1930s to early 1980s
More than 150 species of extinct animals (hominids too); provide clues to the ecological conditions of early hominid habitats
Geological processes make O.G. extremely important

Geological processes make O.G. extremely important

Active volcanic processes caused rapid sedimentation which preserved bone and artifacts
Faulting exposes geological beds near the surface
Volcanic activity provides a wealth of datable material
Dating Methods for volcanic eruptions
Remains at Olduvai

Dating Methods for volcanic eruptions

Absolute: K/Ar
Relative: superposition

Absolute: K/Ar

Potassium/Argon-most used in East Africa

Remains at Olduvai

A dense scatter of stone and fossilized animal bone from Olduvai, 1.6 mya
Some of these remains are the result of hominin activities

Potassium/Argon-most used in East Africa

14 is not utilized because it works mainly on bones

4.4 mya

Sahelanthropus ? 7-6 mya, Chad
Orrorin ? 6 mya, Kenya
Ardipthithecus ? 5.8-4.4 mya, Ethiopia

How do we apply species concept to fossil record

We can not see if they could reproduce

Orrorin ? 6 mya, Kenya

East Africa

likely heavily forested

ARA-VP-1/129 ? specimen number
Decidious Molar
Found in 1992
East Africa

Divergence ?diversification? of common ancestors

Into two major lineages ? clades include cars

Species A common ancestor of B and C

Dots represent traits common to species
X and y represent derived traits newly appearing features

Dots represent traits common to species

Ancetrial/primitive traits ?

X and y represent derived traits newly appearing features

Derviced traits XY

Old World Moneys

8 adult premolars (P)
prehensile hands (P)
tail (P)
prehensile feet (P)

Apes

8 adult premolars (P)
prehensile hands (P)
no tail (SD)
prehensile feet (P)

Humans

8 adult premolars (P)
prehensile hands (P)
no tail (SD)
nonprehensile feet (UD)

recognition of fossil species

observable variation identified as intra or inter
defining where species boundaries begin and end is often difficult

observable variation identified as intra or inter

intraspecific ? variation is accounted for by individual, age, and sex differences seen within every biological species
interspecific ? variation represents differences between reproductively isolated groups

defining where species boundaries begin and end is often difficult

?Splitters? are researhers who claim speciation occurred frequently during hominid evolution. ?More species.?
?Lumpers? assume speciation was less common and see much variation as being intraspecific ?fewer species?

East Africa

Rift Valley

Most derived

Paranthropus or austrolopithecus

one major species

“black skull” KNM-ER 17000

Significance

Adaptation

Early Evolution of genus Homo

Overview of Human Evolution

There are several specimens of early hominins; date to more than 5mya
By 4 mya (plio-pleistocene), much evidence of well adapted genus
Australopithecus (Paranthropus)
Later more derived forms
Australopithecus ? genus of hominins
Australopiths
Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus (Paranthropus)

Early anatomically primitive
Found in east Africa

Later more derived forms

Include several species
East and south African sites

Australopithecus ? genus of hominins

?Human like post crania?
Bipedal
Size
?Apelike face?

East and south African sites

5-1.2 mya; 2 genera and 4 species

?Human like post crania?

behind or below

Size

Smaller than modern humans, including proportions

?Apelike face?

large projecting facial skeleton
large teeth
small brain

large teeth

premolars and molars thick enamel

anamensis

4 mya
Sectorial lower premolar; larger than some canines

Australopithecus afarensis

Time White and Don Johanson in 1970s
East Africa: Rift Valley
300 + indiviuals
nearly complete skeleton of an adult female
Archaeology of Australopiths
In east Africa no A. afarensis post 3mya. But in South Africa a small less derived species existed with derived Australopithecus African
Australopithecus

Afarensis

Well documented, well understood species
Lucy
East Africa

robustus, P. boisei, P. autheoppicus

More massive ? face ? not height
Sagittal crest

Africanus

Smaller, looks like Afarnsis
Problematic in terms of antiquity; dating
South Africa

Time White and Don Johanson in 1970s

6-3 mya

nearly complete skeleton of an adult female

Lucy AL 288

Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974
adult female about 25 years old
Cranial capacity (skull volume) ~ 438 cm 3

Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974

2 mya

Cranial capacity (skull volume) ~ 438 cm 3

humans ~ 1325 cm 3

Laetoli footprints

Dated K/Ar

/A. aethiopicus

one major species = ?black skull? KNM-ER 17000
primitive features
derived features

Biggest teeth

Premolars and molars

primitive features

cc of 410
posterior crest
dental rows converge
facial prognathism

derived features

crest
big teeth

In east Africa no A. afarensis post 3mya. But in South Africa a small less derived species existed with derived Australopithecus African

Raymond Dart

A/P robustus

teeth not as large

Mary Leakey found it in 1959

OH 5 ?Zinj? Cranium

Raymond Dart

Discovered and named genus in 1924
africanus

Australopithecus

Bipedal
Long hands and fingers
Culture
Tools
Scavengers

africanus

South Africa 2.5-2mya
Immature ape-like species
Quarry at Taung
Dart claimed a relative of humans
Small brained
Big toothed-not as big as P. genus
STS 5 Mrs. Ples

STS 5 Mrs. Ples

Robert Broom in 1974
Sterkfontein

Overview of Homo genus

First members of the genus Homo appeared 2.5-2 mya
Early Homo first hominin to definitely make and use tools

Homo sapiens ? 2 nd ~ 200,000 years ago

Later Homo first hominin to expand out of Africa
Several geographical and temporal species prior to sapiens

Early Homo

1964 Louis Leakey
OH 7

OH 7

Homo habilis
Contemporaneous with robusts
Larger cranial capacity than A. Early Homo 20% larger
Teeth more modern than A. still bigger than us
Overall body size
Much variation in early Homo
Interspecific variation ? 2
Intraspecific variation 0 1:s.d.

Homo rudilfensis

Coined in 1986
Flat face
No brow ridge
Larger cranial capacity

Body size

Close to our size
Sd
Robust

Brain size

At least 25% increase

Cranial Shape

Heavily built

Brows
Nuchal torus
Sagittal keel
Broad near ears

Likely evolved in Africa

Nariokotome Boy

Nuchal torus

Holds head up

who were the earliest African emigrants

descendants of east African erectus
Arrived in Indonesia in less 200,000 years

Nariokotome Boy

KNM WT 15000

Nearly full skeleton of youth

6 mya

Dmanisi skull

1990s
Georgia ~ 1.75mta
1,000 stone toll fragments like olduwan

Synthesizinf the Dmanisi hominins

Was H. erectus first out of Africa
Was large body oh H erectus a necessary Eurasion adaptation
Did need large brain and sophisticated tools to disperse
Though small have erectus attributes
Able to travel

Homo Erectus from Indonesia

First 18902 Dubois
To date, 40+
1-1.6mya
6 sites
traits of African H. erectus but more pronounce

MNI

Minimum number of individuals

Final Lecture

Neadertal culture
Mousterian
Symbolic behavior
What happened to Neandertals
AMH
Sediba

Atapuerca region of Spain

Sima del Elefante 1.2 mya
Gran Dolina 780,000+

Italy

Ceprano

800-900 kya resembles H. erectus

Erectus Culture

Considerable degree of Intraspecific variation for H. erectus
Acheulian

Acheulian

Advance in tool technology replaced Olduwan
Bifacial tools
Hand axe

?ice age? (ages)

lower Pleistocene
middle Pleistocene
upper Pleistocene
glacial movements during Pleistocene
colder in north
drier in south (africa)
middle Pleistocene
Homo heidelbergensis

premodern Humans of the Late Pleistocene

during Upper Pleistocene
unique individuals in Europe and Middle East
Likely descendants of H. heidelbergensis
Neandertals

glacial movements during Pleistocene

glacials interglacials

drier in south (africa)

influenced resources and migration routes

middle Pleistocene

Hearths, Shelters, and 3 spears

Homo heidelbergensis

Acheulian Levallois technique
Premodern humans of the middle Pleistocene
Sima de los huesos
Dali China
Primitives traits
Derived traits

Premodern humans of the middle Pleistocene

Broken hill Africa 125-600 kya
Caries and traumatic defect
Mauer mandible
Heidelberg Germany
Robust, no chin 800 kya
Bodo cranium 600 kya

Sima de los huesos

Pit of bones

Primitives traits

supraorbital torus
low vault
large face
low forehead

Derived traits

vault thinner
more vertical nasal
larger brain
higher up breadth

Homo neaderthalensis

Or homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens sapiens
Europe and Middle East
Large arching brow ridge
Occipital bun
Projecting midface

Homo sapiens sapiens

30 kya

Neadertal culture

Subsistence
No bow and arrow/no spear
Hunting
Head and nuck injuries
Non masticatory teeth use

Mousterian

Stone tool culture
Flaked tools
Cave residences

Head and nuck injuries

Proximity to animals

Non masticatory teeth use

Other than eating

Symbolic behavior

Interntional burials
Grave goods
Care for injured
Speech
Hyoid bone
Kebara cave

What happened to Neandertals

Last one gone/found by 28,000 in Croatia
Three scenarios
Genetic data provide answer

Grave goods

Flexed burial
Nonhuman bones
Flint tools
pollen

Hyoid bone

Speech similar to ours

AMH

Close to 200,000 years ago, modern Homo sapiens in Africa
Starting approximately 100,000 years or so, their descendants appear across most of the Old World
Why move
Questions about the origin and dispersal of modern humans
Omo I Africa
Herto cranium Africa
Europe Cro-Magnon

Three scenarios

Evolved into AMH
Replaced by AMH
Interbred with AMH

Genetic data provide answer

To be completed in the next few years

Interbred with AMH

AMH ? anatomically modern human

Sediba

Look it up in notes

Why move

Population size increase
Food resources decrease
Competition increases for scarce food
Climate overall decreases

Questions about the origin and dispersal of modern humans

When did modern humans first appear
Where
What was the pace of evolutionary change
How did the dispersal of modern humans to other areas of the Old World take place

When did modern humans first appear

200,000

Omo I Africa

Reconstructed skill of Omo I
Early modern human from Ethiopia, dated to 195,000
Note the chin
In South Africa by 120,000-80,000 years ago

Where

In one region or several

What was the pace of evolutionary change

How fast did the transition occur

How did the dispersal of modern humans to other areas of the Old World take place

Several models

Europe Cro-Magnon

About 30,000 years ago
High forehead
Bulging parietals
Prominent chins

About this deck

By: Andrew Sugg
Textbook:

Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 Edition
Created: 2010-05-02
Size: 140 flashcards
Views: 1212

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj