Social Psychology Exam 1

Psychology 3331 with Huxtable-jester at University of Texas - Dallas

About this deck

By: Jonathan Webster
Textbook:

Social Psychology Value Package (includes Current Directions in Social Psychology)
Created: 2011-02-01
Size: 78 flashcards
Views: 257

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Accessibility

(pg. 63) The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgments about the social world

Affect Blend

A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

Applied Resesarch

(pg. 51) Studies designed to solve a particular social problem

Archival Analysis

A form of the observational method in which the researcher examines the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture (e.g., diaries, novels, magazines, and newspapers)

Automatic Thinking

(pg. 59) Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless

Actor/Observer Difference

(pg. 116) The tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behavior

Attribution Theory

(pg. 104) A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior

Availability Heuristic

(pg. 73) A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind

Base Rate Information

(pg. 76) Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population

Basic Research

(pg. 51) Studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question of why people behave as they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity

Behaviorism

(pg. 16) A school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behavior, one need only consider the reinforcing properties of the environment—that is, how positive and negative events in the environment are associated with specific behaviors

Belief in a Just World

(pg. 119) A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people

Consensus Information

Consensus Information
(pg. 106) Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does

Consistency Information

Consistency Information
(pg. 107) Information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances

Construal

Construal
(pg. 7) The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world

Controlled Thinking

Controlled Thinking
(pg. 82) Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful

Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficient
(pg. 37) A statistical technique that assesses how well you can predict one variable from another—for example, how well you can predict people's weight from their height

Correlational Method

(pg. 37) The technique whereby two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them (i.e., how much one can be predicted from the other) is assessed

Correspondence Bias

Correspondence Bias
(pg. 109) The tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to (matches) their disposition (personality)

Counterfactual Thinking

Counterfactual Thinking
(pg. 82) Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been

Covariation Model

(pg. 106) A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs

Cover Story

Cover Story
(pg. 46) A description of the purpose of a study, given to participants, that is different from its true purpose, used to maintain psychological realism

Cross-Cultural Research

(pg. 48) Research conducted with members of different cultures, to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both cultures or whether they are specific to the culture in which people were raised

Debriefing

(pg. 53) Explaining to participants, at the end of an experiment, the true purpose of the study and exactly what transpired

Deception

Deception
(pg. 52) Misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire

Decode

(pg. 94) To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness

Defensive Attributions

(pg. 119) Explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality

Dependent Variable

(pg. 43) The variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable; the researcher hypothesizes that the dependent variable will depend on the level of the independent variable

Display Rules

Display Rules
(pg. 97) Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display

Distinctiveness Information

Distinctiveness Information
(pg. 106) Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

Emblems

Emblems
(pg. 97) Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the "OK" sign

Encode

Encode
(pg. 94) To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back

Ethnography

(pg. 34) The method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have

Experimental Method

(pg. 42) The method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable (the one thought to have a causal effect on people's responses)

External Attribution

(pg. 105) The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation

External Validity

External Validity
(pg. 46) The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

Field Experiments

Field Experiments
(pg. 50) Experiments conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory

Fundamental Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error
(pg. 15) The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors

Gestalt Psychology

(pg. 17) A school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds, rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object

Hindsight Bias

(pg. 30) The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred

Implicit Personality Theory

(pg. 102) A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that someone who is kind is generous as well

Independent Variable

Independent Variable
(pg. 43) The variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on some other variable

Individual Differences

Individual Differences
(pg. 12) The aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people

Informed Consent

Informed Consent
(pg. 52) Agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been explained in advance

Institutional Review Board (IRB) (pg. 52)

@ least 1 scientist, 1 nonscientist, & 1 member not affiliated w/ an institution that reviews all psych research @ that institution & decides whether it meets ethical guidelines. All research must be approved by IRB b4 it is conducted

Interjudge Reliability (pg. 34)

Level of agreement b/t 2+ people who independently observe & code a set of data; by showing 2 or more judges independently come up with same observations, researchers ensure observations are not subjective, distorted impressions of 1 indiv

Internal Attribution

Internal Attribution
(pg. 496) The belief that an event is caused by things about you (e.g., your own ability or effort), as opposed to factors that are external to you (e.g., the difficulty of a test)

Internal Validity

(pg. 45) Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions

Judgmental Heuristics

(pg. 73) Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently

Meta-Analysis

Meta-Analysis
(pg. 48) A statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable

Mundane Realism

(pg. 46) The extent to which an experiment is similar to real-life situations

Nonverbal Communication

(pg. 93) The way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; nonverbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze

Observational Method

(pg.34) The technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior

Overconfidence Barrier

(pg. 84) The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments

Perceptual Salience

Perceptual Salience
(pg. 111) The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention

Perseverance Effect

(pg. 66) The finding that people's beliefs about themselves and the social world persist even after the evidence supporting these beliefs is discredited

Priming

(pg. 65) The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept

Probability Level (p-value) (pg. 45)

Probability that experiment was due to chance and not due to independent or other variables. Science & social psych, must consider results trustworthy if the prob level is < 5 in 100. < 5%

Psychological Realism

(pg. 46) The extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life; psychological realism can be high in an experiment even if mundane realism is low

Random Assignment to Condition (pg. 44)

Process ensuring all participants an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment; through random assignment, researchers ensure differences in participants personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions

Random Selection

Random Selection
(pg. 38) A way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample

Replication

Replication
(pg. 48) Repeating a study, often with different subject populations or in different settings

Representativeness Heuristic

(pg. 75) A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

Schemas (pg. 59)

Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember

Self-Esteem

Self-Esteem
(pg. 20) People's evaluations of their own self-worth—that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (pg. 67, 440)

The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently w/ people's original expectations, making the expectations come true

Self-Serving Attributions (pg. 118)

Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors

Social Cognition

(pg. 22, 58) How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions

Social Influence

Social Influence
(pg. 6) The effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior

Social Perception

(pg. 92) The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

Social Psychology

Social Psychology
(pg. 6) The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

Social Role Theory (pg. 101)

Sex diffs in social behavior due to society's division of labor b/t the sexes; this division leads to diffs in gender-role expectations & sex-typed skills, both of which are responsible for differences in men's & women's social behavior

Surveys (pg. 38)

Research in which a representative sample of people are asked (often anonymously) questions about their attitudes or behavior

Thought Suppression

(pg. 83) The attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget

Two-Step Process of Attribution (pg. 112)

Analyzing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution & only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behavior, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution.

Ironic Processing

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Operant Process

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Monitoring Process

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About this deck

By: Jonathan Webster
Textbook:

Social Psychology Value Package (includes Current Directions in Social Psychology)
Created: 2011-02-01
Size: 78 flashcards
Views: 257

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy