COSMETOLOGY

OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

was created as part of the U.S. Department of Labor to regulate and enforce safety and health standards to protect employees in the workplace.

OSHA

These standards address issues relating to handling, mixing, storing, and disposing of products, general safety in the workplace, and most importantly, your right to know the hazardous ingredients in the products you use.

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

include information about hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, precautions to reduce the risk of harm and overexposure, flammability and data in case of a fire, proper disposal guidelines, and medical information.

MSDS

Not having an ________ poses a health risk to anyone in a salon who is exposed to hazardous materials and is a violation of federal regulations.

Tuberculocidal or Hospital

The EPA licenses different types of disinfectants. The two types that are used in salons are ___________ and ___________.

EPA?

Environmental Protection Agency

are proven to kill the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, which is more difficult to kill.

Tuberculocidal

If you do not follow the instructions for mixing, contact time, and the type of surface the disinfecting product can be used on, you have broken federal law.

State Regulatory Agencies

exist to protect the consumers' health, safety, and welfare while receiving services in the salon.

State Regulatory Agencies

These include licensing agencies, state boards of cosmetology, commissions, and health departments.

State Regulatory Agencies

The agency can issue penalties against both the salon owner and the operator's license ranging from warnings to fines, probation, and suspension or revocation of licenses.

LAWS

are written by legislature to determine the scope of practice and establish guidelines for regulatory agencies to make rules.

LAWS

________ are also called statutes.

RULES

_________ are also called regulations.

RULES

__________ are written by the regulatory agency or board and determine how the law will be applied.

__________ establish specific standards of conduct, and can be changed and updated.

BACTERIA, FUNGUS, and VIRUS

There are three types of potentially infectious microorganisms that are important in the practice of cosmetology. These are ________, ________, and ________.

BACTERICIDAL, FUNGICIDAL, and VIRUCIDAL

Disinfectants used in salons must be ________, ________, and ________.

BACTERICIDAL, FUNGICIDAL, and VIRUCIDAL

When these are mixed and used according to the instructions on the label, these will kill infectious bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

are one-celled microorganisms with both plant and animal characteristics.

BACTERIA

_________ can exist almost anywhere: skin, water, air, decayed matter, body secretions, clothing, and under the free edge of fingernails. __________ are so small they can only be seen with a microscope.

PATHOGENIC and NONPATHOGENIC

There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria that fall into two primary types _______________ and _______________.

NONpathogenic

Most bacteria are ___________________.

NONPATHOGENIC

completely harmless; do not cause diseases.

NONPATHOGENIC bacteria

help the body break down food, protect against infection, and stimulate the immune system.

PATHOGENIC bacteria

are considered harmful because they may cause disease or infection when they invade the body.

are round-shaped bacteria that appear singly(alone).

Pus-forming bacteria arranged in curved lines resembling a string of beads. They cause infections such as strep throat, and blood poisoning.

Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia.

Pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes. They cause abcesses, pustules, and boils.

are short rod-shaped bacteria. They are the most common bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus(lock jaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria.

are spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria. They are subdivided into subgroups, such as, Treponema papillida, which causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) or Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease.

COCCI

rarely show active motility. They are transmitted in the air, dust, or within the substance in which they settle.

BACILLI and SPIRILLA

__________ and __________ are both motile and use slender, hairlike extensions, known as flagella.

singular; flagellum

..for locomotion. A whiplike motion of these hairs moves the bacteria in liquid.

-ology

suffix meaning "study of"

An organism that grows, feeds, and shelters on or in another organism, while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism.

Any of various poisonous substances produced by some mircroorganisms.

A parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects cells of biological organisms. A virus is capable of replication only through taking over the host cell's reproduction machinery.

PROTOPLASM

Bacteria generally consist of an outer cell wall containing liquid called ____________. They give off waste products, grow, and reproduce.

The ACTIVE stage and the INACTIVE or SPORE-FORMING stage

The life cycle of bacteria consists of two distinct phases: _______________ and _______________.

ACTIVE stage

During the __________________, bacteria grow and reproduce. Bacteria multiply best in warm, dark, damp, or dirty places where food is available.

When bacteria reach their largest size, they divide into two new cells. This division is called __________. The cells that are formed are called daughter cells.

ANTHRAX and TETANUS BACILLI

Certain bacteria, such as the _______________ and ______________, coat themselves with waxy outer shells that are able to withstand long periods of famine, dryness, and unsuitable temperatures.

INACTIVE or SPORE-FORMING stage

In this stage, spores can be blown about and are not harmed by disinfectants, heat, or cold.

INFECTION

An ________ occurs when body tissues are invaded by disease-causing or pathgenic bacteria.

is a fluid created by tissue inflammation, and contains white blood cells, bacteria, and dead cells. The presence of this is a sign of bacterial infection.

STAPHYLOCOCCI "staph"

are among the most common human bacteria, and are normally carried by about a third of the population. It can be picked up on doorknobs, coutnertops, and other surfaces, but is more frequently spread through skin-to-skin contact.

STAPH

is responsible for food poisoning and a wide range of diseases like toxic shock syndrome.

STAPH INFECTIONS

occur most frequently among persons who have weakened immune systems. The symptoms usually appear as skin infections, such as pimples and boils that can be very difficult to cure and have resulted in death.

LOCAL INFECTION

A __________, such as a pimple or abscess, is one that is confined to a particular part of they body and is indicated by a lesion containing pus.

CONTAGIOUS

When a disease spreads from one person to another by contact.

VIRUS

a microorganism capable of infecting almost all plants and animals, including bacteria.

Other VIRUSES

_____________ that plague humans are measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, rabies, yellow fever, hepatitis, polio, influenza, and HIV, which causes AIDS.

HEPATITIS

a disease that damages the liver.

HEPATITIS A, B, and C

There are three types of Hepatitis that are of concern within the salon __, __, and __.

HEPATITIS B

____________ is the most difficult to kill on a surface.

HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus

the virus that causes AIDS.

HIV

____________ is spread from person to person through blood and through other body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions.

BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS

Disease-causing bacteria or viruses that are carried through the body in the blood or body fluids, such as Hepatitis and HIV, are called _______________________.

FUNGI

______________ which include molds, mildews, and yeasts, can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm.

TINEA BARBAE

the most frequently encountered infection resulting from hair services. This infection affects the coarse hairs in the mustache and beard area, or around the neck and scalp, usually in men.

A skin disease caused by an infestation of head lice is called ___________.

IMMUNITY

_________________ is the ability of the body to destroy and resist infection.

NATURAL IMMUNITY

____________________ is partly inherited and partly developed through healthy living.

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

____________________ is immunity that the body develops after overcoming a disease, or through inoculation (such as flu vaccinations).

SANITATION, DISINFECTION, and STERILIZATION

There are three steps to decontamination. These are ____________, ____________, and ___________.

SANITATION

_________ or sanitizing is simply cleaning.

SANITATION

Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands is another example of ____________.

Scrubbing with a brush, Using an ultrasonic unit, and Using a solvent

What are the methods of cleaning?

DISINFECTION

The second step of decontamination is ______________.

DISINFECTANTS

_______________ are chemical agents that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but not spores. ___________ are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails.

STERILIZATION

__________________ is the complete elimination of all microbial life, including spores, and is necessary only when surgical instruments cut into the vascular layers of the body.

(70% or higher)

Alcohol __________ is also used to disinfect abrasive nail files and buffers used on healthy nails.

EFFICACY

Disinfectants must have __________ claims, on the label.

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS "quats"

____________________ are very safe and useful disinfectants.

QUAT

_________ solutions disinfect implements usually in 10 minutes.

PHENOLICS

____________ are powerful tuberculocidal disinfectants. ____________ have a very high pH and can cause damage to the skin and eyes; and some can be harmful to the environment.

Household bleach (SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE)

______________ is an effective disinfectant for all uses in the salon.

0 to 14

The amount of hydrogen in a solution, which determines whether it is alkaline or acid, is measured on a pH scale that has a range from _______ to ______.

LAKES and STREAMS

Fresh water from ________ and ________ is purified by sedimentation and filtration to remove suspended clay, sand, and organic material.

212 degrees F

Small amounts of chlorine are added to kill bacteria. Boiling water at a temperature of ________(100degrees C).

SOFT WATER

_________ is rain water or chemically softened water. It contains small amounts of minerals and allows soap and shampoo to lather freely.

HARD WATER

_________ is often is well water and contains minerals that reduce the ability of soap or shampoo to lather readily.

___________ is the main ingredient in most shampoos. It is not just plain water, but purified or deoinized water.

CALCIUM and MAGNESIUM

The water is deionized to remove impurities such as __________ and __________.

PRIMARY SURFACTANT or BASE DETERGENT

The second ingredient that most shampoos have in common is the ___________ or ___________.

SURFACTANT and DETERGENT

The two terms ________ and ________ mean the same thing: cleansing or "surface active agent."

HYDROPHILIC(water-attracting"head") and LIPOPHILIC(oil-attracting"tail")

A surfactant molecule has two ends: a _______________ and a ______________.

water-attracting "head"

oil-attracting "tail"

ACID-BALANCED SHAMPOO

An __________ is balanced to the pH of skin and hair (4.5 to 5.5). Any shampoo can become acid balanced by the addition of citric, lactic, or phosphoric acid.

ACID-BALANCED

____________ shampoos help to close the hair cuticle and are recommended for hair that has been color treated or lightened.

MOISTURIZING SHAMPOOS

Conditioning or _____________ are designed to make the hair smooth and shainy, avoid damage to chemically treated hair, and improve manageability of the hair.

PROTEIN and BIOTIN

____________ and ___________ are just two examples of conditioning agents that boost shampoos so that they can meet current grooming needs. They restore moisture and elasticity, strenghthen the hair shaft, and add volume. They are also nonstripping.

MEDICATED SHAMPOOS

________________ contain special chemicals or drugs that are very effective in reducing excessive dandruff or relieving other scalp conditions. They are quite strong and could affect the color of tinted or lightened hair.

MEDICATED SHAMPOOS

___________ must remain on the scalp for a longer period of time than other shampoos in order for the active ingredient to work.

COLOR-ENHANCING

______________ shampoos are created by combining the surfactant base with basic color pigments. They are used to brighten, to add a slight hint of color, and to eliminate unwanted color tones such as gold or brassiness.

HEREDITY, HEALTH, and DIET

____________, ____________, and ____________ control the texture and structure of the hair.

HUMECTANT

__________________ substances that absorb moisture or promote the retention of moisture.

Jheri Redding

____________ revolutionized the salon industry by being the first to market pH-balanced shampoos.

PROTEIN CONDITIONERS

_________________ are designed to slightly increase hair diameter with a coating action.

DEEP-CONDITIONING TREATMENTS

________________ also known as hair masks or conditioning packs, are chemical mixtures of concentrated protein in the heavy cream base of a moisturizer.

SCALP MASSAGE

_____________ massage is performed prior to the shampoo.

HEAD FORM

Good haircuts begin with an understanding of the shape of the head, referred to as the ____________ or head shape.

REFERENCE POINTS

__________ mark where the surface of the head change, such as ears, jaw line, occipital bone, or apex.

The widest area of the head, starting at the temples and ending at the bottom of the crown. The__________ is found where the head starts to curve away from the comb. "crest area"

OCCIPITAL BONE

The bone that protrudes at the base of the skull.

APEX

Highest point on the top of the head. This area is easily located by placing a comb flat on the top of the head.

CROWN

Is the area between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge.

NAPE

The area at the back part of the neck and consists of the hair below the occipital bone.

BANG (fringe) AREA

A triangular section that begins at the apex and ends a the front corners.

LINE

A thin continuos mark used as a guide.

ANGLE

The space between two lines or surfaces that intersect at a given point.

BEVELING/STACKING

__________________ are techniques using diagonal lines by cutting the ends of the hair with a slight increase or decrease in length.

SECTIONS

For control during haircutting, the hair is parted into uniform working areas, called ______________.

SUBSECTIONS

Each section may be divided into smaller partings called ___________.

ELEVATION

___________ is the angle or degree at which a subsection of hair is held, or elevated, from the head when cutting. "projection" or "lifting"

GRADUATION

Elevation creates ___________ and layers, and is usually described in degrees.

CUTTING LINE

The ___________ is the angle at which the fingers are held when cutting the line that is cut creating the end shape.

GUIDELINE

A ______________ is a section of hair that determines the length that the hair will be cut.

STATIONARY

A ______________ guideline does not move.

TRAVELING

A _______________ guideline, or movable guideline, moves as the haircut progresses.

OVER-DIRECTION

______________ occurs when you comb the hair away from its natural falling position.

TEXTURE, DENSITY, POROSITY, ELASTICITY, and GROWTH PATTERNS

Five characteristics that determine the behavior of the hair.

GROWTH PATTERN

The _______________ is the direction in which the hair grows from the scalp, also referred to as natural fall or natural falling position.

HAIR DENSITY

___________ is the number of individual hair strands on 1 square inch of scalp. Described as thin, medium, or thick.

HAIR TEXTURE

___________________ is based on the thickness or diameter of each hair strand, usually classified as coarse, medium, and fine.

WAVE PATTERN

The ____________ or the amount of movement in the hair strand. stink-straight hair, wavy hair, curly hair, extremely curly hair, or anything in between.

FINE THIn HAIR, THICK COARSE HAIR, and MEDIUM CURLY HAIR

Different types of hair: _____________, ______________, and _____________.

________________ remove bulk from the hair.

STRAIGHT RAZORS or FEATHER BLADES

are used when a softer effect is desired on the ends of the hair.

used to detangle hair.

Gives you the most control, and the best results when cutting hair. Can help you avoid muscle strain in your hands, arms, nack, and back.

Two important reasons to properly hold your tools:

TENSION

_____________ in haircutting is the amount of pressure applied when combing and holding a subsection, created by stretching or pulling the subsection.

BLUNT HAIRCUT

In a ___________, also known as a one-length haircut, all the hair comes to a single hanging level, forming a weight line.

GRADUATED HAIRCUT

A _______________ is a graduated shape or wedge, having an effect that results from cutting the hair with tension, low-to-medium elevation, or over-direction. Most common elevation is 45 degrees.

LAYERED HAIRCUT

A ________________ is a graduated affect achieved by cutting the hair with elevation or over-direction.

LONG-LAYERED HAIRCUT

The _____________ is cut at a 180-degree angle.

CROSS-CHECKING

____________ is parting the haircut in the opposite way that you cut it to check for precision of line and shape.

UNIFORM LAYERS

All the hair is elevated to 90 degrees from the scalp and cut at the same length.

INTERIOR GUIDELINE

An ________________ is inside the haircut rather than on the perimeter.

"pixie" "crop" "Caesar"

Some uniform-layered haircuts?

CURLY

_____________ hair shrinks much more after it dries than straight hair.

CURLY

_____________ hair graduates itself.

Weaken the cuticle and cause the hair to frizz

A razor will cause curly hair to ____________ and ____________.

DISTRIBUTION

It is important to work with the natural ___________ when locating the bang area.

SLIDE CUTTING

_________________ is a method of cutting or thinning the hair in which the fingers and shears glide along the edge of the hair to remove length. "slide"

SCISSOR-OVER-COMB

_______________ is used to create very short tapers and allows you to cut from an extremely short length to longer lengths.

POINT CUTTING

______________ is a technique performed on the ends of the hair using the tips, or points, of the shears.

NOTCHING

________________ is another version of point cutting. Creates a chunkier effect.

FREE-HAND NOTHCING

__________________ also uses the tips of the shears

SLITHERING/EFFILATING

_____________ is the process of thinning the hair to graduated lengths with shears.

SLICING

____________ is a technique that removes bulk and adds movement through the lengths of the hair. You never completely close the shears.

CARVING

___________ is a version of slicing that creates a visual seperation in the hair. It works best on short hair.

Diameter of the hair, feel, and wave pattern or coil configuration

Hair analysis? ____________, ____________, and ___________.

OVAL, ROUND, SQUARE, DIAMOND, TRIANGULAR, INVERTED TRIANGLE, and OBLONG

What are the facial types?

BOAR-BRISTLE BRUSH

Best for stimulating the scalp as well as removing dirt and lint from locks.

SQUARE PADDLE BRUSH

Good for short textured hair and long straight hair to release tangles, knots, and snarls.

VENT BRUSH

Has a single or double row of widely spaced pins with protective tips to prevent tearing and breaking the hair.

DOUBLE-TOOTH COMB

Seperates the hair as it combs, making it an excellent detangling tool for wet curly hair.

Extension fibers, hackle, and drawing board

Implements needed for extensions:

Human hair, Kanekalon, Nylon or rayon synthetic, Yarn, Lin, and Yak.

Materials are most commonly used for hair extensions:

VISIBLE

A ____________ braid is a three-strand braid that employs the underhans technique in which strands of hair are woven under the center strand.

INVISIBLE

An _______________ braid or inverted braid, also a three strand braid, is produced by overlapping the strands of hair on top of each other.

ROPE

The _________ braid is made with two strands that are twisted around each other.

FISHTAIL

The ____________ braid is a simple two-strand braid in which hair is picked up from sides and added to the strands as they are crossed over each other.

SINGLE BRAIDS

The terms __________, box braids, and individual braids all refer to free-handing braids, with or without extensions that can be executed with either and underhand or overhand stitch.

CORNROWS

_____________, also called canerows, are narrow rows of visible braids that lie close to the scalp.

Tough exterior layer of the hair. It surrounds the inner layers, and protects the hair from damage.

Middle layer of the hair, located directly beneath the cuticle layer. The ____________ is responsible for the incredible strength and elasticity of human hair. Breaking the side bonds of the cortex makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern.

Innermost layer of the hair and is often called the pith or core of the hair. The __________ does not play a role in chemical texture services and may be missing in fine hair.

POTENTIAL OF HYDROGEN

The term pH literally means _____________.

ACIDITY and ALKALINITY

The pH scale measures the _______ and _______ of a substance by measuringg the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains.

NEUTRAL

A pH of 7 is ______________.

4.5 and 5.5

The natural pH of hair is between _____ and _____.

KERATIN PROTEINS

_____________ are made of long chains of amino acids linked together end to end like beads.

PEPTIDE BONDS

The chemical bonds that link amino acids together are called __________ or end bonds.

POLYPEPTIDES

These chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds are called ___________.

AMINO ACIDS

_____________ are compounds made up of carbon, oxygen hydrogen, and nitrogen.

KERATIN

___________ proteins are long, coiled polypeptide chains.

SIDE BONDS(disulfide, salt, and hydrogen bonds)

____________ cross-link polypeptide chains together.

DISULFIDE

______________ bonds are strong chemical side bonds formed when the sulfur atoms in two adjacent protein chains are joined together. __________ bonds can only be broken by chemicals and cannot be broken by heat or water.

SALT

__________ bonds are weak physical bonds that are the result of an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges.

HYDROGEN

__________ bonds are weak physical side bonds that are also the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges.

METALLIC

_________ salts leave a coating on the hair that may cause uneven curls, severe discoloration, or hair breakage. ___________ salts are more commonly found in men's haircolors that are sold for home use.

Texture, Density, Porosity, Elasticity, and Growth direction

The five most important factors to consider in a hair analysis follow:

HAIR TEXTURE

___________ describes the diameter of a single strand of hair and is classified as coarse, medium, or fine.

COARSE

_________ hair requires a thorough and careful chemical application to ensure success.

MEDIUM

_________ hair is the most common hair texture.

FINE

_____________ hair is more fragile, easier to process, and more susceptible to damage from chemical services.

DENSITY

Hair __________ measures the number of hairs per square inch on the head to determine whether the client has thin, medium, or thick hair.

POROSITY

Hair _________ is the ability of the hair to absorb moisture.

RESISTANT

________ hair has a tight, compact cuticle layer that resists penetration.

OVERLY POROUS

____________ hair has a raised cuticle layer that easily absorbs moisture/chemicals.

ELASTICITY

Hair __________ is an indication of the strength of the side bonds that hold the individual fibers of the hair in place.

TWO-STEP

Permanent waving is a ___________ process.

PERM

A _________ wrap is essentially a wet set on perm rods instead of rollers.

THE CURL

The size of the rod determines the size of ____________.

CONCAVE

_________ rods are the most common type of perm rod. They produce a tighter curl in the center, and a looser curl on either side of the strand.

STRAIGHT

____________ ae equal in diameter along their entire length. This produces a uniform curl along the entire width of the stand.

SOFT BENDER RODS

____________ are usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length.

LOOP

The ________ or circle rod is secured by fastening the ends together to form a loop.

END PAPERS

___________ are absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on the perm rods. They prevent "fishhooks"

DOUBLE FLAT

The _____________ wrap uses two end papers, one placed under and one over the strand of hair being wrapped.

SINGLE FLAT

The __________ is similar to the double flat wrap, but uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of hair being wrapped.

BOOKEND

The __________wrap uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope.

BASE PLACEMENT

___________ refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped. Rods can be wrapped on base, half off base, or off base.

May result in greater volume. _______ is wrapped 45 degrees beyond perpendicular to its base section.

_________ refers to wrapping the hair at a 90-degree angle or straight out from the center of the section.

________refers to wrapping the hair at 45 degrees below the head. Creates the least amount of volume.

_______ are wrapped from the ends to the scalp in overlapping concentric layers.

In a ________ wrap, the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendiculalr to the length of the rod.

ALKALINE PERMANENT

_______________ waving solutions soften and swell the hair, thus raising the cuticle, which permits the solution to penetrate into the cortex.

DISULFIDE

Reduction breaks __________ bonds and oxidation reforms them.

THIOGLYCOLIC ACID

_______________ _______, a colorless liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor, is the most common reducing agent.

AMMONIUM THIOGLYCOLATE

The addition of ammonia to thioglycolic acid produces a new chemical called _______________ __________ or ATG, which is alkaline.

ALKALINE WAVES

The first _______ ________ were developed in 1941, and replied on the same ATG that is still used in alkaline waves today.

COLD WAVES

Alkaline waves process at room temperature without the addition of heat, they are also called _________ ________.

GLYCERYL MONOTHIOGLYCOLATE (GMTG)

___________ ____________ is an acid with a low pH.

TRUE ACID

The first ______ ______ waves were introduced in the early 1970s. Most have a pH between 4.5 and 7.0, and require heat to speed processing.

ACID-BALANCED

Because 7.0 is neutral, modern acid waves are not true acid waves, but are actually ________-_________ waves.

EXOTHERMIC WAVES

________ ________ create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the solution and speeds up the processing.

PERMANENT WAVING SOLUTION, ACTIVATOR, and NEUTRALIZER

All exothermic waves have three components:

ENDOTHERMIC WAVES

________ _______ are activated by an outside heat source, usually a conventional hood-type hair dryer. They will not process properly at room temperature.

THIO-FREE

_________-________ waves use an ingredient other than ATG as the primary reducing agent. THey rely on cysteamine and mercaptamine.

LOW-pH

The use of sulfates, sulfites, and bisulfites presents an alternative to ATG known as ______-_________ waves.

REDUCING AGENT

The strength of any permanent wave is based on the concentration of its _________ ________.

50

A properly processed permanent wave should break and rebuild approximately ____________ percent of the hair's disulfide bonds.

_____________ hair is usually curlier at the scalp and straighter at the ends.

________________ hair is usually straighter at the scalp and curlier at the ends.

THIO NEUTRALIZATION

Permanent waving ___________ _____________ stops the action of the waving solution, and rebuilds the hair into its new curly form.

OXIDIZERS

The neutralizers used in permanent waving are ____________.

OXIDATIVE

____________ reactions can also lighten hair color, especially at an alkaline pH.

WARM

Always rinse perms with _____ water.

NEUTRALIZATION

_________ rebuilds the disulfide bonds by removing "extra" hydrogen.

examine the scalp

Always ______ ______ _______ before the perm service. Do not proceed if there are any skin abrasions, or signs of scalp disease.

METALLIC SALTS

When permanent waving, always perform a test for __________ _________.

The _______ ______ wrap is also called a straight set wrap.

BASE CONTROL

The _______ ________ is the position of the tool in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped.

In the ________ ________ wrap, the movement curves within sectioned-out panels. Partings and bases radiate throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head. Uses pie-shaped base sections.

The _________ _______ wrap is simliar to the actual technique of bricklaying. Base sections are offset from each other row by row, to prevent noticable splits, and to blend the flow of the hair.

WEAVE TECHNIQUE

The ______ ___________ uses zigzag partings to divide base areas.

DOUBLE-ROD

The _________-________ technique is also called a piggyback wrap because two roads are used for one strand of hair, one on top of the other.

COSMETOLOGY

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