Final Exam Review

History 262 with Higgs at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

About this deck

By: Hanneke Weitering
Textbook:

Religious Transformations in the Early Modern World: A Brief History with Documents (The Bedford Series in History and Culture)

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume II: Since 1500

The Nazi State and German Society: A Brief History with Documents (The Bedford Series in History and Culture)

Things Fall Apart
Created: 2011-12-04
Size: 64 flashcards
Views: 303

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Ottoman Empire

Largest & longest lasting empire in history;

Islamic; 16th-17th centuries

contained SE Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa

capital: Constantinople

Religious & political tolerance

Decline: fell behind in the industrial revolution

Austrian-Hungarian Empire

Dual-monarchic union state in Central Europe from 1867-1918 established by the Hapsburgs and dissolved at the end of WW1

Mughal Empire

large Muslim empire that practiced religious tolerance

Indian subcontinent

Hindu caste system

When they abandoned religious tolerance, the empire declined.

serfs

peasants who farmed the land and paid fees to be protected and governed by lords

peasants

poor or lower class people that own or rent land for cultivation

nobles

high class people by birth

proletariat

a lower social class, usually the working class; a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their children.

bourgeoisie

upper class owners of production

capitalist

a wealthy person who uses money to invest in trade and industry for profit in accordance to capitalism principles

mercantilism

the concept that there is only so much wealth in the world and to gain wealth you have to take it from someone else

capitalism

an economic/political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Wealth can grow and is not limited. Private ownership of products and means of production

imperialism

acquisition of new territory by a state and the incorporation of these territories into a political system as subordinate colonies

communism

an ideology that aims at the establishment of a classess, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production.

fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government; belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, contempt for democracy, insistence on obedience to a powerful leader and a strong demographic approach (i.e. Mussolini in Italy, Franco in Spain, Hitler in Germany)

Stalinism

self-sustaining culture; eventually people stopped producing which led to starvation because people couldn't afford food. Stalin used food as a weapon

Calendar stone

A large monumental stone in which the Aztec beliefs are illustrated. The stone illustrates the cosmic cycles and significant dates. The Aztecs believed they lived in the 5th creation of the world and the calendar listed the start and end dates of the previous 4 creations and how they ended. The Calendar Stone predicts that the 5th creation will end with a massive geological tremor.

Galileo

(1564-1642) thinker who verified the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun. The catholic church banned his books and put him under house arrest for coming up with such a preposterous idea

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) Pope Alexander VI draws a straight line down the middle of the world and says half belongs to Portugal and the other half to Spain

Dahomey

West African gold coast. Major slave port. In the 19th century slave trade dwindles and they begin trading agriculture (palm oil). 2.5 million slaves passed through the gate of no return

African Freedom/African Slavery

Africans value community, not individualism like Westerners. To be free is to have kin. In Africa, slaves had the potential to regain their freedom. Women acquire kin through marriage. Men acquire kin through military or administrative service. In Islamic societies, through conversion (Islam could not enslave another Islam)

Eastern Slave Trade

700-1900 ce;

2/3 of captives were women who could attain freedom by bearing a child, marrying, or converting to Islam;

males gained freedom through military service or conversion

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Ø Africans sold other Africans who were their enemies (no kin) into slavery

Ø Many were war captives

American Revolution

1st modern revolution seeking political independence;

result of British taxation on the U.S.;

Began with battle of Lexington in 1775;

Consequences: creation of republic, US in debt, lack of military/navy, inspires French revolution

French Revolution

(1879)
Causes: king was inefficient, enlightenment ideas, discontent due to population growth, and growing business class in advance of the industrial revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte

§ Rewrote the legal code of France

§ Expanded the revolution by conquest to the rest of Europe

§ France’s revolution becomes a continental dictatorship

Haitian Revolution

(1791) the French free slaves in colonies then reinstate it in 1793. Toussaint Louverture led in rebelling against the French, killed every white plantation owner on the island. In 1804 the French free the island but require payment for lost land, which took 150 years to pay.

Enclosure acts

1702-1797

· To enclose all strips of land (stone fence/wall, hedges, etc.) into one field

· Amount of usable land increased

· Harmed small farmers who lost access to common areas

Resulted in large-scale commercial farming

Sepoy (Indian) Mutiny, 1857

Rebellion against the British East India Company who had control over Indian army. Caused by the fact that British produced gun cartridges greased with pig and cow fat which greatly offended the locals. The movement killed 10,000 people and led to British occupation of India

Putting-Out System

work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facilities, usually their own homes

Cottage Industry

an industry—primarily manufacturing—which includes many producers, working from their homes, typically part time. The term originally referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing, lace-making or household manufacturing

Tokugawa

first Shogun of Japan in mid 16th century;

centralized government, trade, power, etc

created Edo state and built roads that helped centralization

disenfranchised Samurai because they were a power threat

Samurai

ancient Japanese warriors who made up Japan's private armies and were later seen as a powerful threat

Opium War 1839-1842

British were illegally trading Opium from India to China in return for tea, so in 1830 China destroyed an opium warehouse and expelled British merchants. British then declared war and easily won

Railroads

new industry brought about by India's need to replace their textile industry after the British destroyed it. Employed thousands, offered new opportunity for investment, and sped up British economy.

2nd Industrial Revolution

began in Britain in 1830 (Steam Engine). Sparked by the change from horse powered transportation to steam powered railroads.

Scramble for Africa

European countries "scrambled" for new raw materials and a new consumer market as well as some sort of untapped wealth that was supposedly in the heart of the continent.

Karl Marx

published the Communist Manifesto and was a huge critic of capitalism. Believed that a revolution of the working classes would overthrow the capitalist order and create a classless society

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Leader of Austria-Hungary and heir to the Hapsburg crown. His assassination by a Serbian nationalist sparked WW1

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian national who assassinated archduke Ferdinand in 1914

Russian Revolution

(1917) (aka Bolshevik or October Revolution) provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks

Socialism

a political/economic theory of social organization that advocated that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. Both capitalism and communism are seeds of socialism

Bolsheviks

faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party; ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; founded by Vladimir Lenin;

by 1905 a mass organization consisting of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia

ruled Russia 1894-1917

saw imperial Russia go from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse.

was basically an idiot surrounded by corrupt advisors

World War One 1914-1918

-marked decline of Europe as a world power

-Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia, Germany sides with them in fear of abandonment

-Russia allies with Serbia and France; Britain joins Russia due to old treaties

-Naval arms race between Britain and Germany

-machine guns, tanks, combat places

-Treaty of Versailles

-Inflation worldwide

Lenin

wrote Capitalism, The Highest State of Imperialism (1914). Saw the world as divided into spheres of influence and saw it as being ran by large corporations. He was criticized because at the time there were no big corporate national companies, and relationships between politics and big businesses were more indirect than he imagined

Attaturk

an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. He and his followers also disposed of the Sultan, declared Turkey a republic, and constructed a European-like secular state eliminating Islamic hold over civil and political affairs

Fourteen Points

intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe; speech given by President Wilson in 1918; proposed international league of nations and to end colonization in Africa

Treaty of Versailles

after WW1, blamed Germany for everything; Germany had to pay war reparations and had military restrictions

Nazism

form of fascism, a right-wing authoritarian nationalist government with a racist ideology based on antisemitism and belief of the superiority of Aryans

Mussolini

Established the national Fascist party in Italy

established dictatorship in 1923

signed a pact with Hitler

attacks and occupies Ethiopia and Albania

Stalin

advocated socialism and made the USSR completely self-sufficient;

collectivized agriculture policy

signed treaty with Hitler in 1939 that secured the eastern border of Germany, gave the soviet union an opportunity to reclaim land, and was all about foreign policy and opportunity

Manchuria

invasion by Japanese in 1937 marked beginning of WW2 for China

Pearl Harbor

attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941. Prompts US entry to WW2

Winston Churchill

British prime minister; presented "iron curtain" speech in 1946; described division between western powers and the soviet union. Recognized US as the pinnacle of world power but respected Stalin and wished to gain friendship between the nations. The most promising future would be obtained by joining forces

Roosevelt

New Deal enacted social spending and government programs to stimulate the economy; set up TVA to bring electricity across the south

Truman Doctrine

Truman's appeal to congress to provide aid for Greece and Turkey to oppose spread of communism

Hiroshima

1945 the US drops 2 atomic bombs on Japan in order to force their surrender. Inaugurated the nuclear age. Shifts the war to a fight for democracy

Marshall Plan

economic relief given to europe by US after WW2 in hope of sparking economic growth and reconstruction

Cold War

the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies.

Korean War

between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with military material aid from the Soviet Union. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II

Vietnam War

After WW2 the French want to regain Vietnam from Japan.

In 1946 Ho Chi Minh (leader of Vietnamese communists) revolts against French

In 1960 US gets involved on basis of containment policy to stop communism

Afghanistan

1979 USSR invades; major contribution to fall of Soviet Union because invasion was costly in men and resources

Globalization

the intrusion of mega-corporations in economic, political, and social life of countries. Can have far-reaching effects, such as unification of the economic, political, and cultural structures of nation-states

Branding

when an image or idea is marketed so it becomes recognizable by people and identified by an object or subject