Psychology 202 Exam 2

Psychology 202 with Dykman at University of Wisconsin - Madison

About this deck

By: Meredith Freshley
Textbook: Psychology : Themes and Variations, Brief / with Chart and Study Guide - Wayne Weiten - Paperback -
Created: 2010-10-14
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 309

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Effects of not sleeping

Traffic accidents

drop in body temperature

more irritable

Consciousness

The awereness of internal and exernal stimuli

1) your awareness of external events

2) your awareness of internal sensations

3) your awareness of your self as the unique being having these experiences

4) your awareness of your thoughts and these experiences

Electroencephalograph (EEG) and EMG

Device that monitors the electrical activity of the barin over time by meas of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. EMG records electrical activity in the muscles

EEG Pateterns Associated with States of Conscioucness

Beta - frequency 13-24 - Normal waking thought, alert problem solving

Alpha - frequency 8-12 - Deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation

Theta - frequency 4-7 - Light sleep

Delta - frequency less than 4 - Deep sleep

Sleep Stages

1 > lose consciousness. alpha + slow theta waves. can be easily awakened.

2 > 1 sec. bursts of EEG activity (sleep spindles) + large slow waves (k-complexes). deeper muscle relaxation.

Sleep Stages

3> delta waves appear (slow and large). deeper sleep, futher loss of consciousness. more difficult to awaken.

4 > further decline of respiration, body temp, heart rate, muscle tension. 50% of waves are delta. very difficult to awaken.

5 > REM - eyes dart back and fouth. Associated with dreaming. Beta waves. Sleep paralysis.

Repeating the sleep cycle

Eaching cycle lasts around 90minutes. (usually repeated 4 times)

Cycles differ as sleep progresses. First REM cycle lasts only a few minutes. Peaks up to around 40-60minutes. NREM stages get shorter.

Why do we sleep?

"Sleep recharges the battery, enabling recovery from day's physical, emotinal and cognitive demands" Restoration theory.

"Sleep evolved to keep us inative when food was unobtainable or predators were numerous" Circadian (evolutionary) theory

Factors to sleep. Age and Culture.

Newborns sleep the most - 50% REM sleep.

Sleep declines with age - and REM levels off at 20% during adolescence

Sleep does not vary much across culture

REM sleep deprivation

The participants started to slip more and more into REM sleep and the next few nights spent more time in REM sleep to make up for it

Dyssomnias

Abnormalities in amount, quality, or timing of sleep

Insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy

Parasomnias

abnormaal behaviors occuring during sleep

Sleep (night) terrors

horrific dream images

occurs during stage 4 (NREM)

more common in children (boys)

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

Capable of avoiding obstacles (but prone to accidents)

eyes usually open (black expression)

occurs during stages 3 and 4

hereditary

safe to wake them up!

REM sleep behavior disorder

occurs during REM

muscles don't become paralyzed during REM - pons do no work properly

have mobility to act on their nightmares

older men, pons deteriorate

pons keep your neural impulses from reaching your volentary muscles

Hypnosis

A procedure that produces an altered state of consciousness and an increased openness to suggestion

Hypnotic susceptibility - ability to become hypnotized

Who is susceptible?

8/10 people

characteristics - vivid frequent fantisies, high visual imagry, high on absorption, expect to be influenced

The Stanford Hypotic Susceptibility Scale

stable trait. personality trait.

How is hypnosis performed?

all encourage the following...

focus attention on what is being siad

to relax and feel tired

to "let go" and accept suggestions easily

to use vivid imagination

Explaining hypnosis. Role Theory

Hypnotized subjects are merely complying with social demands...

support: motivated simulators can duplicate many aspects of hypnotic behavior

*different than faking- they believe they are hypnotized but they are not

Explaining hypnosis. Dissociation theory (hilgard)

Hypnotized persons are in an altered state of consciousness

because - hyponosis creates a split (dissociation) between 2 aspects of consciousness

1) executive function: initiates/regulates behavior - turned over to hypotist

2) monitoring fuction: observes behavior "hidden observer" - observes without participating

Ice Water Experiment

control group: lots of pain

hypnosis group: verbal - no pain. free hand - ouch - monitoring function

demonstrates dissociation

Understanding Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)

2 or more independent personalities within the same person

3 key factors

1. occurence of servere trauma around age 5 - person copes with trauma by creating alternate personalities

2. high hypnotizability

3. new personality has rf value (reduces emotional distress)

Extra-Sensory Perception

The purported ability to perceieve events in ways that cannot be explained by known sensory capacities

Parapsychology: the study of ESP and other psi phenomena

4 basic forms of ESP

Clairvoyance: precieving objects obscurred from view

Telepathy: "reading" someones thoughts

Precognition: Predicting the future

Psychokinesis: moving objects through mental effort

Explanations

1991 49% believe

Coincidence - fallacy of positive instances

Poorly conducted experiements

Chance

Fraud

Psychoactive Drugs

chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Narcotics

Morphine. Heroin.

Injected.Smoked.Oral.

Pain relief

Euphoria.Relaxation.Anxiety reduction.

Drowsiness.Nausea.Impaired coordination and mental functioning.

Sedatives

Barbiturates. Benzodiazepines.

Oral. Injected.

Sleeping pill. Anticonvulsant.

Euphoria. Relaxation. Anexiety reduction. Reduced inhibitions

Drowsiness.Nausea.Impaired coordination and mental functioning.

Stimulants

Amphetamines. Cocaine.

Oral. Sniffed. Injected. Smoked.

Treatment of hyperactivity and narcolepsy.

Excitement. Increased alterness. Increased energy.

Increased blood pressure and heart rate. Insomnia. Decreased appetite. Increased anxiety and paranoia.

Hallucinogens

LSD. Mesacaline. Psilocybin.

Oral

Not for medical users

Increased sensory awareness, insightful experiences.

Dilated pupils, nausea, emotional swings, paranoia.

Cannabis

Marijuana. Hashish. THC.

Smoked. oral.

Treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea

Mild euphoria, relaxation. Enhanced awareness.

Elevated heart rate. bloodhsot eyes. dry bouth. reduced short-term memory. sluggish. anxiety.

Alcohol

Drinking.

No medical use.

Mild euphoria. Relaxation. Aneixiety reduction.

Serverely impaired coordination. Impaired mental functioning. emotional swings.

Physical and Psychological dependence

must continue to take drug to avoid withdrawal illness

must continue to take drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving

Learning

is any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Conditioning

invloves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment

Classical Conditioning

is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Pavalovian Conditioning - discovered by Ivon Pavlov in 1903

Pavlovs procedure

Dogs saliva

Phase One: before conditioning - food in mouth (saliva). ring bell (no saliva)

Phase Two: contitioning - ring belll then give dog food (repeated)

Phase Three: after contitioning - ring bell and no food (saliva)

Unconditioned Stimulus vs Conditioned Stimulus

US is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. unconditional response is an unlearned reaction to an US that ocurs without previous conditioning

CS is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. conditioned response is a learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of previous conditioning

Phobia

freud: phobic objects represents deep underlying conlict

classical conditioning model: objects come to be feared after being linked with a frightening situation

Vicarious conditioning

association that derives from hearing or seeing other's reactions

Basic process in Classical Conditioning

Acquisition: Forming new responses
Extinction: Weakening conditioned responses
Spontaneous Recovery: Resurrecting responses

Stimulus generalization

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Stimulus discrimination

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

High-order conditioning

when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
bell - dog salivates. red light + bed. red light - dog salivates.

Operant Conditioning

a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Operant vs Classical

should be viewed as just two different aspects of a single learning process

CC: behavior controlled by stimulus (or event) that precedes it

OC: behavior controlled by stimulus (or event) that follows it

Skinner

demonstrates that organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences

Reinforcement contingencies

are the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Cumulative recorder

creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time
Skinner box - small enclosure in which animals can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled

Basic processes in Operant conditioning

(gradual process) Acquisition and shaping - the reinforcement of close and closer approximations of a desired response
Extinction - gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency bc the response is no longer followed by reinforcement

Preparedness Theory

Humans are predisposed to develop some phobias - because avoiding stimuli had a real survival value

Reinforcement

primary reinforcers - events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs (food, water, sleep)
secondary (conditioned) reinforcers - events that are acquired reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Schedule of reinforcement

specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time -
intermittent - occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
continuous - occurs every instance of a designated response is reinforced

fixed ratio schedule

the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses
1. a rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press
2. a salesperson receives a bonus for every set of golf clubs sold

variable ratio schedule

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses
1. on average, the rat is reinforced every 10th lever press
2. a slot machine in a casino pays off once every six tries on average

fixed interval schedule

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time internval has elapsed

variable interval

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Positive/Negative Reinforcement

Positive - occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Negative - occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Escape learning

an organism acquires a response that decrease or ends some aversive stimulation

Avoidance learning

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

Punishment

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
consequences that weaken the response

Latent Learning

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
Tolman.
Traditional: reward increases the probability of desired responses (maze learning)

Observational learning

occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Attention - must pay attention to another persons behavior and its consequences
Retention - must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed
Reproduction - enacting a modeled response
Motivation - must be motivated

Behavior modification

a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning

Encoding

involves forming a memory code

(entering data through a keyboard)

Storage

involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time

(saving data in file on hard disk)

Retrieval

involves recovering information from memory stores

(calling up file and displaying data on monitor)

Attention

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Levels of processing

structural encoding - shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimuli
phonemic encoding - emphasizes what a word sounds like
semantic encoding - emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Level of processing theory

proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

Other processes of forming memory

Elaboration - linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Visual imagery - creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered

dual-coding theory

hold that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall

Information processing theories

subdivide memory into three separate memory stores

incoming information passes through two temporary storage buffers - the sensory store and short-term store - before it is transferred to long-term store (Atkinson and Shiffrin)

Sensory Memory

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

allows the sensation of visual pattern, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over

give you additional time to try to recognize stimuli

Short term memory

STM - is a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

rehearsal - the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

Durability of storage

without rehearsal - information in short-term memory is lost in 10-20 seconds

Capacity of storage

limited short-term memory - the magical number seven plus or minus two -
chunk - a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

Short term memory as "working memory"

four components -
phonological loop - represented all of the STM - use recitation to temporarily hold onto a phone number - *language
Visuospatial sketchpad - permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images - mentally rearrange furniture
central executive system - controls deployment of attention - switching the focus and dividing attention
episodic buffer - temporary, limited capacity store that allows various components of working memory to integrate information

Long term memory

LTM - an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

flashbulb memories

are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

Organization - schemas

is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

Semantic networks

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Connectionist Networks

connectionist models of memory take their inspiration from how neural networks appear to handle information
the brain depends on parallel distributed processing - simultaneous processing of the same information that is spread across networks of neurons

Connectionist or Parallel distributed processing

assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach

retrieval cues - stimuli that help gain access to memories (hints)

Misinformation effect

occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information -

Source monitoring

is the process of making inferences about the origins of memories

Source monitoring error

occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

nonsense syllables

consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words

forgetting curve

graphs retention and forgetting over time
shows a sharp drop in retention during the first few hours after nonsense syllables were memorized - forgot more that 60% in less than 9 hours

retention

refers to the proportion of material retained
retention interval - length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered and the measurement of forgetting
three methods to measure retention: recall, recognition, and relearning

recall measure

requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues

recognition measure

of retention requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options

relearning measure

of retention - requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time of effort is saved by having learned it before

Ineffective encoding

you can never really forget something you never learned
pseudo-forgetting - usually attributed to lack of attention

Decay theory

proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Interference theory

proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material

retroactive interference occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Encoding specificity principles

states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

Motivated forgetting

repression - refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Amnesia

retrograde - a person who loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury
anterograde - a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury

Consolidation

a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory

Declarative memory system

handles factual information

Nondeclarative memory system

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses and emotional memories

Episodic memory system

made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences

Semantic memory system

contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

Prospective vs Retrospective memory

Prospective - involves remembering to preform actions in the future
Retrospective - involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information

About this deck

By: Meredith Freshley
Textbook: Psychology : Themes and Variations, Brief / with Chart and Study Guide - Wayne Weiten - Paperback -
Created: 2010-10-14
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 309

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj