PSS (Plant and Soil Science) Final Exam study guide
About this deck
By: Ross Alexander Wade
Created: 2011-12-11
Size: 406 flashcards
Views: 442
Created: 2011-12-11
Size: 406 flashcards
Views: 442
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Fruit Native to North America
- Blueberries
- Strawberries
- Red Raspberries
- Blackberries
- Cranberries
- Grapes
- Western Dewberries
- Strawberries
- Red Raspberries
- Blackberries
- Cranberries
- Grapes
- Western Dewberries
New England commercial crops still picked by hand (2)
- Blueberries
- Raspberries
- Raspberries
Agriculture
Includes the technology of raising plants and animals.
Horticulture
Science and art of cultivating, processing and marketing of fruits, nuts, vegetables and ornamental plants
“Horta” = Garden
“Culturae” = Cultivate
Agronomy vs. Horticulture vs. Forestry crops
- Agronomic Crop:
- A low-input crop
- Typically used dry and refined (ex, grains for flower, bread, cereal)
- Horticultural Crop: A crop which is...
- Labor intensive
- High costs to produce
- Eaten fresh.
- Forestry Crop:
-Forest trees and their products.
- A low-input crop
- Typically used dry and refined (ex, grains for flower, bread, cereal)
- Horticultural Crop: A crop which is...
- Labor intensive
- High costs to produce
- Eaten fresh.
- Forestry Crop:
-Forest trees and their products.
Pomology
Science and practice of fruit culture
Olericulture
Science and practice of growing vegetables
Viticulture
Science and practice of grape culture
Enology
Science and art of wine making
Ornamental Horticulture
Cultivation of plants for aesthetics
Landscape Horticulture
Professional design, selection and installation of landscape plants
Interiorscaping
Design, installation and maintenance of plants indoors.
Horticultural Therapy
Using plants as therapy for disabled/challenged patients for motor skills development and stress/anger reduction.
Fruit
Botanically - An enlarged ovary (ex. Apple, Banana, Grape)
Horticulturally - A plant part consumed as a dessert or snack with little preparation
Horticulturally - A plant part consumed as a dessert or snack with little preparation
Vegetable
Botanically - No definition
Horticulturally - A plant part +/- cooking and consuming without refinement and served with the meal (or as the main meal)
Horticulturally - A plant part +/- cooking and consuming without refinement and served with the meal (or as the main meal)
Vegetables can be both botanical fruits and not botanical fruits
Botanical fruit vegetables:
- Tomato
- Pepper
- Beans
- Squash
Not botanical fruit vegetables
- Celery
- Lettuce
- Carrots
- Tomato
- Pepper
- Beans
- Squash
Not botanical fruit vegetables
- Celery
- Lettuce
- Carrots
Weed
- A misplaced plant
- Invasive weed: A plant introduced to an area where it displaced the native vegetation in an aggressive manner.
ex) daisies in U.K.
ex) Sunflower in U.S.
- Invasive weed: A plant introduced to an area where it displaced the native vegetation in an aggressive manner.
ex) daisies in U.K.
ex) Sunflower in U.S.
Exotic Plant
- Non-native plant
- Not necessarily invasive or weedy
- Not necessarily invasive or weedy
Kudzu
- Introduced in late 1880's
- From Japan
- Promoted by U.S. soil conservation in 1930's
- From Japan
- Promoted by U.S. soil conservation in 1930's
Herbaceous
- Water-filled cells, often with thin cell walls
- Often low to ground
- Killed to ground in water
- Often low to ground
- Killed to ground in water
Woody
- Strong cell wall
- Can be very large
- Often survive winter above ground
- Can be very large
- Often survive winter above ground
Deciduous
Looses its leaves when dormant (typically winter in temperate climates)
Evergreen
- Maintains its leaves year round
- Still eventually drops leaves
- Broad-leaved:
- Typically tropical or sub-tropical (ex. Southern Mongolia, Camellia, Rhododendron
- Needled:
- Typically temperate (ex. Pine, Spruce, Hemlock)
- Still eventually drops leaves
- Broad-leaved:
- Typically tropical or sub-tropical (ex. Southern Mongolia, Camellia, Rhododendron
- Needled:
- Typically temperate (ex. Pine, Spruce, Hemlock)
Annual
- One season crops/plants - produces vegetative growth, flowers, seeds and dies (ex. Corn, cosmos)
- Many crops grown as annuals are actually perennials in their native habitat
- Many crops grown as annuals are actually perennials in their native habitat
Biennial
- Season 1 - seed -- vegetative growth -- dormancy
- Season 2 - Vegetative growth -- reproductive growth -- death
- Season 2 - Vegetative growth -- reproductive growth -- death
Perennial
- Survives 3+ seasons
- Includes herbaceous and woody plants
- Seed -- vegetative growth -- reproductive growth -- dormancy ----> repeat until eventual death
- Includes herbaceous and woody plants
- Seed -- vegetative growth -- reproductive growth -- dormancy ----> repeat until eventual death
Tropical
- Originated in tropical areas of the world
- Subject to chilling injury (33˚F - 60˚F)
- Any place in the U.S. that is "Tropical" (ex. Southern FL, HI, PR)
- Subject to chilling injury (33˚F - 60˚F)
- Any place in the U.S. that is "Tropical" (ex. Southern FL, HI, PR)
Sub-tropical
- Can tolerate some freezing temperatures but not extended periods of cold
- Any place in the U.S. that is "Sub-tropical" (ex. California)
- Any place in the U.S. that is "Sub-tropical" (ex. California)
Temperate
Includes cool and warm season crops
Cool - (60˚ - 65˚F) for daytime highs (ex. Radishes, Peas, Pansies)
Warm - (65˚ - 80+˚F) for daytime highs (ex. Tomato, Sweet Potato, Corn, Squash)
Cool - (60˚ - 65˚F) for daytime highs (ex. Radishes, Peas, Pansies)
Warm - (65˚ - 80+˚F) for daytime highs (ex. Tomato, Sweet Potato, Corn, Squash)
Most pesticide-applied crop in U.S.
Cotton
Botanical Classification
- Based in the belief that plants evolved from a single organism
- All plants are somehow related
- All plants are somehow related
Domain ( a new classification )
-Kingdom
- Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
3 Domains
1) Eukarya
a. Kingdom Animalia
b. Kingdom Plantae
c. Kingdom Fungi
d. Protists (certain algae, protozoans, slime molds having cell organelles)
2) Bacteria (prokaryotes in multiple kingdoms
3) Archaea (prokaryotes that live in Earth's extreme environments. These are also in multiple kingdoms)
2 Major Divisions of Angiophyta
- Monocotyledoneae = monocots (50,000 species)
- Dicotyledoneae = Dicots (200,000 species)
Monocots
- Vascular bundles scattered in stem
- Flower parts in 3's
- Parallel venation
- Fibrous root system
- Flower parts in 3's
- Parallel venation
- Fibrous root system
Dicots
- Flower parts in 4s or 5s
- Branched venation
- Tap root system
5 Major Divisions of Plantae
1) Pterophyta = Ferns
2) Cycadophyta = Cycads
3) Ginkgophyta = Ginkgos
4) Coniferophyta = Conifers
5) Angiophyta = Flowering plants*
* Most commonly used as ornamentals by gardeners.
Binomial
Consisting of, or relating to two names or terms
Carl Von Linnaeus
Developed Binomial System of Nomenclature in 1753
Binomial system of nomenclature
- Developed by Carl Von Linnaeus in 1753
- Italicize or underline the latin name
- Internationally recognized name, regardless of language.
- Advantages - It is an internationally known system working for all languages instead of having to have separate systems of identification for every separate language.
- Italicize or underline the latin name
- Internationally recognized name, regardless of language.
- Advantages - It is an internationally known system working for all languages instead of having to have separate systems of identification for every separate language.
Families (end in -aceae)
Pinaceae - (Pines, Hemlock, Spruce)
Ericaceae - (Rhododendrons, Blueberries, Azaleas)
Ericaceae - (Rhododendrons, Blueberries, Azaleas)
Genus (genera)
Similar structure and chromosome #'s
Rooting powder contains:
Auxin and Gypsum
Specific Epithet
The second (uncapitalized) word in the scientific name of a species, following the name of the genus
Species
-Binomial
-Similar in structure, development and appearance, can sometimes interbreed.
-Similar in structure, development and appearance, can sometimes interbreed.
Varieties
- A distinct character separates this group of plants from the species
- Often come "true-to-type" from seed
- Often come "true-to-type" from seed
'Single Quotes' Means....
Cultivar/Clone
Cultivar
- A plant variety produced by artificial selection
- a “cultivated variety”
- a “cultivated variety”
- plants have a distinct character that is retained when the plant is reproduced (generally vegetatively by cuttings)
- Name is in 'single quotes' and is capitalized.
Clones
A genetically identical plant derived from a single mother plant by asexual propagation (cutting or tissue culture)
Dormancy
- Period of inactivity. Often environmentally regulated. (ex. Winter , drought)
- In Vermont, most plants go dormant by October and remain dormant through April
- Length of Dormancy: depends on your geographic location and the plant species.
Phase Two of Dormancy
1) Rest Period: Plant will NOT grow even if given a favorable environment.
*October – January
2) Dormant Yet Reactive: Plant will grow if given a favorable environment
*February - April
Vegetative Phase
Food resources directed at production of leaves, stems and roots
Juvenile Phase (part of Vegetative Phase)
Part of the vegetative stage where reproduction cannot be induced
Reproductive Phase
- Sugars and starches are stored
- The plant flowers, produces seeds and fruit
- The plant flowers, produces seeds and fruit
Senescence
- Rapid or gradual cycle until death.
- In hardy perennials, only the above ground portion senescences roots/crown remain alive
-----Hostas
- In woody trees and shrubs, only the leaves and fruit senescence each year
Vegetative and Reproductive Cycles are Regulated by ____ and ____
- Regulated by age and maturity of plant
- Also regulated by carb/nitrogen balance
Too Much Nitrogen Can....?
Prevent a plant from becoming reproductive or flowering
Gregor Mendel
Developed theories of plant breeding and genetics
Cotyledon Leaves
- Pre-leaf specialized leaf
- A leaf of the embryo of a seed plant, which upon germination either remains in the seed or emerges, enlarges and becomes green. Also called a Seed Leaf
- A leaf of the embryo of a seed plant, which upon germination either remains in the seed or emerges, enlarges and becomes green. Also called a Seed Leaf
Cambium
- Separation layer between xylem and phloem
- A lateral meristem in vascular plants, including the vascular cambium and cork cambium, that forms parallel rows of cells resulting in secondary tissues.
- A lateral meristem in vascular plants, including the vascular cambium and cork cambium, that forms parallel rows of cells resulting in secondary tissues.
- A strong, sharp-pointed, usually woody outgrowth from a stem or leaf; a thorn.
- Specialized leaves
- Specialized leaves
Theophratus
Father of Botany
Staminate Flowers
- Having stamens but lacking pistils: Staminate flowers
- Imperfect flower with only Male parts
- ex) Wax Begonias
- Imperfect flower with only Male parts
- ex) Wax Begonias
Style (FEMALE on flower)
- The usually slender part of a pistil, situated between the ovary and the stigma
- Part of pistil
- Support which holds stigma
- Part of pistil
- Support which holds stigma
Xylem
a compound tissue in vascular plants that helps provide support and that conducts water and nutrients upward from the roots, consisting of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma cells, and woody fibers.
Liberty Hyde Bailey
Father of American Horticulture
Anther (MALE on flower)
- The pollen-bearing part of the stamen
- Part of stamen
- Holds pollen
- Part of stamen
- Holds pollen
Perfect Flower
A flower having both stamens (male) and pistils (female)
A twisting, threadlike structure by which a twining plant, such as a grape or cucumber, grasps an object or a plant for support
Ovary (FEMALE on flower)
The ovule-bearing lower part of a pistil that ripens into a fruit.
Mesophyll
Gas exchange photosynthesis
Dioecious
Having the male and female reproductive organs borne on separate individuals of the same species.
Stems
conducts water and mineral nutrients from roots to leaves, flowers, fruit
- provide support for leaves to maximize photosynthesis
- stores food (CHO’s) and water
Stigma (FEMALE on flower)
- The receptive apex of the pistil of a flower, on which pollen is deposited at pollination
- Part of Pistil
- Stick part which receives pollen
- Part of Pistil
- Stick part which receives pollen
Internode
A segment of stem between two nodes
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H2O ---> C6 H12 O6 + 6 H2O (Chemical formula) The process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms of photosynthesis release oxygen as a byproduct (end result - GLUCOSE and OXYGEN)
Midrib
The central or principal vein of a leaf
Pistillate Flowers
- Having pistils but no stamens: Pistillate Flowers
- Imperfect flower with only Female parts
- Imperfect flower with only Female parts
Epidermis
Stomates and guard cells
Radicle
Root from seed
Arrangement of leaves one at a time along a stem at the nodes
Series of leaves arranged in a ring arising from a single node
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- The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower.
- Usually consisting of:
- Filament
- Anther
- MALE parts on a flower
- Usually consisting of:
- Filament
- Anther
- MALE parts on a flower
Transpiration
The passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere
Node
An area of the plants stem from which the leafs grow
Imperfect Flower
A flower lacking either stamens or carpels - (One of the structural units of a pistil, representing a modified, ovule-bearing leaf.)
Complete Flower
A flower that has all of the normal flower parts, namely, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil
Margin
The outer edge of the leaf; leaf margins may be smooth, lobed, indented, etc.lenticels. Natural openings in the surface of a tuber or stem, similar to leaf stomata, that can open and close and allow gas exchange.
Types of Margins on Leaves (5)
- Crenate (scalloped)
- Serrate (finely toothed)
- Dentate (toothed)
- Undulate (wavy)
- Spinose (spiny)
A tree with needles or scales
Cuticle
Waxy coating
Monoecious
Having unisexual reproductive organs or flowers, with the organs or flowers of both sexes borne on a single plant, as in corn and pines.
Filament (MALE on flower)
- The stalk that bears the anther in a stamen
- Part of stamen
- Stalk which holds anther
- Part of stamen
- Stalk which holds anther
Petiole
The stalk by which a leaf is attached to a stem. Also called a Leafstalk
A leaf with two or more leaflets
Fibrous Root (Characteristics)
- A root, as in most grasses, having numerous, very fine branches of approximately the same length
- Higher root depth
- Higher root depth
- Less oxygen content
- ex) grasses, what, corn, turf
Phloem
The food-conducting tissue of vascular plants, consisting of sieve tubes, fibers, parenchyma, and sclereids. Also called bast.
The leaves are grouped from a central point in a circular shape
Vein
Carry water and nutrients (sugars) to the/throughout the plants system
A single leaf with no leaflets
Flowers (Main Function)
- Attract pollinators (bees, wasps, hummingbirds, flies, butterflies, bats)
Incomplete Flower
- A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens or pistils
- Missing reproductive parts
- EITHER pistil OR stamen
*Pistillate
*Stamenate
- Missing reproductive parts
- EITHER pistil OR stamen
*Pistillate
*Stamenate
a modified leaf, growing at the base or on the stalk of a flower. It usually differs from other leaves in shape or color.
- The female, ovule-bearing organ of a flower.
- Including:
- Stigma
- Style
- Ovary
- FEMALE parts on a flower
- Including:
- Stigma
- Style
- Ovary
- FEMALE parts on a flower
Unusual Roots
- Nodulation on roots (symbiotic relationship)
- Bacteria that fix atmostpheric nitrogen in legumes
- 79% of atmosphere is nitrogen gas but is not directly available to plants
- Mycorrhizal associations with roots
- Funghi that form beneficial associations
Leaflets distributed along both sides of an elongated axis
leaflets attached at a single point at the apex of the petiole.
Occurring in pairs at the same level on opposite sides of the node.
Adventitious Root
Arise from placed that they normally wouldn't be found (Hydrangeas, English Ivy)
Parallel veins on the leaf
Digitalis Medical Use
Heart medication from Foxglove
Ginkgo Medical Use
Memory enhancer
Ginseng Medical Use
- Stimulant
- Also multi-purpose
- Also multi-purpose
Spices Definition
Tropical aromatics
Herbs Definition
Leaves and seeds of temperate aromatics
Vanilla
- Alcohol extract of dried seed pod of orchid vine
- Vanilla is an ORCHID
- Vanilla is an ORCHID
- Mexican indians first used vanilla
- Thomas Jefferson - credited with vanilla's arrival to US from France
- 90% grown in Madagascar, Indonesia; also Mexico
Vanilla's Practical Uses
- Settle stomach
- Aromatherapy
- Perfume, aphrodesiac
- Aromatherapy
- Perfume, aphrodesiac
____ Varieties of Tea Exist
3,000 varieties
Lignin
Hardens cell walls
Pectin
Gell to cushion cells
Mitosis
Cell division in roots
Parenchyma Cells
- Juicy edible parts of fruits and vegetables
- Lots of water
- ex) apples, pears
Scherenchyma Cells
- Fibrous, supportive
- ex) dried gourds, loofahs
- ex) dried gourds, loofahs
Middle Lamella
- Pectin layer in cells
- "brick and mortar"
- "brick and mortar"
Roots Functions (4)
1. anchor plant
2. absorb minerals
3. absorb water
4. store nutrients
Parts of Roots (from bottom to top)
1. root cap
2. meristem
3. xylem column
4. root hair zone
(5. stem above ground)
Can Tap Roots be transplanted?
Cannot be transplanted, roots with divert (ex. Carrots)
Nodulation
Symbiotic relationship on roots
Rhizobium (Bacteria)
fixes atmospheric nitrogen in legumes on roots
Mychorrhizal
- Fungus root association
- Occurs on 80% land plants
*symbiotic relationship*
--fungus gets CHOs -- plant gets added water and minerals --
3 Functions of Stem
- Moves around water and nutrients to plant parts
- Support leaves to maximize photosynthesis
- Stores food, CHOs, water
4 Examples of Modified Stems
- Cacti (xeriscaping)
- Baobob trees (water in stems)
- Bulbs (underground stem, fleshy leaves surround)
- Corm (swollen stem, provides storage food)
2 Functions of Leaves
- Transpiration
- Photosynthesis
(Sometimes storage)
- Photosynthesis
(Sometimes storage)
2 Entire Leaf Shapes
1) Shallowly lobed (Wavy-cut lobes)
2) Palmately lobed (deeply-cut lobes)
2) Palmately lobed (deeply-cut lobes)
4 Examples of Specialized Leaved Species
- Venus fly trap
- Cactus
- Pitcher plant
- Sensitive plant
Basic Photosynthesis Process
CO2 + H20 ----> light ----> glucose + O2
Basic Cell Respiration Process
Glucose + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O
Anaerobic Respiration
Oxygen not available - produces low energy
(Lactic acid/alcohol build up)
(Lactic acid/alcohol build up)
Aerobic Respiration
Oxygen available - produces high energy
4 Steps to Produce a Seed
1. pollination
2. pollen travels to ovary
3. pollen fertilizes egg, produces embryo
4. seed forms, incl. embryo
Examples of Monoecious Vegetables
- Corn
- Squash
- Pumpkins
- Squash
- Pumpkins
Examples of Dioecious Plants
- Ginkgo trees
- Hardy kiwi
- Holly
- Hardy kiwi
- Holly
Composite Flower
- ex) Daisy, sunflower, dandelion
- each single flower = 1 seed
- each single flower = 1 seed
World's Largest Flower
- Corpse flower:
- Fly-pollinated
- Sumatra, Indonesia
- Fly-pollinated
- Sumatra, Indonesia
Plastic Containers
- Best***
- Easy to clean
- Durable
- Easy to clean
- Durable
Clay Containers
- Heavy
- Breakable
- Salt build up
- but GOOD for soil aeration (aeration of the roots)
- Breakable
- Salt build up
- but GOOD for soil aeration (aeration of the roots)
Wood Containers
Need to be UNTREATED - treatment is toxic to plant
Biodegradable Containers (4)
1. paper
2. wood fiber / peat
3. coir (coconut fiber)
4. peat pellets
Characteristics of Seed Starting Soil
- Smaller particles - need space for air and water
- No fertilizer necessary
- Time release fertilizer for later
Inorganic Compounds in Seed Starting Soil Mix
- Sand (hort sand)
- Perlite (white, made from volcanic rock)
- Vermiculite (aeration, made from mica rock)
- Peat (harvested by machine)
Seed Collection Techniques
- Only collected on sunny, dry day - midday
- Only BROWN plants will be ready to collect seeds, green = not ripe
- Collected only in PAPER - plastic retains water, not good for seeds
- Capsules holding many seeds - place bag over plant early
Seed Storage
- COOL
- DRY
- DARK
- CONSISTENT
- LABELLED
Organic Compounds in Seed Starting Soil Mix
- Peat
- Bark
- Sphagnum moss
- Coir (coconut fibers)
- Compost
- Composted rice hulls
Auxins
- Elongate plant cells in the stem.
- Responsible for root development, secondary growth in the vascular cambium, inhibition of lateral branching, and fruit development.
- Responsible for root development, secondary growth in the vascular cambium, inhibition of lateral branching, and fruit development.
Cutting Length
- Herbaceous: 3 - 5"
- Softwood/Hardwood: 6 - 8"
- Softwood/Hardwood: 6 - 8"
Tip Layering
Tip of shoot inserted upside down
Simple Layering
Done in spring, 6" of tip is exposed
Mound Layering
- Used on low branching shrubs
- Cut plant down to 1"
- Mound soil over new shoots as they start growing
- Cut plant down to 1"
- Mound soil over new shoots as they start growing
Factors Affecting Rooting
- Age of Stock Plant
- Carbohydrates
- Mineral Nutrients
- Moisture
- Light
- Temperature
- Wounding
- Time of cutting
- When dormant/active
- Carbohydrates
- Mineral Nutrients
- Moisture
- Light
- Temperature
- Wounding
- Time of cutting
- When dormant/active
Leaf/Bud Cutting
- Involve taking a short piece of semi-ripe stem and one leaf.
- meaning that quite a few cuttings can be taken from one piece of stem
- meaning that quite a few cuttings can be taken from one piece of stem
Tip Cutting
Cutting of the tip
Leaf Cutting
Cutting of the leaves
Functions of Soil
- Anchor roots
- Aeration of roots
- Supply mineral nutrients
- Supply moisture
- Maintain pH suitable for plant growth
- Supply moisture
Organic Soil
- Organic -decayed plant and animal materials (O.M.)
- Unstable and breaks down over time
- 20% O.M. = an organic soil
- Peat, bark , compost or manure added added to improve the O.M. content in soils
- Good water holding capacity
- Good aeration
- Permeable to water
- Good fertility
Inorganic Soil
From mineral rocks
Loam
Combination of Sand, Clay and Silt
Soil Structure (Legumes)
- N2-fixing (Rhizobium bacteria)
- Makes atmospheric N available to the plant
- Deep-rooted perennial
- Opens up soil to water and aeration
Mineral Salts
- From weathered rocks
- Break down of Organic Matter (O.M.)
- Addition to fertilizer
- Break down of Organic Matter (O.M.)
- Addition to fertilizer
Ion
+/- charged particle
Colloids
- Particles of Clay/Humus (end product of composting) and O.M. suspended in soil water solution
- Exchanges nutrients with roots
- Exchanges nutrients with roots
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
The Soil Fertility
Sandy Soils Require:
Frequent light application of fertilizer because they have a low CEC, aka they don't hold on to IONs well, and can't get nutrients
Soil PH
Relationship of H+ ions to OH- ions
Highly Acidic Soils
- H+ and Al3+
- High rainfall areas
- High rainfall areas
Basic Soils
- Ca2+ and Mg2+
- Low rainfall areas
- Low rainfall areas
Fungi and Bacteria
- Fungi most active at pH < 5.5
- Bacterial most active at pH > 5.5
- Bacterial most active at pH > 5.5
Liming
- Raises the pH
- Makes the soil more basic
- Used on acidic soils
*CaCO3
*MgCO3
- Makes the soil more basic
- Used on acidic soils
*CaCO3
*MgCO3
Nitrogen Deficiency
- Lower leaves turn yellow
- Upper leaves are still green
- Upper leaves are still green
Iron Chlorosis
- Happens when plant can't extract enough iron out of the soil.
- Often caused by basic soils
- Causes intervienal chlorosis
- Often caused by basic soils
- Causes intervienal chlorosis
Intervienal Chlorosis
- Symptom of Iron Chlorosis
- Not enough chlorophyll
- Veins turn dark green
- Leaves in between are yellow
- Not enough chlorophyll
- Veins turn dark green
- Leaves in between are yellow
Soil Fertility
- 16 elements required for plant growth
- Macronutrients: N, P, K most often deficient in soil. Also S, Ca, Mg
- Micronutrients: Fe, B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl
- Macronutrients: N, P, K most often deficient in soil. Also S, Ca, Mg
- Micronutrients: Fe, B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl
Organic Fertilizers Often Contain _____
Macronutrients
Inorganic Fertilizers Often Contain _____
Micronutrience (often pure)
Nitrogen in Soil Often _____
- The most limiting nutrients in soil
- Applied in excess causes:
- Reduced flowering and fruiting
- Greater vegetative (leafy) growth
- Applied in excess causes:
- Reduced flowering and fruiting
- Greater vegetative (leafy) growth
Fertilizer Ratio
The proportion of the three major elements
Ex: 5:10:5 = 1:2:1 ratio
High Nitrogen-ratio promotes shoots & leaves
Ex: 20-10-10
High Phosphorus ratio promotes flowers
Ex: 15-30-15 (often called, “bloom-booster”
Fertilizer contains _____
Nitrogen (as N), Phosphorus (as P2O5) and Potassium (as K2O)
Compost
- The biological decomposition of Organic Matter (O.M.) to humus under controlled aerobic conditions
Benefits to Composting
- Increase tilth, micro/macro nutrients, soil energy source, cheaper
- Increases fertility, mulch keeps down weeds
- Temperatures are from 70 to 140 degreees, between 130 - 150 will kill weed cells
- Increases fertility, mulch keeps down weeds
- Temperatures are from 70 to 140 degreees, between 130 - 150 will kill weed cells
Factors Affecting Composting (7)
- Temperature
- Oxygen
- Moisture
- Nutrients
- High Nitrogen (N) Materials
- High Carbon (C) Materials
- Time
- Oxygen
- Moisture
- Nutrients
- High Nitrogen (N) Materials
- High Carbon (C) Materials
- Time
Vermicomposting
- Worm Casting, Worm Compost, Vermicast
- Uses red wigglers, not earthworms
- No earthworms because their exotic
- No bananas, watermelon or citrus
- Put bedding and food at different levels
- Uses red wigglers, not earthworms
- No earthworms because their exotic
- No bananas, watermelon or citrus
- Put bedding and food at different levels
Grafting
Means of asexual propagation
Pros of Grafting
- Repair injured trees
- Shorten time to flowering
- Improve insect disease resistance
- Shorten time to flowering
- Improve insect disease resistance
Cons of Grafting
- Suckering from roots
- Graft incompatibility
- Graft incompatibility
Top of Graft is _____
Scion
Bottom of Graft is _____
Stock
Sandy Soil (Soil Structure
- Larger pores
- Little structure
- Good aeration and infiltration
- Poor water capacity
- Little structure
- Good aeration and infiltration
- Poor water capacity
Clay Soil (Soil Structure)
- Small pores
- Structured
- Poor aeration and infiltration
- Fertile
- Good water capacity
- Structured
- Poor aeration and infiltration
- Fertile
- Good water capacity
Sources for Organic Matter
- Legumes
- Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria (Rhizobium Bacteria)
- Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria (Rhizobium Bacteria)
Cations
H+, Ca2+, Mg2, NH4+, K+
Anion
OH-, Cl- CO 2 3-, SO 2 4-
Making Soil More Basic/Acidic
- Liming (raises pH - Basic)
- Sulfur (Lowers pH - Acidic)
- Sulfur (Lowers pH - Acidic)
The Process Used To Make Soil More Basic
Liming (Raises pH)
The Process Used To Make Soil More Acidic
Sulfur (lowers pH)
To Alter Calcium Levels/Content Without Changing the pH You Add ______
Gypsum (CaSO4 x 2H2O)
Fermentation
Anaerobic decomposition of Organic Matter (O.M.)
What Causes Blossom End Rot?
Calcium deficiency
What Does Too Much Nitrogen Cause?
- Reduced flowering/fruiting
- Increases leaf production and vegetative growth
- Increases leaf production and vegetative growth
What Does Too Much Phosphorus Cause?
- Increased flowering
- Reduced leave and vegetative growth
- Reduced leave and vegetative growth
Fertilizer Analysis
High Analysis: N + P + K percentage > 30%
Low Analysis: N + P + K percentage < or = to 30%
Low Analysis: N + P + K percentage < or = to 30%
Tunicate Bulb
Solid layers of fleshy leaves surrounding a stem point (ex. Onion)
Compost Content: Oxygen, Moisture, Carbon to Nitrogen (CN) Ratio
- Oxygen (thermophillic): aerobic decomposition
- 50% moisture
- ratio carbon to nitrogen (30:1)
- 50% moisture
- ratio carbon to nitrogen (30:1)
Issues with Herbicides
May remain in clippings and cause problems to plants where you add compost
To Speed Up Time To Compost You ____
- Chop materials into small pieces
- Have equal amounts of Nitrogen and Carbon
- Turn pile
- Moist but not wet
- Have equal amounts of Nitrogen and Carbon
- Turn pile
- Moist but not wet
What is The Size of A Freestanding Compost Pile and Why?
3 x 3 x 3 ft.
Why: Good aeration and access to O2
Why: Good aeration and access to O2
What Shouldn't Be Put in a Compost Pile (5)?
- Protein
- Dairy
- Meat
- Bone
- Glossy ink
- Dairy
- Meat
- Bone
- Glossy ink
What is Humus?
End result of composting
What is Layerage?
Process of forming roots on a stem that is still attached to a plant
Benefits and Problems of Layering
Benefits: Renew an existing plant
Problems: Result in limited # of plants and disease transmitted to new plant
Problems: Result in limited # of plants and disease transmitted to new plant
What is The Crown on Herbaceous Perennials?
A collection of shoots at ground level
Making Compost Tea ____
- Uses water free from chlorine
- 4 gallons of water + 1 gallon of compost + 1 cup of unsulfured molasses
- 4 gallons of water + 1 gallon of compost + 1 cup of unsulfured molasses
Capillary Water
Available
Hygroscopic Water
Bound water - unavailable
Excess Soil Moisture results in _____?
- Anaerobic conditions around the roots
- Root rot
- Root rot
Excess Humidity Results in _____?
Bacterial or fungal diseases
Excess Rain Results in ______(3)?
- Fruit cracking
- Washing away of nutrients
- Higher soil acidity
- Washing away of nutrients
- Higher soil acidity
Prevent Fruit Cracking by _____?
Putting straw around the fruit to prevent flooding
Water Deficiency Results in ______?
Wilting and browning of the leaf margin
Best Time To Water is ____?
Morning
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Pollution of Surface Water Results in _____?
Algae
Water Loss From the Plant is Due to _______ (5)?
- Plant species
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Wind
- Soil type
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Wind
- Soil type
Uses For Lights in Plants ____ (4)?
- Chlorophyll production
- photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates (sugars)
- Photomorphogenesis (development of plants parts)
- Anthocyanin production (red pigments in leaves in autumn)
- photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates (sugars)
- Photomorphogenesis (development of plants parts)
- Anthocyanin production (red pigments in leaves in autumn)
Sudden Low Light Causes _____?
Leaf abscission
Light is Measured in _____?
Footcandles
Lux
1 fc = 11.1 Luxes
Lux
1 fc = 11.1 Luxes
Light Levels on a Sunny Day in Summer Outside _____?
10,000 Footcandles (fc)
Light Levels in a Typical Office _____?
20 - 30fc
Minimum Light Level Required For Maintenance of a Plant _____?
100fc for 16 hours
Best to Protect Broad-leaved Evergreens from Southern sun in Winter by
Planting them on a north or east facing location
Temperature Affects _____(8)?
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Transpiration
- Seed germination
- Pollination
- Enzyme activity
- Stomatal opening
- Maturity rate
- Respiration
- Transpiration
- Seed germination
- Pollination
- Enzyme activity
- Stomatal opening
- Maturity rate
Phenology
Relating development of one plant to another (comparisons)
Cold Hardiness means _____?
Ability to withstand freezing
USDA Hardiness Zone Map Tells you _____?
What plants can grow in your area based on temperature.
Symptoms of Winter Injury are _____ (3)?
- Winter injury often occurs from: plants try to pack cells with sugars and get rid of
excess H20
- Intercellular ice formation (between cells)
- Intracellular ice formation (within cells)
excess H20
- Intercellular ice formation (between cells)
- Intracellular ice formation (within cells)
Photosynthesis Uses ______ Lights
- Blue Light (430 nm)
- Red Light (670 nm)
- Red Light (670 nm)
Which Wavelength Color is the Least Used by Plants
Green
Incandescent Lights Pros _____
- Lots of red light
- Warm light (red)
- Warm light (red)
Fluorescent Lights Pros/Cons
Pro: Incadescent and Flourecent combo
Cons: lined with mercury
Flourescent = Cool light (blue)
Cons: lined with mercury
Flourescent = Cool light (blue)
Can a Plant Get Too Much Light?
Yes, but you can extend hours
What is Cat Facing Winter Injury?
- When the bark slits, water in the cells heat during the day but a night they freeze.
- Ends up growing fungus
- Usually happens to Japanese Maple
- Ends up growing fungus
- Usually happens to Japanese Maple
AHS Heat Zone Map is _____?
Shows average days each year that temperatures are greater than 80 degrees
If They Ask About Peaches _____?
- They can't grow in the cold because their sub tropical.
- Georgia Peaches
- Georgia Peaches
Temperate Plant Dormancy
6 - 8 weeks
Calculating GDU's
- Heat units
- Growing Degree Unit = Mean temperature - Base temperature
- Base = either 40 (cool season) or 50 (warm season) depending on crop
- You can’t have negative growth
- Growing Degree Unit = Mean temperature - Base temperature
- Base = either 40 (cool season) or 50 (warm season) depending on crop
- You can’t have negative growth
Wide, Short Pot vs Tall, Skinny Pot?
- Tall, skinny pot is better.
- Gives more room for the roots to grow down
- Water flows and gets to the roots easier and more efficiently
- Gives more room for the roots to grow down
- Water flows and gets to the roots easier and more efficiently
Carbon/Nitrogen Balances in the Plant ______
- Carbon come from photosynthesis in leaves
- Nitrogen is taken up by the roots
- Too much nitrogen fertilizer can prevent a plant from becoming reproductive (flowering)
Cytoplasm
- 85-90% water
- 10-15% organic and inorganic substances
- Dissolved (salts and carbs = CHO's)
- Colloidal (proteins and fats)
Nucleus
- Contains chromosomes
- DNA
- DNA
MRNA
- Relays genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes
Plastids
- In the cytoplasm
- Chloroplast = chromoplast that contains cholorphyll
- Where photosynthesis occurs
Mitochondria
- Power center for cells
- Proteins and phospholipids
- ATP carries energy
Parenchyma Cells
- Juicy edible parts of fruits and veggies
- Thin walled
- Contains lots of Water
- Thin walled
- Contains lots of Water
Nematodes
Unsegmented worms that feed on roots and create wounds for bacterial and fungi to enter
How Are Plants Damaged By Garden Pests?
- Direct feeding
- Secretion of toxic substances
- Secondary organism enters the wound
- Secretion of toxic substances
- Secondary organism enters the wound
What are Symptoms to Plant Damages By Pests?
Plant's response to attack (wilt)
Signs of Plant Damage By Pests
- Structures produced by the attacking organism
- ex) webs, tunnels, etc.
- ex) webs, tunnels, etc.
Diseases and Insects are Spread to Plants By _____ (5)?
- Water
- Wind
- Insects
- Animals (including people) Ex: TMV
- Machinerys
- Wind
- Insects
- Animals (including people) Ex: TMV
- Machinerys
Plants are more Susceptible to Disease and Insect Attack When They Are_____?
Stessed (Water or Temperature)
There are ________ Insects pests of cultivated plants
4,000 - 5,000
Chewing Insects (2)
- Carterpillers
- Beetles
- Beetles
Sucking Insects
- Aphids
- Leafhoppers
- Scale
- Mealybug
- Thrips
- Leafhoppers
- Scale
- Mealybug
- Thrips
All Insects Have _______ (3) Which classify them as Insects
- 6 legs
- 3 body regions
- Wings as an adult
- 3 body regions
- Wings as an adult
Insect Life Cycle (4 stages)
Egg -- Larvae -- Pupae -- Adult
- Insects most damaged in Larvae stage
- Insects most damaged in Larvae stage
Topical Insecticides (5)
- Liquid soap
- Pyrethroids - Natural insecticide
- Rotenone
-Neem oil - Natural insecticide
- Rubbing alcohol
- Pyrethroids - Natural insecticide
- Rotenone
-Neem oil - Natural insecticide
- Rubbing alcohol
Organic Pesticides (3)
- Pyrethrum from
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
- Rotenone - extracted from many tropical legumes such as:
- Derris elliptica
- Lonchocarpus nicou
- Tephrosia vogelii
- "Ichtyotoxic" - meaning toxic to fish and other cold blooded animals
- Neem oil (active ingredient = azadirachtin)
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
- Rotenone - extracted from many tropical legumes such as:
- Derris elliptica
- Lonchocarpus nicou
- Tephrosia vogelii
- "Ichtyotoxic" - meaning toxic to fish and other cold blooded animals
- Neem oil (active ingredient = azadirachtin)
4 Topical Insecticides to Control Mealybugs (most common for houses)
- Liquid Soap
- Pyrethroids -
- Neem oil
- Rubbing alcohol
- Pyrethroids -
- Neem oil
- Rubbing alcohol
How Do You Control Hard Scale?
- Orthene - systemic
- Other systemic insecticides
- Topical insecticides cannot penetrate the Insect's exoskeleton
- Other systemic insecticides
- Topical insecticides cannot penetrate the Insect's exoskeleton
You Must Understand the Pests ______ In order to control them
Life Cycle
2 Legal Controls of Insects and Diseases
- State and Federal quarantine
- Customs = USDA - APHIS (animal and plant health inspection service)
- Customs = USDA - APHIS (animal and plant health inspection service)
5 Cultural Control of Insects and Disease
1) Roguing - removal from the garden of diseased or insect-infested plants
2) Pruning - off diseased plant parts
3) Sanitation - burning or throwing away diseased plant residues (no composting!)
4) Exclusion - Screen over windows/plants
5) Hot-water seed treatment - to control fungi on surface dry seeds
2) Pruning - off diseased plant parts
3) Sanitation - burning or throwing away diseased plant residues (no composting!)
4) Exclusion - Screen over windows/plants
5) Hot-water seed treatment - to control fungi on surface dry seeds
3 Spray and Chemical Control of Insects and Disease
- Repellants
- Protectants
- Pesticides:
-Dusts
- Sprays
- Fumigation
- Protectants
- Pesticides:
-Dusts
- Sprays
- Fumigation
Biocontrol
- Organisms that project your plants and eat the harmful insects
- ex) Praying Mantis, Ladybugs
- ex) Praying Mantis, Ladybugs
Parasitic Garden Pest Plants
- Dodder
- Mistletoe
- Mistletoe
Mammal and Rodent Garden Pests
- Mice/Voles/Moles
- Rabbits
- Squirrels
- Deer
- Rabbits
- Squirrels
- Deer
Disease
- Any type of injurious abnormality
- Physiological (environment)
- Other Living Organisms (Pathogens)
- Physiological (environment)
- Other Living Organisms (Pathogens)
Pathogen
- A biological agent that causes the injury
- Insects
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Nematodes
- Miscellaneous
- Insects
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Nematodes
- Miscellaneous
Parasite
An organism that derives nourishment from another living organism
Host
An organism that provides nourishment to another
Obligate Parasite
An Organism that can only survive on the living host
Host Range
A list of several different plants that some parasites can feed off of
Bacteria
One-celled organisms that enter through wounds and cause rot
Fungi
- Multi-celled organisms that either are saprophytes or parasites
- Cause decay of plants
- ex) molds, mildew.
- Cause decay of plants
- ex) molds, mildew.
4 Ways to Control Bacterial Disease____
- Start with clean pots and potting media and tools
- Start with clean seeds or healthy transplant
- Use drip irrigation or water in the morning so the extra water on the surface of the leaves evaporates by evening
- Antibiotics now exist for injecting into trees but treatment is costly and the effects temporary
-There are no antibiotic spray treatmeants
- Start with clean seeds or healthy transplant
- Use drip irrigation or water in the morning so the extra water on the surface of the leaves evaporates by evening
- Antibiotics now exist for injecting into trees but treatment is costly and the effects temporary
-There are no antibiotic spray treatmeants
4 Ways to Control Fungal Disease
- Start with clean pots and potting media and tools
- Start with clean seeds or healthy transplants
- Use drip irrigation or water in the morning so the extra water on the surface of the leaves evaporates
- Fungicides do exist
- They can be used as a liquid drench, spray or powder
- Start with clean seeds or healthy transplants
- Use drip irrigation or water in the morning so the extra water on the surface of the leaves evaporates
- Fungicides do exist
- They can be used as a liquid drench, spray or powder
Captan and Thiram are _______?
Synthetic fungicides
What Would You Use Baking Soda and Horticultural Oil For?
To control powdery mildew
Viruses
- Infectious particles made-up of nucleic acids (typically RNA in plants) with a protein coat.
- These are obligate parasites
- In the plant cell, the protein coat comes off and the RNA used the plant cell to reproduce itself
- ex) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- These are obligate parasites
- In the plant cell, the protein coat comes off and the RNA used the plant cell to reproduce itself
- ex) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Weeds Compete For ______ (3)?
- Space (especially light)
- Water
- Nutrients
- Water
- Nutrients
Allelopathy
- "allelon" = "of each other"
- "pathos= "to suffer"
- Chemical inhibition of one plant to another
- "pathos= "to suffer"
- Chemical inhibition of one plant to another
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) Produces ______?
Juglandic acid
_______ and _______ When Used as a Cover Crop Suppressed the Development of Weeds
- Rye and Wheat
Weeds Spread by ______ or ______ (2)?
- Seeds
or
- Rhizomes
or
- Rhizomes
Most ________ are generally NOT Recommended for Use in a Garden
Herbicides
Weed Seeds are ______-Lived
Long (long-lived)
Plastic Mulches and Bark Mulch are _______ Control of Weeds
Cultural Control of weeds
Plastic Mulches
- Porous black plastic or clear plastic (to "cook" weeds) prior to planting
- Suppress weeds need to be 3" inches at least
- Avoid "cones" of mulch around the trunk of the tree!
- Avoid "cones" of mulch around the trunk of the tree!
Chemical Control of Weeds is ______
Herbicides = "killer of plants"
Herbicides Were First Developed in the _______
1930's
Selective Herbicides
- Kills only certain kinds of plants
- ex) 2,4-D kills only broad-leaved plants
- ex) 2,4-D kills only broad-leaved plants
Nonselective Herbicides
- Kill all plants it contacts
- ex) Roundup ® = Glyphosate
- ex) Roundup ® = Glyphosate
Contact Heribicides
Injury to parts of the plant and herbicide contacts
Translocated Herbicide
- Chemical movies systemically through the vascular system of the plant
- ex) Roundup ®
- ex) Roundup ®
Residual Herbicide
Kills during and after application
Nonresidual Herbicide
Kills only when the herbicide is applied
Herbicides are Affected by _____(4)
- Soil texture (sand, silt, clay, O.M.)
- Soil moisture
- Light exposure
- All the above are important as to how they affect the soil microbes
- which often are responsible for degrading the chemical
- Soil moisture
- Light exposure
- All the above are important as to how they affect the soil microbes
- which often are responsible for degrading the chemical
______ Can Kill Shallow-Rooted Trees! Never Apply if There is a ______
- 2,4-D Herbicide (Can kill shallow-rooted trees)
- Breeze (never apply is there is a Breeze)
- Breeze (never apply is there is a Breeze)
Sensitive Garden Plants to Herbicides (4)
- Tomatoes
- Grapes
- Lilacs
- Maples
- Grapes
- Lilacs
- Maples
Symptoms of Herbicides Applied to Garden Plants (Tomatoes, Grapes, Lilacs, Maples) are ____(3)?
- Curling of leaves
- Light color of veins and leaves
- Browning and death!
- Light color of veins and leaves
- Browning and death!
3 Ways To Avoid Herbicide Injury
1) Spray when the air is still
2) Spray when it is cool (heat volatilizes chemicals)
3) Never use an herbicide sprayer for other spraying purposes
2) Spray when it is cool (heat volatilizes chemicals)
3) Never use an herbicide sprayer for other spraying purposes
Biological Weed Control
- One living organism used to control another
- Little success with these methods so far for general homeowner use
- Little success with these methods so far for general homeowner use
Use _____ For Organic Weed Control
Corn gluten - a by-product from corn syrup or cornstarch production`
4 Results/Benefits of Applying Corn Gluten
- Kills new roots on germinating seeds
- A selective herbicide (only kills broad-leaved weed)
- Can walk on it after applied
- Can be used in the vegetable and flower garden on established plants
- A selective herbicide (only kills broad-leaved weed)
- Can walk on it after applied
- Can be used in the vegetable and flower garden on established plants
Corn Gluten Was Discovered By ______
Dr. Nick Christians - Iowa State University
Problems With Corn Gluten
- Must store dry
- Must store away from rodents
- Must store away from rodents
Pruning, Why do it?
- Improve plant health
- Increases:
- Light
- Air circulation in the canopy
- Increases:
- Light
- Air circulation in the canopy
When is Pruning Necessary? (6)
- Dead
- Dying
- Damaged
- Diseased
- Deranged
- Root sucker and water sprouts
- Dying
- Damaged
- Diseased
- Deranged
- Root sucker and water sprouts
4 Things to Look For in Plant Size and Form in Pruning
- Best to select plants which have desired features at maturity
- Consider branch spacing and arrangment
- Structural Strength and Safety
- Work with natural forms of tree/shrub
- Consider branch spacing and arrangment
- Structural Strength and Safety
- Work with natural forms of tree/shrub
Crotch Angles (Safety)
"V" = 'V'ery Bad
"U" = 'U'ltimate
"R"ight angle = 'R'ight on
"U" = 'U'ltimate
"R"ight angle = 'R'ight on
"V" Angle Usually Forms _____ (2)?
- Embedded
or
- Included bark
or
- Included bark
"U" Angle Often Forms ______?
Ridge Bark
Heading Back (Pruning Techniques)
- Selective removal of the ends of twigs or young branches to a node
- Often has undesirable results such as multiple leaders
- Often has undesirable results such as multiple leaders
- Pruning back to a fork where there is a live branch (better)
- Apart of "Heading Back" pruning
- Apart of "Heading Back" pruning
- Removal of soft, new growth of branch tips with your fingers
- Apart of "Headed Back" pruning
- Apart of "Headed Back" pruning
"Thinning" When Pruning is _______?
Complete removal of branches back to a lateral branch or main trunk.
Best Times To Prune _____
- Trees are best pruned:
- Late in the dormant season
- Following a growth flush
- If it flowers in spring, prune AFTER flowers
- If trees are pruned at other times, this often results in water sprouts
- Late in the dormant season
- Following a growth flush
- If it flowers in spring, prune AFTER flowers
- If trees are pruned at other times, this often results in water sprouts
Worst Time To Prune _____?
When leaves are forming in spring
Light Pruning on Young Shrubs ______
Encourages Branches
When Pruning its Important to Know when your _____
Trees/Shrubs Flower
Espalier (4)
- Creation of 2-dimensional plants
- Used for fruit production
-Especially apples and pears
- Used to converse Space
- Used to make use of a microclimate
- Used for fruit production
-Especially apples and pears
- Used to converse Space
- Used to make use of a microclimate
Bonsai Began In China _____ ?
2,000 years ago during the Han Dynasty
In China Bonsai is Called ______ ?
"Penjing"
Bonsai Was Introduced to Japan in the _______ Century
14th
Bonsai Was Introduced to The West After _______?
World War II
Poisonous Plants are ______?
Rarely fatal but more of an irritant
Poison Ivy (4)
- A climber with adventitious roots
- Trifoliate lead
- Nice red fall color!
- Grows in shade or sun
- Trifoliate lead
- Nice red fall color!
- Grows in shade or sun
Problems with Poison Ivy
- Urushiol (oily compound) on leaves and stems of the plant
- Can remain on the plant for 5 years after it is dead
- Wash affected area with cool water and soap
- Can remain on the plant for 5 years after it is dead
- Wash affected area with cool water and soap
Other Poisonous Plants ______ (2)?
- Poison Oak
- Poison Sumac
- Poison Sumac
Ways to Protect Yourself Again Poisonous Plants (5)
- Avoid contact, learn what to look out for
- Wear:
- Long plant
- Long-sleeved shirts
- Gloves
- Wash any clothes potentially contaminated by the oil in hot soapy water separately from other clothes.
- Wear:
- Long plant
- Long-sleeved shirts
- Gloves
- Wash any clothes potentially contaminated by the oil in hot soapy water separately from other clothes.
You Can Control The Growth Of Poisonous Plants With ______?
Herbicides
What Insects and Bugs Should You Be Careful Of When in Your Garden (Garden Safety) ______(3)?
- Bees
- Fire Ants
- Deer Ticks (Lyme Disease)
- Fire Ants
- Deer Ticks (Lyme Disease)
Bee Stings-Treatment (3)
- Remove stinger
- Ice or cool water compress
- Antihistamine (oral or topical)
- Ice or cool water compress
- Antihistamine (oral or topical)
Prevention From Deer Ticks and Lyme Disease (2)
- Check your hair after being outside
- Apply products containing DEET to your CLOTHES and NOT on your skin
- Apply products containing DEET to your CLOTHES and NOT on your skin
UV Light Protection
- Wear Sunglasses (which block UVA and UVB light)
- Wear A hat
- Apply Sunscreen to skin
- Wear A hat
- Apply Sunscreen to skin
UV Light Can Cause ______?
Skin Cancer
Garden Hazards to be Careful Of and Ways to Prevent them ______ (7)
- Hearing hazards - wear ear protection
- Flying debris hazards - wear safety glasses or a face screen
- Pesticide hazards - Be careful of what you breathe in (dust masks provide LITTLE protection)
- Not using care on a ladder
- Back Ache (From improper lifting and pulling) - Get help with lifting heavier things, don't push yourself
- Cutting off your fingers - Keep hands away from machinery and tools being used, use caution when operating
- Avoid Blisters - Wear well-fitted gloves
- Flying debris hazards - wear safety glasses or a face screen
- Pesticide hazards - Be careful of what you breathe in (dust masks provide LITTLE protection)
- Not using care on a ladder
- Back Ache (From improper lifting and pulling) - Get help with lifting heavier things, don't push yourself
- Cutting off your fingers - Keep hands away from machinery and tools being used, use caution when operating
- Avoid Blisters - Wear well-fitted gloves
Characteristics of a "Good" Lawn _____ (4)
- Dense
- Uniform
- Wear tolerant
- Fine-texture
- Uniform
- Wear tolerant
- Fine-texture
A Good Grass Mix
- Kentucky Bluegrass 40 - 70%
- Creeping Red Fescue 30 - 60%
- Perennial Ryegrass 10 - 20%
- For shade: increase Creeping Red Fescue
- For sun: increase Kentucky Bluegrass
- Creeping Red Fescue 30 - 60%
- Perennial Ryegrass 10 - 20%
- For shade: increase Creeping Red Fescue
- For sun: increase Kentucky Bluegrass
Factors to Consider when Establishing a Lawn (8)
- Sun and shade
- Drainage
- Incidence of drought
- Heat tolerance/cold tolerance
- Pests
- Appearance
- Texture
- Growth rate/height
- Drainage
- Incidence of drought
- Heat tolerance/cold tolerance
- Pests
- Appearance
- Texture
- Growth rate/height
- What is Needed to Prepare Soil (remove existing lawn) for Making a New Lawn _____(4)?
- Grade subsoil to level it
- Add topsoil (sandy-loam) if needed
- Preform a soil test
- Amend soil as needed (typically lime is added)
- Add topsoil (sandy-loam) if needed
- Preform a soil test
- Amend soil as needed (typically lime is added)
What are Key Factors in Seeding When Making a New Lawn _____(7)?
- April - May generally or mid-August - October
- Sow seeds in 2 directions
- 2-4 lbs seed/1000 sq. feet (20' x 50' area)
- Known the size of your lawn first
- Rake seeds into soil surface lighly
- Mulch with straw (not hay!)
- Water 2x per day for 2 weeks until established
- Sow seeds in 2 directions
- 2-4 lbs seed/1000 sq. feet (20' x 50' area)
- Known the size of your lawn first
- Rake seeds into soil surface lighly
- Mulch with straw (not hay!)
- Water 2x per day for 2 weeks until established
Sodding (4)
- Same time as for seeding
- Lay out immediately as rolls heat up quickly on the pallet and roots will desiccate
- Roll up or tamp into place
- Water 1x per day for 2 weeks (deep soaking)
- Lay out immediately as rolls heat up quickly on the pallet and roots will desiccate
- Roll up or tamp into place
- Water 1x per day for 2 weeks (deep soaking)
What Are Factors In Mowing Your Lawn _____ (3)?
- Cut when 3" inches tall and cut down to 2" inches
- Or only remove 1/3 of the existing grass
- Do not cut below 1 1/2"
- Or only remove 1/3 of the existing grass
- Do not cut below 1 1/2"
Why Should You Not Cut Below 1 1/2" inches When Mowing Your Lawn?
Helps keep out weeds and increases photosynthesis
Reel vs. Rotary Mowers
a reel mower is preferred, it gives a cleaner cut
Important Aspects of Fertilizing (5)?
- Typically 4 lbs. N/looo sq. ft. per year
- Never apply more than 2lbs N/1000 sq. ft. per application
- Good RATIO = 3-2-2 or 2-1-1
- Water soluble forms apply 3x per year in the Northeast (April, June, September)
- Slow-release or organic forms apply 2x per year (April and September)
- Never apply more than 2lbs N/1000 sq. ft. per application
- Good RATIO = 3-2-2 or 2-1-1
- Water soluble forms apply 3x per year in the Northeast (April, June, September)
- Slow-release or organic forms apply 2x per year (April and September)
What are Alternates to Grass Lawns?
Ornamental Grasses
Xeriscaping
- Landscaping designed specifically for areas that are susceptible to drought
- Derivied from the Greek "xeros" meaning dry.
- Its literally "dry Landscaping"
- Can reduce water consumption from 25 - 75%
- Derivied from the Greek "xeros" meaning dry.
- Its literally "dry Landscaping"
- Can reduce water consumption from 25 - 75%
Plants Used for Xeriscaping (6)
- Cacti
- Lamb's Ear
- Wormwood
- Chamomile
- Woody Thyme
- Synthetic Lawns
- Lamb's Ear
- Wormwood
- Chamomile
- Woody Thyme
- Synthetic Lawns
First Cool Season Crops When Growing Indoor veggies are ______ (3)
- Cabbage
- Cauliflower
- Broccoli
- Plant seeds 12 weeks before the frost-free date
- Plant outside 4 weeks before the frost-free date
- Cauliflower
- Broccoli
- Plant seeds 12 weeks before the frost-free date
- Plant outside 4 weeks before the frost-free date
Second Cool Season Crops When Growing Indoor Veggies are ______ (3)
- Spinach
- Lettuce
- Chard
- Plant seed 7 weeks before the frost-free date
- Plant outdoors 3 weeks before the frost-free date
- Lettuce
- Chard
- Plant seed 7 weeks before the frost-free date
- Plant outdoors 3 weeks before the frost-free date
Warm Season Crops Start _____ Than Cool Season When Starting Indoor Veggies
- Start Later
- Tomatoes start 6 weeks before the last frost-free date
- Plant outside 1 week after the last frost-free date
- Eggplant and peppers start 7 weeks before the last frost-free date
- Plant outside 2 weeks after the last frost-free date
- Cucumbers, squash and pumpkins start 3 weeks before the last frost-free date
- Plant outside 2 weeks after the last frost-free date
- Tomatoes start 6 weeks before the last frost-free date
- Plant outside 1 week after the last frost-free date
- Eggplant and peppers start 7 weeks before the last frost-free date
- Plant outside 2 weeks after the last frost-free date
- Cucumbers, squash and pumpkins start 3 weeks before the last frost-free date
- Plant outside 2 weeks after the last frost-free date
Veggies That Do Not Transplant Well Include _____?
- Root crops (carrots, radish, beets, etc.)
- The root can get damaged during transplant and will not recover
- The root can get damaged during transplant and will not recover
When Planting Veggies Outside Make Sure the Soil Has ______
Warmed to the appropriate temperature for the crop (cool or warm season)
Hilling is a Technique Used For _______ Season Crops
Warm Season
Hilling is Often Used With " _______ Crops"
- "Vine Crops"
- ex) Squash, pumpkins, cucumbers, etc. (and potatoes for ease of digging
- ex) Squash, pumpkins, cucumbers, etc. (and potatoes for ease of digging
It is Best to ______ and then _______ seedlings to Ensure Sufficent Plants in the Row
Over-seed and then thin out
_______ is best done early so seedlings are not competing with each other for nutrients, water and light
Thinning
It is Best to ______ to remove weeds or hand weed.
Cultivate
Use a Layer of ______ or _______ to prevent weed seeds from germinating
Straw or black plastic "mulch"
You Want to Water __________ and Water ________
Early in the morning and water sufficiently
(or use a soaker hose along the veggie rows)
(or use a soaker hose along the veggie rows)
The Worst way to Water your Veggies is _______
A quick overhead spray of the hose, especially in the evening
Its Best to ______ or _______ plants like Peas, Tomatoes and Beans for best yields and reduced Disease
Stake or Trellis
_____ Should be Planted in Blocks for Maximum Pollination and Seed-set on the ears
Corn
What is the Worst Way to Plant Corn?
Long single rows
________ Crops Help Reduce Pests or Improve Plant Yields
Companion Crops
The THREE SISTER crops
- Corn
- Beans
- Squash
*Used by the Native American
- info) - Corn provides a stalk for the beans to climb
- Beans provide nitrogen (through rhizobium bacteria in their roots) to the corn which needs high nitrogen levels
- Squash is prickly and repels raccoons from entering the corn plots as well as the leaves shade the soil and inhibit weed germination
- Beans
- Squash
*Used by the Native American
- info) - Corn provides a stalk for the beans to climb
- Beans provide nitrogen (through rhizobium bacteria in their roots) to the corn which needs high nitrogen levels
- Squash is prickly and repels raccoons from entering the corn plots as well as the leaves shade the soil and inhibit weed germination
Crops Should be Rotated on a _____ cycle to Avoid the Build-up of Pests/Diseases
3-year cycle
*Even in a small garden
*Even in a small garden
Crops in the Same Family SHOULD or SHOULD NOT be planted in succession to each other?
Should NOT
3 Main Plant (veggie) Family
- Solanaceous
- Brassicaceous
- Fabaceous
*Take the 3 different plant families into consideration when rotating crops
- Brassicaceous
- Fabaceous
*Take the 3 different plant families into consideration when rotating crops
Solanaceous Plants Include ______(4)?
- Eggplant
- Tomatoes
- Pepper
- Potatoes
- Tomatoes
- Pepper
- Potatoes
Brassicaceous plants include ______(4)?
- Cabbage
- Broccoli
- Kale
- Cauliflower
- Broccoli
- Kale
- Cauliflower
Fabaceous Plants Include ______(3)?
- Peas
- Beans (pole and bush types)
- Soybeans
- Beans (pole and bush types)
- Soybeans
Fabraceous Plants, are also called "__________" Plants
"Leguninous"
- Nitrogen-fixers (convert atmospheric nitrogen to a useable form of nitrogen in the soil)
- Nitrogen-fixers (convert atmospheric nitrogen to a useable form of nitrogen in the soil)
Asexual Veggies Include _____ (3)?
- Garlic cloves
- Onion set
- Potato (eyes or "seed potatoes")
- Onion set
- Potato (eyes or "seed potatoes")
Herbs (5)
- Need lots of SUN
- 4+ hours of direct sunlight
- Can be crafted into a knot garden
- Can be grown in planters
- Typically close to kitchen
- 4+ hours of direct sunlight
- Can be crafted into a knot garden
- Can be grown in planters
- Typically close to kitchen
Fruit Trees, Fruiting Shrubs and Fruiting ground covers Require __________ in Winter
- Specific chilling hours
The Perfect Temperature for Chilling Fruits Trees (etc.) in the Winter is between ________˚F
32 - 45˚F
Biochemical Processes occur only between 32 - 45˚F For Fruit Trees (etc.) in Winter Chilling because _______?
Its the perfect chilling temperature which allows the plant to break dormancy and flower properly in spring
1 Chilling Unit = _________?
1 hour between 32 - 45˚F (Not below 32 or above 45)
*Requirements vary by genus, species and variety/cultivar
*Requirements vary by genus, species and variety/cultivar
Examples of Tree Fruits (6)
- Apple
- Apricot
- Cherry
- Peach
- Pear
- Plum
- Apricot
- Cherry
- Peach
- Pear
- Plum
In Pollination, some plants are ______________ and therefore require other cultivars nearby for _____________
Self-Incompatible
and
Cross-Polination
*Meaning pollen from the plant landing on the stigme of the same plant will not fertilize the egg and produce seed. Pollen must come from another related tree nearby.
and
Cross-Polination
*Meaning pollen from the plant landing on the stigme of the same plant will not fertilize the egg and produce seed. Pollen must come from another related tree nearby.
Examples of Self-Incompatible Fruit Trees (4)
- Apples
- Sweet Cherries
- Pears
- Plums
- Sweet Cherries
- Pears
- Plums
Examples of Small Fruits and Berries (5)
- Blackberries
- Blueberries
- Kiwi
- Raspberries
- Strawberries
- Blueberries
- Kiwi
- Raspberries
- Strawberries
What is Cinnamon's original Form?
Bark
About this deck
By: Ross Alexander Wade
Created: 2011-12-11
Size: 406 flashcards
Views: 442
Created: 2011-12-11
Size: 406 flashcards
Views: 442
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