Final Exam

Gender

cultural meanings associated with maleness,femaleness, and categories that are both male and female, or neither male norfemale.

Sociolinguistic Subcultures

Male-female miscommunication. Learning to do different things with words in a conversation

Metalinguistics

The study of the relationship between language and other cultural behavior. The analyzing of a language

Cultural Rules

Cultural norms

Socialization

The process of inheriting/ disseminating cultural rules. Providing an individual the skills and habits to participate within their own society

Two-Spirit/Berdache

A multi-gendered person encompassing both male and female roles

We'Wha

Zuni woman that was brought back to D.C. after fieldwork done by Matilda Coxe Stevenson that was "berdache". Took on the roles of both males and females

Third/Fourth Genders

3rd: male and sometimes female berdaches

4th: only female berdaches

Full-body covering worn by Islamic women. A mechanism to keep women under wraps or "veiled".

Veiling

Concept of women being hidden in some way (face or head) to show honor, respect.

Honor

Respect: family, friends, etc.

Neocolonialism

After the age of colonialism, this refers to continued economic political policies by which a great power indirectly maintains or extends its influence over other areas or people.

Colonial Feminism

Professor Leila Khaled coined the phrase in her book. Meaning the cynical practice of preaching concern for the well-being of women in order to advance colonial interests.

Cultural Relativism

The principle that all cultural systems are inherently equal in value and, therefore, that each cultural item must be understood on its own terms.

Human Rights

Equality among all humans.

Cultural Pluralism

The simultaneous existence of two or more cultural systems within a single society; multiculturalism.

EX: Amish in Pennsylvania

FGM

Female genital mutilation. "female circumcision" Is used widely in many African and Asian cultures. Used to "remove the male parts" from a woman. Making her "pure" and ensuring premarital virginity

Frank Hamilton Cushing

Part of the first Bureau of American Ethnology. Performed fieldwork with the Zuni

Matilda Coxe Stevenson

Wife of ethnographer working with Cushing. Performed "male" work. Was perceived as a man by the Zuni because she was strong-willed. Befriended We'Wha. Founded Women's Anthropological Society.

Women's Anthropological Society

Founded by Matilda Coxe Stevenson.1885-1899. Allowed all women interested in the anthropological world to do what they loved and get appreciation for it.

lhamana

Zuni term for berdache

hijra

3rd gender in India. Genitals castrated, cannot menstruate, but wear women's clothes, often very poor. Thought to have power to give fertility or blessing

Status of Women

Women used to be overlooked in anthropological work (on both ends). Margaret Mead had a key role. Has improved over time

Margaret Mead

Student of Franz Boas. Wrote many books and articles about women's status. Determined to find women-dominated society. (New Guinean society who was going through transitional period) Became key figure in feminist movement in US

Gender Roles

Tasks and expected behaviors assigned to genders by a culture. You do not need to be a particular sex to embody a gender role. Includes division of labor

Gender Ideology

Systemof thoughts and values that legitimize certain gender roles, statuses,customary behavior

Gender Inequalities

Unequal access to social, economic, political resources. Tied to legal rights, value of contributions.

Gender Egalitarian Societies

Gender-equal society. Do they exist? women get same rights as men do, Vanatinai (Sudest Island), Papua New Guinea. Maria Lepowsky

Maria Lepowsky

Researched female-male inequalities in cultures. Hypothesis:If culture is egalitarian, women and men will have equivalent personal autonomyand influence at each life stage. Matrilineal clans, bird totems "what is your bird?" Vanatinai

Kinship

A network of culturally recognized relationships among individuals, either through marriage ties or ancestral ties

Consanguine

of the same lineage or ancestral origin

Affine

Related by marriage ties

Nuclear Family

Family consisting of a mother, father and children. Traditional

Natal family

Your birth family

Extended Family

Family beyond your nuclear family

Blended family

Non-traditional family that may include step children, adopted children, foster children, step parents/grandparents and fictive kin

Joint Family

Complex family is a generic term for any family structure involving more than two adults. The term can refer to any extended family or to a polygamy of any type. It is often used to refer to the group marriage form of polygamy.

Fictive Kin

People who are given the title of kin even though they are not actually related through marriage or ancestral lineage. "blood brothers" "god parents" "sorority sisters" etc.

Bride Price/ Bride Wealth

The presentation of goods or mine by the grooms family to the bride's family at the time of marriage; an economic exchange that legitimates the marriage and offspring as members of the father's patrilineage.

Bride Service

Services provided to the brides family in exchange for their daughter's hand in marriage.

Dowry

Presentation of goods or money to the bride's family to the bride, the groom or the groom's family.

Dowry Death

The murder or suicide of a married woman caused by a dispute over her dowry

Cultural Materialistic Perspective on Dowry

Unethical

Parallel Cousins vs. Cross Cousins

Parallel- sibling with same gender as parent

Cross- siblingwith opposite gender as parent

Endogamy

Marrying within

Exogamy

Marrying out

Hypergamy

The action of marrying a person of a superior caste or class

Arranged Marriage

Marriages defined by the parents usually at a very young age.

Monogamy

Marriage between one man and one woman at a given time

Polygamy

A general term for plural marriage, either polygyny or polyandry

Polyandry

A relatively rare form of plural marriage in which one woman is married to two or more men.

Fraternal Polyandry

Uncommon form of plural marriage in which a woman is married to two or more brothers at a time (TIBET)

Primogeniture

A rule of inheritance in which the homestead is passed down to the firstborn (male) child

Population Pressure

The situation of population growth in a limited geographical area causing a decline in food production and resources and sometimes triggering technological change

EX: Tropical Africa

Polygyny

A common form of plural marriage in which one man is married to 2+ women; in societies that permit polygyny, the majority of marital unions are monogamous. Extended families may be formed through polygyny

Sororal Polygyny

A form of marriage where one man is married to 2+ sisters

Levirate

The practice by which a man is expected to marry the wife or wives of a deceased brother; commonly found in patrilineal descent systems

Sororate

The custom of marriage of a man to his wife's sister or sisters, usually after the wife has died or proved sterile

Matrilocal

Residence with a wife's kin group or clan

Patrilocal

A postmarital residence rule by which a newly wed couple takes up permanent residence with or near the groom's father's family

Bilocal

the son or daughter may remain at home and attach his family of procreation to his family of orientation. So the nuclear family of a married couple is united with those of some of their sons, some of their daughters, and some of their grandchildren.

Neolocal

Residence of a couple after marriage in a new household not linked spatially to that of the groom's or the bride's kin

Virilocal

Residence of a married couple with the husband's kin

Uxorilocal

Residence of a married couple with the wife's kin.

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which power and authority are vested in the males and in which descent is usually in the male line

Matriarchy

Rule of the family (and society) by the mother and the females (descent is usually in the female line); uncommon

Cognatic Descent

tracing descent through both the females and males in one's lineage.

Unilineal descent

Tracing descent through either the mother or the father

Patrilineal

Descent traced exclusively through the male line for purposes of group membership or inheritance

Matrilineal

Relating to, based on, or tracing descent through the maternal line

Multiple Paternity

The concept, occurring in several S. American cultures (Beri), that every man who has intercourse with a woman during her pregnancy contributes to the formation of the child; the child has multiple fathers

suhag

"happy married life" for a woman in India (Kangra)

Kinship in Kangra

Patrilineal, patrilocal, dowry for daughters

Fictive kinship

A relationship, such as godparenthood, modeled on relations of kinship, but created by customary convention rather than the circumstances of birth

Verbal Art

Folklore

Material Culture

A social perception of the importance of materialistic things

TauTau/ Soul Double

Tau tau are a type of effigy made of wood or bamboo particular to the Toraja group in Indonesia. Representatives of the deceased, guarding the tombs and protecting the living

Transnational Circulation

A pattern of cultural beliefs and behaviors characteristic of elites throughout the world and often spread through mass media

Islamic Art

A.D. Pirous is a pioneer in melding Western abstraction with traditional Islamic forms and themes. He awakened fellow Muslims to contemporary painting, and helped them think of themselves as an art-producing community

Iconoclasm

The rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical

Blasphemy

Often considered a form of hurt- an injury, awound, a murder or a desecration.

EX: Piss Christ

Alan Dundes

"Joke professor" at UC Berkley specialized in folklore

Folklore

subject/discipline associated with expressive culture. Folk: groups of people. Lore: genres of expression. Often exists around points of anxiety. Incidents of everyday life that are of interest to others

Genre

"kind"

Performance

Performance greatly alters the way a story is perceived. A folklore is retold differently to different audiences each time it is told.

Storytellers

Those who tell the folklore again and again

Active Bearer

Knows the story and can retell it

Passive Bearer

Knows the story, can't retell it.

Oral Narrative

Spoken. Subtly changed in each retelling. Reshaped by teller in interaction with listeners. Myth, Legends, urban legends, folktales, family stories,

Myth

"True Tale" in greek. Sacred narrative. Involves supernatural characters.

Legend

- Set in historical times

- Something noteworthy happens

- Ex. George Washington and the Cherry Tree

Folktale

- Make-believe world

- “Once upon a time…”

- “stock” characters

Family Stories

Shapes family identity. Tells you something about who you are/where you come from. Models/morals of how to behave. Links to history/place; explain status.

Intertextuality

The relationship between texts, esp. literary ones

Urmilaji

Storyteller in Monday's on the Dark Night of the Moon. Had over 21 stories in her repertoire.

Repertoire

The whole body of items that are readily performed.

Women's Ritual Folktales (book)

Across the seven seas (geese),Daughter my little bread, First sour then sweet (god/poop), daughter in law with no groom, Frog Groom, Fragrant melon (mouse, girl), under berry bush (sour pudding), Female weevil (reincarnation), dog-girl,Skein woman,

Winter's Tales (book)

Stories you tell exclusively in the winter expanding on themes of karma, destiny, and rebirth.

Dharm

"that which upholds, supports or maintains the regulatory order of the universe". multifaceted Hindu concept that means virtue, customary obligations, duty, morality, righteousness, and justice. Varies from person to person.

Karma

Cycle of cause and effect in Indian culture. "The fruits of past action"

Honi

A condition from the stars. Acute, unexplained misfortunes. A shadow of the conscious mind.

Sharm

Women's bashful modesty. Associated with honor, linked to the practice of veiling.

Saili

· Calendric ritual (Five Days of Fasting)

· 11^th day of waxing moon through the full moon

· Saili or Tulsi-sacred basil goddess

Ritual

Repetitive, formalized action. Refers to sacred themes.

Symbol

Used in ritual. Something used or worshiped to again and again in order to bring about the desired result.

Magic

Equivalent to ritual. Used in situations of greater uncertainty.

Rites of Passage

Rituals that mark transitions. Mark life stages. 3 stages:

1. Separation

2. Threshold

3.Re-aggregation

Arnold Van Gennep

Ethnographer, studied rites of passage. Founder of folklore studies in France.

3 Stages of Rite

Separation: remove the subject from his/her family/everyday life

Threshold: in-between

Re-Aggregation: Return to society

Liminality (Threshold)

Homogeneity: no status, no role

Anonymity

Nakedness or special costumes

Sexual continence or excess

Period to reflect on the key values of society

Communitas

· Groups stepping aside form society

- Communal feeling "we"

· Periods separated from everyday routines

Anti-Structure

Many original rules are suspended. Different set of rules are in place.

Guising

Costumes. Serves the purpose of anonymity

Victor Turner

Anthropologist working with rites of passage, rituals, and symbols. Expanded on liminality

Anthropology of Religion

Holistic, universalistic, comparative, contextual.

Holistic

Sees religion as entwined in other spheres of culture and social life.

Universalistic

pertains to all societies, all religions.

Comparative

Develops concepts across all religions

Contextual

Interprets facts through cultural contexts

Travels to other "worlds" in trances. Retrieves souls, can heal. Dancing, drugs, drumming invoked trances, Meditates with spirits

Ancestor of a clan. Nonhuman object, animal, plant. Watches over community. Originating with Ojibwe.

Dreamtime

Sacred time of creation when totemic beings moved through the landscape. Land and nature shaped by them.

Taboo

Forbidden activities. both dangerous and powerful. Forbidden by many religions (food, etc)

Purity

Pure/impure distinctions in religion (i.e. sex before marriage, etc.)

Pollution

Certain things "pollute" your soul, body. Impure acts

Danger

Direct effect of taking part in a taboo act.

Fetish

Objects with power also overvalued objects. Portuguese word, emerged in trade b/w Europe and Africa for objects (usually worn) that didn’tfit capitalist values

Black Harvest (Movie)

Set in Papua New Guinea. Joe Leahy wants to grow coffee beans, provides backing. Joe to receive 60% profits, natives 40%. Uprising. Cost of beans ^, profits decrease, Conflict occurs.

Globalization

A contemporary cultural, political and economic process involving world capitalism by which production and consumption are expanded to be worldwide in scope or application

Joe Leahy, Popina Mai, Ganiga Tribe

All included in the Black Harvest film. Joe Leahy was the backer, Popina Mai was the tribe's leader, and the Ganiga Tribe was the tribe in question.

Anthropology of Economics

Overall Desires/ Values/Goals of Life (Material v. Non Material)

Values in Everyday Decision Making

Conclusion: Fetishism of Commodities

Reciprocity

A system of mutual interaction involving the regular exchange of goods or services

EX: banana gift from the Gebusi to Bruce Knauft

EX: cell phone "flashing" in Nigeria

Commodity

Products such as food or fuel which can be traded for money or for other products

Consumable Commodity

Something that can be bought or sold, and then used up

Consumption

The dominant pattern of using goods or resources in order to satisfy needs/desires

Material vs. Non-Material goals

Material: the desire to accumulate things

Non-Material: the desire to accumulate values, relationships, power, etc.

Rationality vs. Illusion of Rationality

Rationality: The ends justify the means

Illusion of Rationality: Unjustifiable reasons "Well, someone HAD to eat the cookie, or it was going to go bad!"

Market Economy

an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

Prestige

Political Status: doing something just to further your own power

Ex: Potlatch

Potlatch

A large feast/ ceremony where gifts are given to show the power/wealth of a particular family

Cargo System

Religio-political status: collection of secular and religious positions held by men or households in Mexico

Merit Making

Better Rebirth: Southeast Asia, having a positive impact on the world so you have good karma

Hadj

Pilgrimage: Mecca. Greatest goal in the life of a Muslim

Exchange Value

Quantitative value of a thing.

Imagined Value

The perceived value of a thing. An attempt to justify an impulse/unnecessary buy

Commodity Fetishism

How a commodity can hide the social relations between producers and consumers

Amazon Journal (Brazil)

Documentary about the gold mining invasion on the Yanomami Indian Tribe in Brazil

Yanomami

Amazon Indian Tribe that is being taken advantage of and had their land taken from them with the use of gold mining. Massacre

Kayapo

Native Indians to Brazil. Resisted assimilation, fierce warriors. Logging and mining have taken a toll on their culture and their land. Rain forests have been destroyed.

Paiakan

Chief of the the Kayapo people in Brazil. Left his village to save it

Raoni Rajao

Professor who studied the Amazonian Indians in Brazil

Sting

Famous rock star who had major involvement in the protection of the rain forests

Altamira Protests

Native Brazilian Indians protest the construction of a hydroelectric dam on the Xingu River. The dam would provide power, but displace many thousands of natives

Eco-Activists

Those who advocate for the protection of the environment

Land demarcation

Marking off specific boundaries for a plot of land

Power of Images

A picture is worth 1000 words

Noble Savage

idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization.

Belo Monte Dam

The dam being build on the Xingu River. Displaces many, many people from their homes and destroys many square footage of rain forest

Domestic Dependent Nations

Indian nations are this. forced incorporation of the tribes within the geographical American nation, and their dependency on the federal government for protection. Have own laws. Trust obligations exist.

Trust Obligations

legal doctrine that has grown out of treaties and other dealings between the United States and Indian tribes. include the provision of health, education and other services to Indian people

Ojibwe indigenous Worldview

· A world full of spirits

· Feast the spirits

· Maintaining society

Tribes

Legal entities that have binding trust obligations with the government

Treaty Rights

Treaties give Indians rights for land, hunting,culture

Cessions of Land

Formal giving up of Indian land

Usufruct Rights

legal right to use and derive profit or benefit from property that either belongs to another person or which is under common ownership, as long as the property is not damaged or destroyed.

Reservation

Area of land managed by a Native American tribe in accordance with the US Government

Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission

Represents 11 Ojibwe tribes who reserved hunting, fishing, and gathering rights in the late 19th century. Strives to provide opportunities for tribal members to exercise treaty rights throughout the ceded territories

Group Position Theory

"people like me" are losing ground relative to "them". People are more likely to join a group position than form an individual stand on their own.

Role

Your niche in society

Status

Your perceived social ranking

Hierarchy

Social ladder

Social Marginalization

The social process of becoming or being made marginal (insignificant)

Power

Maintained through domination, ideology, hegemony.

Domination

rule by coercive force

ideology

formal, articulated system of meanings, values and beliefs. Overt justification for domination.

Hegemony

rule by persuasion by people in dominant positions

Counter-hegemony

Resistance; attempts to dismantle hegemonic power. Confrontation to traditional status quo.

Antonio Gramsci

Made the distinction between classes/domination

Caste

birth ascribed status. From portuguese word "casta":pure bread

Varna

"estate"; 4 broad categorizations:

Brahman: priests

Kshatriya: warriors

Vaishya: traders

Shudra: Laborers

Hindu system

Jati

how caste plays out at the local level; "kind"; sub-caste

Hindu system

Untouchables

justified by the ideology of purity and pollution. Polluting work: involving body processes (midwife, washermen). Did not want to be touched by the upper castes

Dalit

broken, smashed. designation for the untouchables. Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of numerous castes from all over South Asia; they speak a variety of languages and practice a multitude of religions.

Race

social contstruction

Racism

intolerance of another race

ethnicity/ethnic group

a group of people within a larger society which a distinct cultural or historical identity; ethnicity is a common mechanism of social separation in complex heterogeneous societies.

Apartheid

racial segregation; specifically : a former policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in the Republic of South Africa

Class

an economically, socially, and politically similar group of people (e.g. middle class)

Structural violence/structural oppression

a form of violence where a certain social structure or social institution purposefully harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs.

Political Economy

Economics; the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management

Structure vs. Agency

Structure: social institutions and patterns of organizations

Agency: The means, capacity, condition, or state of exerting power

Puerto Rican Immigrants in El Barrio

They experience socio-economic and political exclusion. Very difficult to make money where they are living (east Harlem) so the majority of them resort to buying/selling drugs/crime/gangs etc.

Formal economy

economic activity that is regulated by the State and which is documented in government statistics.

Informal economy

The informal sector is economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government, and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP), as opposed to a formal economy.

Underground Economy

The part of a country's economic activity that is unrecorded and untaxed by its government. Usually including illegal activity.

Street Culture

The social norms on the street. Includes clothing, slang, who to respect, etc.

Cultural/Symbolic Capital

forms of knowledge, both tangible and intangible, that have value in a given society in relation to status and power. how people engage each other and their resources.

Culture of Poverty

Social theory explaining the cycle of poverty. Do-anything-you-can-to-survive mentality.

Culture of Terror

some in society incite fear in the general public to achieve political goals. (Ray in In Search of Respect)

Urban Jibaro

the term used to describe the combination of an urban ghetto resident and a jibaro. The term is a distinct reminder of the unique identity, issues, and historical roots of many Puerto Ricans living in the urban ghettos of the US.

Jibaro

Traditional Puerto Rican Farmer

Respeto

"respect" demanded from those in higher positions of social power in the ghetto. Know where the respect lies.

Research Ethics

Complex category. Including: Informed consent, cost/benefit for subjects, maintain impartiality, guarantee confidentiality, create valid & balanced representations.

Informed consent

Subjects need to know they are participating and that they can opt in/out at any time.

Cost-benefit analysis

Do not harm your subjects. Ensure a benefit to their participation

Maintaining Impartiality

Remain unbiased when recording/writing

Guaranteeing Confidentiality

Their participation will have no affect on their daily lives. Whatever they disclose to the anthropologist will stay with the anthropologist.

Valid and Balanced Representations

Do not favor one side of the issue. Also, don't change one side's opinions to better fit your argument.

Participant Observation

the researcher goes to the field (usually a community), lives with the people for some time, and participates in their activities in order to know and feel their culture.

Observant Participation

Intense involvement in the culture they are studying.

Displacement

Being moved from your home by force (DAM)

Shanty Towns

A slum settlement of impoverished people (sometimes illegal)

Cultural Broker

person who facilitates the border crossing of another person or group of people from one culture to another culture

Rapport

A close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other's feelings or ideas and communicate well.

Obligations to research participants

You have ethical obligations as an anthropologist but you are not personally obligated to significantly change their lives in any way.

Interethnic Violence

Violence within an ethnic groups

EX: Nuer and Dinka ( Sudanese cultures that border each other)

Service Sectors

In Search of Respect: The New York-born Puerto Ricans are the descendants of farmers to laborers on plantations, to factory workers, to sweatshop workers, to service sector employees. Minimum-wage job

elopement

running away to get married with someone you love. Sometimes occurs

Inverted Patriarchy

Women taking power in the way that men currently do

Autonomy

Independence or freedom, a self-governing society

Ataque de Nervios

A culturally-specific syndrome (Hispanic) that closely resembles a panic attack

Medical Anthropology

Used to understand the normal or ideal human body. Impose human meaning on naturally occurring phenomena.

Seropositivity

Of a person whose blood has been tested for a disease (AIDS) that comes back positive

Serostatus

a term used to refer to the presence or absence of specific substances in the blood serum. Most commonly, this medical test is looking for specific antibodies in an effort to diagnose a particular disease.

AIDS/HIV/Sida in Haiti

Haiti has the largest population of AIDS sufferers in the Caribbean. Sida (French for AIDS) was not obtained through gay sex or IV drug use. Haiti is a unique risk group for AIDS.

Factors of transmission

HIV/AIDS can be spread through unprotected sex, sharing of needles, contact of blood from an infected person to an uninfected person. Gay men have the highest risk.

Marye/plase/plasaj

In Rural Haiti:

marye- joined by civil or religious marriage

plase- joined in a conjugal union that incurs significant and enduring obligations b/w partners

plasaj- most common in Haiti, polygamous, significant in the spread of HIV

epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

Cell Phones in Nigeria

Cell phones are a symbol of wealth and high status because they are rare and expensive. call credit is valuable, so people do "flashing" to avoid having to pay for their own calls. Texting is popular, but a call shows commitment to a relationship

Micropolitics of social inequality

Cell phone's create a sphere of inequality and status relating to cell phone use.

Asante Market Women (Ghana)

The matrilineal system of Asante society means that inheritance moves from a man to his sister's children. The traders have gone to work to protect themselves against this possibility, pay for their children's education, maintain their independence.

Queen Mothers

The "top-dogs" in the Asante Market in Ghana. They are leaders of particular sections of the market and have other women work under their authority. Elected by the traders

Kumasi Market in Ghana

Ashanti region. Large market with lots of traders. 2nd largest in the country

Bronislaw Malinowski

Popularized the idea of doing fieldwork, participant observation, getting the native's POV. Interested in Kula trading

Kula Ring

Gift-giving:

Counter clockwise travel: arm band

Clockwise travel: necklace

Marcel Mauss

Wrote "the Gift"

Uses the Kula to exemplify what gifts do to relationships: obligations are created

"The poison of the gift"

Gift obligations

Someone gives you something, you have to give them something too.

Different types of reciprocity

Generalized Reciprocity

Altruistic, nothing is expected in return. (Charity)

Balanced Reciprocity

Exchange. Awkwardness in imbalance

Negative Reciprocity

Something in exchange for nothing (without altruistic intentions)

Reciprocity exchange system

exchange of goods and services

Redistribution exchange system

movements of goods back to a center and thenre-allotted back to consumer-producers

ex: Taxation

Market exchange system

exchanges of goods at prices based on supply anddemand

Money

symbolic medium of exchange

Capitalism

Investment of money to make a profit. Requires; movable capital, market, supply/demand, mobile wage labor, work v. leisure

Capital

a form of wealth

Labor

work for wages

Production/Consumption

Law of supply/demand

Final Exam

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