FINAL EXAM

Zoology 101 with Thoma, Sharon at University of Wisconsin - Madison

About this deck

By: Laura Minard
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)

Study Card for Campbell-Reece Biology Seventh Edition
Created: 2010-05-06
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 394

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What was the name of Darwin's boat?

HMS Beagle

(1831-1836)

Where did Darwin do his research?

Galapagos Islands in South America

volcanic islands with extremes in climate, vegetation, and animal life

Who was the naturalist that developed the same theory of natural selection as Darwin at the same time?

Alfred Russell Wallace

of a more meager upbringing

Where did Wallace do his research?

Southeast Asia

traveled through out the Malay Archiplegao

What was the common source of inspiration for Darwin and Wallace?

Thomas Malthus's Essay on Population

led both of them to the same idea of natural selection

What were the two main tenets of Darwin and Wallace's theories?

1. Descent with modification
2. Natural Selection

species present today descended from ancestral species

descent with modification

1. small scale= change within a lineage (microevolution)
-antibiotic resistance
-differences in bill length
2. large scale= formation of a new species (macroevolution)

the mechanism responsible for change in a species over time

natural selection

presence of a similar feature in different species because of descent from a common ancestor

homology

species descended from a common ancestor show different modifcations of the same basic features (ex arms are different in humans, cheetas, whales, and bats)

ex. hair is a homologous feature all mammals share

what makes genetic engineering possible?

ALL organisms have the same genetic code

part of a protein found in all life

elongation factor alpha

who developed our current ssytem of nomenclature as nested groups?

Linneaus

term for the development from a fetilized egg to mature form

ontogey

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

ex most chordates start out fish like then become terrestrial

exception: whales (begin to form hind limbs and then reabsorb them)

quirky features of organims that make little functional sense today, but can be explained historically

imperfections (bad design)

ex. testes--can cause problem for ureters because on teste is wrapped around the ureter when testes descended

degerate or underdeveloped structures that are reduced in size and function because they are no longer required, although some remnants are still visable

vestigial structures

occur in all members of a species

differences WITHIN species

variation

differences AMONG species

diversity

do individual organisms change?

no. the proportion of organisms in that population with a particular trait changes

What are the requirements for natural selectioN/

1. variation
2. inheritance
3. overproduction (not a requirement, but often the case)
4. mortality--more born that can servive to reproduce
5. differential reproduction

natural populations produce more individuals that the environment can support

overproduction

those individuals with favored traits will leave more offspring (with those traits)

differential reproduction

a change in representation (of a trait) over generations

evolve/ evolution

What are the three requirements for natural selection that are both necessary and sufficient for evolution to occur

1. variation
2. inheritance
3. differential reproduction

as pointed out by Darwin

who proposed that natural selection is the cause of mimicry among South American butterflies?

Henry Walter Bates

populational selection that changes the average value of a trait when one extreme is selected against

directional selection

ex. slower animals ge preyed/weeded out and future generations are breeded faster because slow ones don't reproduce

populations slection that acts on traits in which both extremes are selected against

stabilizing selection

ex. traits used in mate identification
ex. mammalian gestation period (mortality of mom ^ as gestation period is on either extreme because birth is so complicated---modern medicine has warped this gap phenomenon though)

populational selection i whichthe most common of the population is selected against

disruptive selection

Who did Darwin marry?

Emma Wedgwood

exhibited a list of "trade offs" between marrying/not marrying her

systematic difference in form (morphology) between the males and females of a particular species

sexual dimorphism

Darwin proposed that this evolved through sexual selection

This process operates on characters that help organisms obtain mates, but are of little value, or possibly disadvantaeous, in day-to-day survival

sexual selection

what are the 2 processes involved in sexual selection?

1. mate choice (intersexual selection)
2.intrasexual selection

a place where males gather at tradtional display ground

"lek"

strategies employed by each sex to ensure reproductive success

sex roles

females: choosy, discriminating
males:aggressive, competititve, flashy, less discriminating

Do males or females have greater reproductive potential?

males-dont' have to carry the offspring, so can produce more

Who was rthe record man who fathered the most children?

Mlai Ismail (1646-1727)

342 daughters
525 sons

Who was the record woman who mothered the most children?

a russian peasant in the 18th century

69 children (through multiple births)

what factors serve to distinguish between species?

1. physical differences
2. variation within species
3. sexual differences
4. age-related differences
5. seasonal differences

What three underlying principles define the biological species concept?

1. groups of populations that can exchange genes
2. produce fertile offspring
3. are reproductively isolated from other such groups

What are the types of pre-mating reproductive isolating mechanisms?

1. mechanical isolation
2. temporal isolation
3. ecological isolation (1 type thrives in dry, other in wet)

What type of post-mating barrier is in place if mating does occur?

gametic isolation-- gametes don't merge

if you only find a particular species of birds on an isolated island, then these birds are said to be what____to the island?

endemic

the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another

gene flow

If a population of a species radiates out ot a distinct island, adaptto the new infironment and significantly reduce the amount of gene flow for many generations, their ability to reproduce with each other may cease...what is this an example of?

allopatric speciation

due to adaptive radiation

geographic isolation

what type of speciation occurs when there is no geographic isolation?

sympatric speciation

What type of speciation is occurring if tw populations coexist next to eachother for thousands of years and them speciate

paraptric speciation

spontaneous polyploidy in a single individual

autopolyploidy

induced polyploidy via hybridization and meiotic disfunction

allopolyploidy

the effect of gamete number going wrong and producing more than 2 paired homologous chromosomes

polyploidy

ex. wheat, cotton, peanuts, potatoes, oats, soybeans, tobacco, strawberries, banana, coffee

What is the age of the earh?

4.55 billion years old

what percent of species that have ever lived are now extinct

>99%

the result of background extinctions and
5 major mass extinctions in the Paliozoic era

extinction do to the general processes of natural/sexual selection

background extinction

when more than 50% of families living at the time go extinct

mass extinction

1.high magnitude
2. relatively brief duration (a few million years or less)
3. global (across countries) influence

whih extinction was the most severe ever?

late Permian mass extinction

>50% families and >80% species extinct

mostly marine invertebrates died

mammal like reptiles that are ancestors to mamals

therapsids

what characterized the Late Permian land mass?

Pangea--supercontinent (result of continental drift)---resulted in decreased oppotunity for diversity

lack of endemism

What caused the Late Permian mass extinction?

1. massive relase of H2S (poisoning; ozone depletion)
2. massive release of methane hydrate (global warming)
3. volcanis (darkness, then warming--> acid rain)

(all physical geological changes)

who were the vicitms of hte Late Cretaceous mass extinction?

dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs (1st to develop flight), rudist (reef)

an evolutionary "throwback" that only occur occasionally in members of a species

ex. human babies with tails

atavisms

development of body parts in the wrong place

homeotic mutants

ex. Homeobox (Hox) genes

genes that are the same in all animals that shape the development of body regions at different positions along the body axis

Hox genes

all hox genes share a 180 base-pair sequenc that is identical in all Hox genes

a type of Hox gene that regulates limb development

Antennapedia (Antp)

if mutated, it would form legs in the region where it is expressed (like on the head)

a GAIN of function

a specific Hox gene that regulates the formation of the wings

Ultrabithorax (Ubx)

if it loses its function, the knobbed structure, called the Haltere turns into a new set of wings

genes that are a family of tissue specific transcription factors containing a partial or complete homeodomain

paired box (Pax) genes

a type of Pax gene that triggers eye development by truning on the other 2500 genes responsible for eye formation (this is a switch gene)

Pax-6

highly evolutionarily conserved

evidenced by the fact taht flies can express homologous mouse eye genes

a mutation in Pax-6 in which an organism can no longer signal the correct formation of eyes

Aniridia

the study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions between organsims and their environment

ecology

a group of idnividuals of hte same species that live in the same area

population

1.rely on similar resources
2.influenced by similar environmental factors
3. are likely to ineract and interbreed iwth each other

CAN EVOLVE

a population different species in an area

community

a community plus physical factors with which those species interact

ecosystem

number of individuals per unit area or volume

density

limted by resources, disease, parasites, predators, etc.

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundary ofthe population

dispersion

pattern of spacing among populations within the boundary of the species

population struture

demographics

dynamic changes in population numbers over time

population growth rates

a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead

cohort

the total potential for reproduction ( as deterined by gamete production, fertilization, successful development)

fecundity

the higher one's fecundity--> the lower one's chances of survival

the more eggs made (more energy used), the lower probability of having enough energy to survive

the acual number of offspring born

fertility

(proportion breeding females per age class) X (# female offspring)

reproductive output

the name given to an organism that reproduces once in their lifetie

semelparous

the name given to an organism that produces 2 or more times during their lifetime

iteroparous

number of offspring produced during each round of reproduction

clutch size

according to Thomas Malthus's theory, the point when resources available are equal to the population growth

point of crisis

rate of population expansion under ideal conditions

exponential growth

G=rN

r= rate of increase
N= population size

number of individuals in a population that the environment can maintain

carrying capacity (K)

K-N= # of individuals we can add without passing the carrying capacity

the amount of land and water needed to produce all the resources we consume and absorb the waste we produce

ecological footprint

what would be the estimated carrying capacity of the world if everyone lived as we do

1.4 billion

prediction for 2050 is 10.7 billion

reciprocal evolutionary change between species

coevolution

how an organism makes a living; requirements that determine ecological habits of a species (sex, age-class, etc.0

niche

co-existing species tend to have unique

fundamental niche= all theresources species can possibly use
realized niche= the subset of resources it actually uses

intimate ecological contact between two species

symbiosis
1. mutualism= both species benefit
2. commensalism = 1 benefits, the other isn't harmed
3. parasitism = 1 benefits, the other is harmed

species in a community that are most abundant or have the highest biomass (total mass of all individuals in a population)

dominant species

-most competitive in exploiting limited resources
- most successful at avoiding predation or disease

species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its abundance

keystone species

ex. sea star on mussel and diversity of ocean floor

species that cause physical change in the environment

foundation species

ex. beavers build dams that cause the forest floor to be a flooded wetland