quiz 4

2 types of coping strategies

cognitive
noncognitive

cognitive coping strategies

involves rethinking the material in some way- attempts to make yourself less scared by rethinking the situation

noncognitive coping strategies

does not involved rethinking the material (for example: leaving, hugging someone, eating) (distraction, avoidance, physical comfort, desensitization)

In the Wilson et al. (1987) study, how did children’s perceptions of which strategies would be effective vary with age?

noncognitive coping strategies decreased over time, and cognitive strategies increased over time - more likely to tell themselves that it wasn't real or talk with parents

In the Harrison & Cantor reading – how did retrospective reports of coping strategies used vary with age at the time?

as age increases, behavioral coping strategies decreases; as age increases, cognitive coping strategies increase

What explanation did Zillmann et al. (1986) explore in their study of enjoyment of scary content?

disposition theory - we don't like when bad things happen to our favorite characters - we want good things to happen to favorite characters

How did self-reports of where students learned most about love and relationships vary with age? What were the main changes?

over time, learned more from friends and magazines, tv, school, and partner (increased), what you learned from mother and father decreased (harris lecutre 21) - learned nothing from father

in the small ethnographic study by brown 1993 of middle-class girls and their bedrooms, what did she report about how interest and responses to sexual media content varied by physical development?

girls who had menstruated were more likely to choose media with sex and thought it was more appropriate than girls that had not yet menstruated

in the brown 2005 study, summarize how interest in sex-related content and exposure to sex-related content varied by physical development.

interest increases with physical development (rather than age)

what groups were studied in the brown 2005 study?

white and african american girls in all types of areas that were 12-15 years old

What did the authors suggest still really needed to be investigated more systematically (in the Brown 2005 study)?

relationship between reliance on media for sex education and how comprehensive sex education is at schools

in the 2009 brown study, what age groups were studied?

1074 7^th and 8^th graders and interviewed them two years later - longitudinal study

in the 2009 brown study,how did they measure SEM exposure?

how often they saw x-rated movies or read playboy/playgirl in past 12 months, how often they had seen pics of naked people

in the 2009 brown study, which of the five outcome variables were significantly predicted by exposure to SEM two years earlier for males?

five outcomes: permissive sexual norms, gender role, oral, sex, sexual intercourse, and sexual harrassment ; significately predicted outcomes by exposure were oral sex, intercourse, sexual harrassment, permissive sexual norms

in the brown 2009 study, how did effect sizes for SEM compare to effect sizes for baseline attitudes and behaviors (for females)?

gender roles, oral sex, and sexual intercourse

in the 2009 brown study, which of the five outcome variables were significantly predicted by exposure to SEM two years earlier for males?

sexual norms, gender role attitudes, sexual harrassment all predicted by baseline attitudes

in the brown 2009 study, How did effect sizes for SEM compare to effect sizes for baseline attitudes and behaviors for females?

sex norms, gender roles, harrassment

Overall, do effects seem to be stronger or more prevalent for males or females (in the 2009 brown study)?

for males

for the collins study, What three processes were being considered as ways in which exposure to SEM might affect intercourse initiation? Make sure you understand what these actually mean

safe sex self efficacy
negative outcome expectancies
perceived norms

for the collins study, which of the three processes seems to be most predictive? That is which has the highest numbers?

safe sex self-efficacy

for the collins study, which of the three is least predictive? (smallest numbers?)

negative outcome expectancies are the least predictive

for the collins study, overall, how does sexual activity vary by media exposure (controlling for other variables)?

for non coital and intercourse, over time, the increase in these practices is more positive with tv - higher exposure the more likely you are to participate

for the collins study, how does the effect of media exposure (the gap between those with high vs. low exposure) seem to vary by age?

it varies because for noncoital activities they have higher numbers at an earlier age - bigger of gap for gential touching

what does the chandra article say about the negative consequences of teen pregnancy for teen mothers

less likely to have effective parenting skills or adequate social support from parents

what does the chandra article say about the negative consequences of teen pregnancy for teen fathers

have less education

what does the chandra article say about the negative consequences of teen pregnancy for children of teen mothers/fathers

higher risk for low birth rate, limited fine motor skills, lower math and reading skills, more likely to drop out of high school

what was the sample in the chandra study

Youths 12-17 years old (longitudinal study);

in the chandra study, what proportion of the sample (boy or girl) were involved in a pregnancy within the course of the study?

14% had reported or were responsible for pregnancy

in the chandra study, briefly describe how they measured exposure to sexual content on TV.

How frequently they had watched 23 programs over the course of a season

in the chandra study, if you look at Table 2, what are the significant predictors of getting pregnant?

Exposure to sex on tv ; being black, female, intention to have kids before age 22, and being deviant also positively related

what is the basic perception in third person effect?

people tend to believe that others are more influenced by media messages than themselves and then act on those influences

what are the two parts of the third person hypothesis?

people believe that others more affected than themselves
people believe that others will act

What sorts of third person perceptions and behaviors were being studied in the Lo & Wei reading?

do people think that males are more influenced by porn than females and how does this relate to support of censorship

what is the first person perception

person that is evaluating thinks that they are not affected if the message can have negative effects, but they think that they are more affected if they perceive positive effects

what explanations are there for the first person perception?

self enhancement: makes us feel good about ourselves- we want to be paternal
attribution error (see what this is)
social distance corollary

what is the social distance corollary?

the more distant a referent is, along either geographic or sociodemographic dimension, the greater the self other perceptual gap (the more we know ourselves and the less we know about others)

In the meta-analysis by Sun & Pan, how did effect sizes vary by the nature of the effect (undesirable, ambiguous, desirable)?

largest among undesirable condition and smallest in the desirable condition --> believed others are more influenced than yourself for undesirable adn ambiguous messages

for the lo and wei reading, did people perceive internet pornography to have more effects on others than themselves?

yes there was a third person perception

for the lo and wei reading, did people think that men were more affected than women

yes

for the lo and wei reading, how did men and women differ in their perceptions of effects on men?

women thought the effects would be greater for men more so than men

for the lo and wei reading, Did most people think that they themselves were unaffected by internet pornography

no - more people think there is a high effect on themself than a low affect on themself

for the lo and wei reading, Did most people think there weren’t really effects of internet porn?

700 believe there little effect on others and themsleves - people believe there is little effect on self and others

for the lo and wei reading, be able to explain the relationships depicted, particularly those involving actual use of internet porn and those involving perceptions of effects.

strong predictor for censorship - more exposure --> less support; more likely to support censorship if you think there is an effect on yourself and if you think it has an effect on other males you will support censorship

What does Gibbons argue are the key characteristics of how youths make health-related decisions in the prototype willingness model?

behaviors not rational or intentional, youths seldom engage in such behaviors alone, behavior related to clear social images

in the dalton study, what was the media exposure variable that the researchers were studying?

movie smoking (how many you had seen of the 50) and smoking initiation

in the dalton study, what evidence was there of effects?

with high exposure, you are 4.31 times more likely to intiate smoking (fourth quartile= high exposure) - findings that: yes people are affected by seeing smoking

in the dalton study, How did effects vary by whether the parents smoked?

effect of exposures to smoking movie is stronger when they have non-smoking parents - if parents not smoking, you are more influenced by the media

What is the presumed influence hypothesis? How does it fit with but differ from the third person effects hypothesis?

people who perceive that mass media can powerfully influence others may react to that perception- differs from third person effects hypothesis because

for the gunther reading, how strong was the direct effect of exposure to pro-smoking content?

the effects were very strong

for the gunther reading, How strong was the direct effect of exposure to anti-smoking content?

lower effects - no effects

for the gunther reading, How did these compare to the indirect effects

more direct effects for pro smoking ads when you look at peer exposure and perceived peer smoking prevalence

for the gunther reading,

how accurate were teens in their perceptions of peer smoking?

teens notoriously overestimate their peers smoking

What did the Burdette & Whitaker study of neighborhood safety and amount of exercise suggest about this hypothesis?

this hypothesis incorrect- people that were in low safety areas do not exercise less and are not more likely to be overweight

What evidence was there for the idea that TV viewing may cause obesity by displacing time spent exercising for children and teens

found no substantive relationship between year to year changes in tv viewing and changes in leisure-time moderate/vigorous physical activity, there were no material associations in age or gender subgroups, findings suggest that tv viewing and leisure-time physical activity are separate constructs, not functional opposites

What evidence was there for the idea that TV viewing may cause obesity by displacing time spent exercising for adults

not a lot of support for less exercise causing people to be obese- this was from the nurses study

What evidence was there for the idea that TV viewing may cause children to demand more unhealthy foods?

tv --> ads --> misinformation about what is healthy --> demand unhealthy foods ; no real evidence of it

Look at the Ward & Wackman study – how are media variables related to children’s requests and mothers’ yielding?

mothers' yield 50% percent of the time - increases as child's age increases (so does demands)

Taveras study – what did TV/video viewing time predict even after controlling for background variables?

after controls odds shrank; but odds were pretty good that they were going to eat out once a week - 22% going out to eat 1/week

blass:The authors are trying to explain the link between TV viewing and obesity. What is their main hypothesis that they’re trying to test in this paper?

trying to see if tv influences people to eat more while they watch - watching tv leads to more food intake which leads to obesity

blass: Each person eats two meals for the study. What do they watch/listen to for each meal? Why measure the same person twice?

participants ate one while watching tv and one while listening to a symphony - they wanted to see if people ate a lot anyway regardless of watching tv

blass: What were the judgments and behaviors that they measured?

they looked at the intervals between slices of pizza and how often people ate a bite in a 30 second interval for mac and cheese

blass: What was the effect of condition on amount of food and liquids consumed?

for both meals, participants ate more food during their tv viewing experience than during their music listening experiece

blass: Take a look at Figure 3 and the description of Figure 3 – what was happening with forkfuls of macaroni and cheese?

although bites/30 seconds decreased over time, initially, the tv viewers took many more bites at the beginning of the program

blass: Take a look at Figure 4 and the description of Figure 4. What was happening to rate of pizza eating and time between slices?

rate of time between slice not affected by condition

blass: How did people differ in their feelings of satiety and palatability between listening/viewing conditions?

greater feelings of satiety with tv than with music; ***

blass: What predicted eating patterns – did the participants’ BMI or their self-reported eating patterns (e.g., whether they’re on a diet) affect their patterns?

no obvious relationship between BMI and amount eaten for pizza and mac and cheese **

what media phenomenon was Nabi studying for body image?

reality programs depicting plastic surgery

what effect was nabi considering?

exposure to reality programs' depiction of plastic surgery encourages viewers to seek out and undergo unnecessary and perhaps even dangerous, cosmetic enhancement procedures

what population was nabi considering?

sample from undergraduate students - population : persons who are exposed to reality programs : could be cultivation theory, social cognitive theory (if you identify with them), or social comparison

what evidence was there for cultivation in the nabi study?

no significant evidence for cultivation (exposure did not predict acceptance of the procedures)

in the nabi study, Upward social comparison & desire for such procedures?

these were related - upward social comparison (comparing yourself with people that are better than you) led to desire for invasive procedures
(slide 14)

in the nabi study, Downward social comparison and self-enhancement?

(downward social comparison means you are comparing yourself with those that are worse)- weak relationship or no relationship

in the nabi study, what does figure 1 show (social cognitive theory)

identifying with someone in the show and the likelihood of undergoing invasive procedures- if you perceive there is a low positive outcome and identify with character, does not mean you will adopt surgery - with high positive perceptions you are more likely to adopt procedures as your identification goes up

What did the Fouts & Buggaf content analysis find about the relationship between female characters’ body size and the reactions their character got on the program?

thin female characters get more positive comments from male characters than heavy female characters; the heavier the female characters were, the more negative comments they got from male characters- over all there were more thin people

Consider the two content analyses of Playboy/Playgirl. Overall what did the studies suggest about “Ideal” body proportions for women? for men?

over time, bust and waist have stayed the same (ideals), but the ideal for hips has gotten smaller (in women); men have gotten much more muscular

In the Harrison (2003) study, how did exposure to thin-ideal content predict women's desired bodies? men's notions of what was attractive?

depended on bust size (if their's were bigger then they wanted smaller ones); men's notions did not change

in the harrison study 2003, how did exposure to thin-ideal content, women’s vs. men’s support for liposuction and breast surgery – for whom were the relationships stronger?

more stronger support for these procedures among women than men

stice: What was new about this study? How were they studying the effects of media exposure?

randomly assigned condition with experiment - 17 mag sent to random people - measured pressure to be thin, social support, thin ideal internalization, body disatisfaction, dieting, LONGITUDINAL

what affect did stice's manipulation have?

the experimental manipulation did not show any significant main effects on growth in the five outcomes over the 20 month period

who experienced the strongest effects from stice's manipulation?

people with low social support and also got the magazine had strongest effects; people with pressure to be thin and got magazine also had strongest effects

for the tiggerman study, Overall, how much evidence is there of an effect of exposure to different genres on the outcomes listed across the top

soaps and informational media have the biggest effects on internalization and drive for thinness for males - in females, only soaps has the biggest effects on internalization, drive for thinness and appearance schemas

for the tiggerman study,

Which predictor variable along the left most strongly and consistently predicted the outcome variables?

social learning most strongly predict internalization, drive for thinness, appearance schemas, bulimia, drive for muscularity

for the botta study, To what extent does total TV exposure predict each outcome?
What about exposure to thin ideal content?

does not really predict each outcome for total tv exposure, but exposure to thin ideal has bigger effects on body disatisfaction and bulimic action tendencies

bardone: Briefly summarize what you see as the key features of pro-anorexia websites?

ana creed and thin commandments, disclaimer, thinspiration pics, tips and tricks, discussion boards

bardone: What four things did the authors think might be moderators (variables that would alter the effects of exposure to the websites?

body size, dieting, perfectionism, thin ideal internalization

bardone : What were the different experimental conditions?

randomly assigned to websites: pro-ana website, fashion website, and home decor website

bardone:

did the pro-ana website make women Feel worse about themselves in general?

pro ana websites made them feel worse about them - more negative effect, lower self esteem socially and for appearance

bardone: did the website make women Feel fatter and more dissatisfied with their bodies?

yes- perceived themselves as heavier

bardone: did the website make women More likely to engage in weight-control behaviors?

yes for some weight control like less overeating, more exercise, more likelihood to think about weight , but not like others (food restriction, self-induced vomitting)

bardone: How did the effects vary by the hypothesized moderators

few moderator effects were found; only 5 interactions were significant

buijzen: What are the changes in children’s news environments that the authors note?

More violent depictions that are sensationalized and very graphic – war and terrorist related events

buijzen: What news event were the authors studying and what did they note about the nature of the coverage?

Assination of van gogh and the attacks on muslim institutions after- detailed news coverage of the event

buijzen: what emotional responses did they investigate

Fear, worry, anger and sadness

what is active parental mediation

parents talk about it, explained what happened, explained why it happened

what is restrictive parental mediation

whether or not children were allowed to read or watch tv about the event

what is coviewing

parents make comments during the program

what type of parental mediation did buijzen expect to be most effective in reducing emotional responses

expected active mediation to be more effective than restrictive mediation (did not look at social coviewing )

in the buijzen study,

what types of emotional responses did children experience the most?

They experienced fear the most and sadness the second most

in buijzen, How was age related to emotional responding? Was amount of news coverage a significant predictor of intensity of emotional responding?

Negatively related to emotional responding ; amount of exposure positively related to the reactions

in buijzen: The authors seem to argue that active mediation is good for younger viewers,but what do you notice about the patterns of responses for children whose parents use high active mediation

active mediation had a more positive relationship with reduciung fear

What about the effects restrictive mediation? What effects, if any, did it have?

it did not really have an effect on emotions at all

sparks and sparks:

Sensory delight/aesthetic theory of destruction

enjoyment of color and movement flows - wide agreement about the sensory pleasure and should be tested but think that other types of explanations have more evidence

sparks and sparks: sensation seeking

enjoyed because of intrinsic capabilities to satisfy the need for arousing stimulation – thinks that social factors might have more influence

sparks and sparkst:

Dispositional alignment/violating social norms

viewers of media entertainment react to the events on the screen in much the same way that they would react to the events if they witnessed them in real life – has been used to successfully predict emotional reactions of consumers to certain types of entertainment

sparks and sparks: evolution based gender differences

ineradicable part of human nature (men enjoy the violence and horror more than women)

sparks and sparks : What sort of things did they consider might be confounded (mixed up) with violence

Conflict, quality, sexual content

sparks and sparks: What did they conclude about evidence for this as a possible explanation of attraction to violence?

unanswered based on lit review

sparks and sparks: Desensitization/imaginal flooding – how might this be a motive? Evidence?: seeing it again helps you to be less afraid of it (because of are desensitized)

evidence said it might be an effective method

sparks and sparks: how might excitation transfer be a motive?

has considerable support in the context-

sparks and sparks: what do the authors conclude about the popularity of violence?

Not that popular- average viewing population would generate much less than what hollywood actually makes

in the zillman 1986 study on scary movies, under what conditions did males enjoy film most and under what conditions did women enjoy it

men liked it when women were distressed and females liked it when male showed mastery

In Kraut's early study of the effects of the Internet, how did Internet use affect family communication, loneliness, and depression? Which group was most negatively affected? What explanation did they give for these effects?

grew lonely and depressed; displaced strong ties - weak ties made

In the Valkenburg studies, which individuals tend to benefit the most from going online to communicate? That is, how do effects vary by initial levels of loneliness or social connectedness?

better well being when lonelier - moderated by loneliness

In the Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten study of the Dutch SNS (CU2) - what variable was key in determining how use of the site affected social self-esteem and well-being?

the tone of reactions

what are the "rich get richer" and "social compensation" hypotheses? Overall, which one received most support?

socially connected feel more connected;social compensation - used to compensate other forms of communication - rich get richer was more supported

Valkenburg found that early levels of instant messaging predicted later feelings of well-being and social connectedness. What was the intervening variable – that is, how (via what variable) did instant messaging have an impact on quality of friendships and social connectedness?

our resutls suggest that adolescents seem to use IM successfully to satisfy one of their most vital developmental needs: maintenance of existing friendships

quiz 4

Communication Arts 325 with Mares at University of Wisconsin - Madison

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