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Pathology
About this deck
By: Austin Kirby
Created: 2012-01-11
Size: 123 flashcards
Views: 53
Created: 2012-01-11
Size: 123 flashcards
Views: 53
About StudyBlue
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What is plant pathology
study of living entities and mechanisms by which they cause disease
What do pathologists study
Fungi, bacteria, mycoplasms, parasitic plants, viruses, nematodes, protozoa
Where are mycoplasms found
either xylem of phloem
Plant disorders are caused by a ________ or __________
excess or imbalance
Definition of disease
The malfunction of host cells or tissue and tissue that results from their continuous irritation by a pathogen agent or environmental factor
Most common symptom of every disease
Leaf spots
It is important to look at ________ when diagnosing a plant
roots
Stimulates cells to DIVIDE faster than norma
Hyperplasia
Stimulates cells to ENLARGE faster than normal
Hypertrophy
4 ways to classify plant disease
symptoms, organ affected, types of plants, pathogen
Does infectious disease spread?
yes
6 Infectious disease agents
fungi, prokaryotes, parasitic plants, viruses, nematodes, protozoa
6 things that cause non-infectious disease
Abnormalities, lack of oxygen, air pollution, nutrient deficiency, soil acidity, pesticides
How can you change the color of hydrangeas
altering pH
Will non-infectious disease get worse
no
The external and internal reaction or alteration of a plant as a result of a disease
Symptom
The pathogen or its parts seen on a host plant
sign
If you are brought a symptom, what should you do?
find a sign
What should you assume when a non-infectious disease is found?
Environment
First rule of Koch's postulate
Pathogen must be associated with all plants examined
2nd rule of Koch's postulate
Isolate pathogens in pure culture and describe morphologically
3rd rule of Koch postulate
Inoculate healthy plants with disease from pure culture
4th rule of Koch's postulate
Reproduce symptoms and reisolate pathogen from inoculated disease plant
First person to publish article on plant disease
Theophratus
Who associated a causal agent with a pathogen in 1729
Micheli
Who did a scientific experiment with manure
Tillet
What did tillet find about bunt of wheat
It is a contagious disease spread by infected seed
Who proved Bunt was caused by fungus
Prevost
Who figured out that late blight of potato was caused by a fungus
Debary
Who is the father of plant pathology
Debary
Who developed techniques for growing microbes in pure culture
Brefield
Who came up with Bordeux mixture
Millardet
What does a colored seed mean
it has been treated
Who developed fungicide
Tisdale
Who found fire blight of pear
Burrill
Who said bacteria DOES cause disease of plant
Smith
who said they did not believe that bacteria causes diseases of plants
Fisher
Who observed nematodes
needham
Who is the father of nematology
cobb
who reproduced TMV
mayer
Who concluded TMV is caused by a virus
beijerick
What are mycoplasms transmitted by
insects
Who observed spiroplasm
Davis
What was the last major plant disease in u.s.
Corn leaf blight
Infection of a plant by a pathogen
infectious disease
An organism that lives on or in another organism and obtains its food from that organism
Parasite
Removal of food from a host by a parasite
parasitism
Parasitism in which the association of the plant and microorganism is beneficial to both
symbiosis
Grow and reproduce in nature only in living host
obligate parasite
Lives most of life as a parasite but may grow saphrophytically on dead organic matter
Facultative saphrophite
Lives most of life on dead organic matter but can attack living plants
facultative parasite
live on dead organic matter
saphrophyte
most parasites that attack plants are ___________
fungi
A pathogen must be (Disease Triangle)
Virulent and abundant
Conditions must favor the ____________
Pathogen
Series of distinct events in every infectious disease that must occur in succession
Disease Cycle
8 steps of the disease cycle
Inoculation, pre-penetration, penetration, infection, invasion, growth, dissemenation, overwintering
Contact between plant and pathogen
Inoculation
Any part of the pathogen that can initiate infection
inoculum
Causes original infection
Primary inoculum
Produces 2nd infection
Secondary inoculum
Preventative aims to take care of what
primary inoculum
Sources of inoculum (5)
plant debris, soil, seed, weeds, nearby fields
Can viruses and mycoplasms escape from plant?
no
What can carry an inoculum (3)
Wind, water, insects
Prepenetration phenomena
Germination-hatching-attaching
3 ways penetration can occur
direct penetration, natural openings, wounds
What causes wounds
wind, hail, heat, frost, animals, equiptment
Process where pathogens establish contact with cells/tissues of the host and absorb nutrients
Infection
Symptoms are the result of an __________
infection
Time between inoculation and symptoms
Incubation period
An infection that does not produce symptoms immediately
Latent
Mycelium between cuticle and epidermis
subcuticular
Where is powdery mildew?
on surface of leaf
Mycelium grows directly into plant cells
intracellular mycelium
Mycelium grows between cells
intercellular
Infections that involve a single cell or small area of a plant
local infection
Pathogen spreads throughout entire plant. Enters at roots
systemic
How do fungi reproduce
spores
How do bacteria reproduce
fission
How do nematodes reproduce
eggs
How do pathogens disseminate
air, water, insects, humans
Survive in the soil as saphrophytes
soil inhabitants
Survive in soil for short period. live in association with host
soil transients
Single cycle pathogen
monocyctic
Multiple generation pathogen. Completes many disease cycles per yr.
Polycyclic
Pathogen make take several years to complete a life cycle
polyectic
4 ways pathogens can enter plants
mechanical, chemical, microbial toxins, growth regulators
By what means to nematodes attack a plant (stylet)
mechanical
Skeleton cell wall is made of ___________
cellulose
What degrades starch
amylase
Produce disease on plants not normally affected by certain pathogen
non host specific
Toxin that caused southern corn leaf blight
T-toxin
Toxin that causes black leaf spots on pears
AK toxin
Plant's first line of defense is the surface that includes ________ and __________
wax cuticle and hairs
Softening of plant tissue and seperation of individual cells
maceration
Naturally occurring compounds that act as hormones
Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene
Act in very small concentrations
Growth regulators
Plant pathogens cause an imbalance in __________
hormonal system
Hormone continually produced in plant tissue.
Auxin
Auxin affects __________ and __________
cell elongation and differentiation
Scientific name for crown gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
What promotes stem and root elongation
Gibberellins
What causes foolish disease of rice
gibberellins
Inhibits breakdown proteins and nucleic acid
cytokinins
__________ ___________ and ___________ cause increased levels of cytokinins
galls, smuts, rusts
Causes chlorosis and leaf abscission
Ethylene
inhibits growth. closes stomata
abscisic acid
Defense mechanisms formed in response to pathogen
histological defense structures
what do cork layers stop
pathogen, toxin, nutrients, delimited tissue
Gap between cell layers
abscission layer
What plugs xylem
Tyloses
What do gums do?
surround infected area and enclose pathogens
production of fungi toxic substances
phenolic
plants kill cell which kills pathogen
hypersensitive reaction
Inhibits fungal development but does not harm plant
phytoalexins
what produces phaseolin
bean
what produces glycollin
soybean
what produces gossypol
cotton
When photosynthesis goes down, what happens to respiration
goes up
1st response to pathogen
permeability
DNA turned to RNA
transcription
mRNA to proteins
translation
About this deck
By: Austin Kirby
Created: 2012-01-11
Size: 123 flashcards
Views: 53
Created: 2012-01-11
Size: 123 flashcards
Views: 53
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj