Music 120 Midterm

About this deck

By: Matt Watson
Created: 2012-01-18
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 225

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Medieval Period

450 - 1450 CE
Main Genre: Gregorian (Latin) Chant
Music was written for the voice w/o instrumental accompaniment
Polyphony gave rise to harmony in late MP

Renaissance Period

1450 - 1600 CE
Golden age of a capella music
Main genres: mass, chansons (secular songs), and the motet

Baroque Period

1600 - 1750 CE
Majority of BP was vocal but Instrumental music became important during this period
New genres of BP: opera and concerto

Classical Period

1750 - 1830 CE
Origin of two instrumental genres: symphony and string quartet

Pope Gregory the Great (1C)

Medieval Period
Leader of Roman Catholic church for 24 years
Allegedly is the author of all the anonymous chants of that time period
Codified Latin Chants

Hildegard von Bingen (MP), (1C)

One of the earliest composers that we have biographical info on
She was sent to a nunnery; had intense religious visions/experiences
Seen as a prophet
Music characterized as a psychedelic version of Latin Chant
Wrote "O Successores (You Successors)"

"O Successores (You Successors)"

Range of Hildegard's melody is wider than normal
Incorporates melismatic style

Anonymous IV (1D), (MP)

English Monk of the 14th century
Recognized Leonin and Perotin as masters who wrote the best 2, 3, and 4 part organum
As part of Notre Dame Cathedral he published Magnus Liber Organi: a collection of polyphonic works

Leonin (1D)

Earlier of the 2 masters of Notre Dame
Credited by Anonymous IV for having the best 2 part organum
Added a newly composed part to an existing chant melody
Lay the words on top of chant melody making it 2 part polyphony
Added vocal part had its own melodic/rhythmic identity

Perotin (1D)

Later of the 2 masters of Notre Dame
Made 3 and 4 part polyphonies
Stacks 2 or 3 vocal parts on top of existing chant melody
Wrote "Viderunt Omnes" a 4-part polyphony

Guillaume de Machaut (1D), (MP)

1st composer in Western music for which we have a complete corpus (portfolio)
Wrote poetry and wrote in the Rondo form; "ABaAabAB"
Author of "Puis qu'en oubli de vous" - written for his love
Author of Messa de Notre Dame: "Agnus Dei"

Messa de Notre Dame: "Agnus Dei"

Written by Machaut
First polyphonic treatment of the Mass Ordinary by any known composer
Established mass as a musical genre

Josquin de Prez (1E), (RP)

Regarded as Europe's greatest composer.
Work was extremely popular due to its being distributed by the publishing house of Ottaviano Petrucci: 1st printer to use typeset for the publication of polyphonic music
Wrote "Ave Maria...virgo serena" (a motet)

"El Grillo" - Josquin (1E)

Frotolla by Josquin about an amusing cricket
Humorous song

Frotolla (1E)

Italian secular song cultivated in the 15th and early 16th centuries
Most often written in homophonic style for three or four parts; upper voice carries main melodic idea
IMPORTANT forerunner of the Renaissance Italian madrigal

"Ave Maria...virgo serena" - Josquin (Listening Guide 1E)

Most popular of Josquin's motets
Staggered entrances and overlapping phrases of the four individual voices = best feature
Uses points of imitation

Points of imitation (1E list guide)

Successive entrances of the voices imitate one another's melodic ideals

Giovanni Palestrina (1E)

Saved polyphonic tradition in liturgical music by composing Pope Marcellus Mass (a work that demonstrated the compatibility of polyphony with a clear projection of text and meaning)
Palestrina style was the 1st to be consciously perserved in western music

Pope Marcellus Mass: "Kyrie" (1E)

Mass written by Palestrina that saved polyphonic music
Palestrina introduced musical from A B C
Each voice moves in conjunct motion: notes of each voice's melodic line smoothly ascend and descend

Thomas Weelkes (1E)

English composer famous for writing madrigals
Wrote "As Vesta Was Descending" - madrigal
Renaissance Period, 16th century

Claudio Monteverdi (2A) (RP/BP)

Fully developed the madrigal that Weelkes used
His madrigals were innovative and radical compared to others of his time
Published the first operatic masterpiece: "L'Orfeo"
Bridged the gap between renaissance and baroque periods

L'orfeo (2A listening guide)

First operatic masterpiece
Uses monody
Plot: Boy meets girl; boy loses girl; boy renounces "love" and consequently is ripped to shreds by Thracian women.

Monody (2A)

Songs for the solo voice with instrumental accompaniment
Two forms: aria and recitative
Refers specifically to early 17th century Italian songs in the style of aria and recitative

Orpheus/Orfeo (2A)

Son of a muse and god apollo.
He was the greatest of all musicians and could charm over any object, ex. rock, animal, lamp.

Euridice (2A)

Orpheus' wife
Bitten by viper on wedding night and died
Orpheus tried to save her from the underworld but looked back as she was leaving and she died again

La Musica

the personification of music

Henry Purcell (2B)

Wrote opera Dido and Aneas
English composer, worked for the king as organist at Westminster Abbey

Dido and Aneas (2B)

Opera composed by Purcell
Produced for a single performance at a girl's boarding school in Chelsea
Libretto written by Nahum Tate

Dido (2B)

Queen of Carthage
Loves Aneas

Aneas (2B)

King of trojans
Leaves Dido and she kills herself

Arcangelo Corelli (2D) (BP)

Violinist and composer, master of the sonata
Mastered all types of Baroque sonatas
1st major composer to specialize works to a specific instrument

Sonatas (2D) read again

Multi sectional works in which all sections were of same form.
Usually 4 separate movements
sonata de camera-Chamber sonata
--Dance related movements but intended for listening

Antonio Vivaldi (2D)

Most influential Italian composer in the first half of the 18th century
Influenced by Corelli's work
Known as "the red priest" for his hair
Musical director at the Pieta: state funded home for orphaned/abandoned girls

Vivaldi (cont)

Vivaldi published his famous set of four solo concerti (concertos) for violin and string orchestra and continuo, The Four Seasons.Vivaldi wrote nearly 450 concerti

Solo concerto (2D)

Where a single instrument competes with an orchestra (eight to twenty instruments)

Concerto grosso (2D)

Where several soloists (two to four, together or separately) compete with the orchestra

the main principle is the heightened contrast of musical forces and idiomatic style
Fast, slow, fast
usually have three movements

Tutti (3B)

the larger group of the orchestra offsetting the soloists in a concerto grosso. Dominated by a string section.

Ritornello (3B)

First and last movements of concerto grosso are usually in ritornello from
The ritornello is also a principal theme—a fundamental melodic structure, and one that is immediately recognizable on repetition

Jean Baptiste Lully (3A)

Appointed the head of the French music department by Louis XIV and was in charge of all production and publishing of music in france.

Johann Sebastian Bach (3A)

Bach represents the culmination of the Baroque period, his death marks the end of the period

In his own day, Bach was not regarded as a great composer. He was recognized as a master organist whose own compositions were out of date.

Chorale (3A)

Most important innovation of the Lutheran church
Four-part style: voiced for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass
Still used today

Cantata (3A)

Chorale underwent innovation to become basis for extended multi-movement work called cantata
Liturgical work, draws on the Italian Opera. Draws upon to contrasting and complimentary forms of Aria and recitative
Cantata: chorale based movements w/ arias and recitatives

Cadenza (3B)

instrumental solo

Fugue (3B)

Polyphonic form based on one main theme called the subject

Starts with the statement of a subject, the main theme by one "voice" alone

George Handel (3C)

Handel's music mixed German, Italian, French, and English musical traditions
German, but became england most beloved composer
First musician to establish a place in the classical music repertoire

Oratorio (3C)

Origin rooted in Italy
Get name from Roman prayer halls called oratoriums
Hosted secular meetings for people who gather together to hear sermon "orations" and to sing devotional songs
Big influence of Opera

Messiah (3C)

an oratorio by handel. in 1741-42. It is about the old testaments prophets and their fulfillment through christ. 3 acts, 50 scenes.

Joseph Haydn (4A)

Classical Period. Austrian. Oldest member of the Viennese Classical Style. (mozart and beethoven) the others. He developed the symphony "par excellence" with meant full size and developed the string quartet.
Wrote 100 symphonies, 80 quartets and 20 stage works

Nicholas "the Magnificent" (4A)

Wealthy European prince
Hired Haydn and became his "protector and patron"
Fancied the baryton, an out of date instrument
Haydn wrote 175 pieces for Nicholaus

Viennese Classical Style (4A)

Started by Haydn in the classical period. This style includes Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

Classical string quartet (4A)

Development credited to Haydn
Contains four string instruments: two violins, viola, and cello
Like the symphony, developed into four movement structure

Sonata allegro form (4A)

basic formal design for countless Classical-period compositions
sometimes referred to as "first movement form" as it was the most common form in a symphony's first movement
sonata form: the internal form of a single movement in a multi-movement work
Look at mano's notecard

Sonata procedure (4A)

Exposition
Development
Recapitulation

begins in stability, moves gradually into instability, and then reestablishes stability
the hallmark of sonata procedure remained; the possibility of drama through harmony.

Exposition (4A)

presents or "exposes" a piece's principal themes, beginning in a firmly established key area

Development (4A)

typically moves through many key areas, and so is an area of heightened instability

Recapitulation (4A)

"recaps" the principal themes and musical ideas that have occurred in the piece—no matter which key they first appeared in—back in the tonic "home key"

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (4B)

Classical Period
Viennese Classical Style
Lousy Gambler
Child prodigy at age 6, died at 35
Read more about history beginning of 4B

Symphonic structure (4B)

four parts

Fast - usually in sonata form
slow, lyrical movement
Minuet and trio - minuet is a dance-like movement, ABA form, 3/4 time signature
fast - usually in sonata allegro

Don Giovanni (4D)

Opera by Mozart that mixes serious (seria) and comedic (buffa) opera structures to attain great popularity
Music historians often discuss Don Giovanni as a dramma giocoso (jocular drama): a imported italian drama that mixes seria and buffa operatic styles

Dramma Giocoso (Jocular Drama) (4D)

imported italian drama that mixes seria and buffa operatic styles freely

Ludwig van Beethoven (5A) (CP)

Most influential composer in the 19th century
First great composer of romantic era
Built off Mozart and Haydn with Viennese Classical Style
First entirely freelance composer
Brought new influences of brass and percusion
Went deaf but still composed after

Napoleon Bonaparte (5A)

French leader during the revolution
initially hailed as the savior of the democratic ideals of the Revolution
Once he got into power he established dictatorship
Beethoven made a composition dedicated to him

"the heroic age"

the works written by beethoven after he went deaf

Beethoven wrote his greatest works after the onset of his impaired hearing

Heiligenstadt Testament

Document found after Beethoven dies, where he recorded his despair
says that the only thing that held him back from suicide was his art

The Eroica

Beethoven's 3rd symphony originally titled "Bonaparte" b/c it was a tribute to the revolutionary war hero
After Napoleon turned bad, he dedicated it to the memory of a great man
Marks beginning of heroic phase and first great transformation of symphonic form

The "Choral" Symphony

Beethovens ninth, last symphony
Combined forces of orchestra and choir
Inspired by the poem "Ode to Joy" by Friedrich Schiller

Friedrich Schiller

One of beethoven's favorite German poets
His poem "Ode to Joy" inspired beethoven's ninth symphony
integration of soloists and chorus into a culminating symphonic finale was new

Scriptorium (1C)

group of monks that worked in special offices and cubicles within a monastery and produced ornate musical manuscripts

Alleluia: Vidimus Stellum (1B)

"We have seen his star"
Latin chant, monophonic, Medieval Period
Composer: Unknown
A cappella

Mass Ordinary (1C)

Fixed texts
Normal routine, same prayers and chants that did not change
Ordinary components of the mass comprise the following: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and Ite, missa est

Mass Proper (1C)

Music changes based on calendar day or season
Texts also change

Countenance Angloise (1E)

"english quality" or "english manner" of composition
Ending phrases and cadencing on the consonance of a complete triad

The Old Hall Manuscript (1E)

Collection of sacred and liturgical pieces of music that is the source of much of what we know about English Medieval and early Renaissance composition

Discovered by John Stafford Smith

Ars Nova (1D)

The "New Art" period in France (14th Century)
Developed highly sophisticated notation for rhythmic values
Ushered in wide range of polyphonic secular works
Musical art was beginning to bear one's signature

Council of Trent (1E)

Created to help purge church of dissesion
Said music was "inappropriate use of instruments"
Wanted to eliminate polyphonic music

Melodic Contour (1B)

melodic shape, created by successive changes in pitch the rising and falling of high and low tones

Dynamics

Volume and changes in volume
pianissimo, piano, moderato, forte, fortissimo.

Dissonance

Disagreement amongst notes in a chord

unpleasant sounding

Madrigal (1E)

Word/text painting: meaning they use music to reinforce suggested images of text
Cultivated by Monteverdi
Flourished in the Renaissance Period
Instead of being sung in church language (latin) it was sung in native tounge (italian)

Castrato (2C)

The lead male singer in a serious opera
A mature male who had been castrated before his voice had hit puberty. Unusual tone and pitch like a young boy.

Fugal subject/answer (3B)

Subject = main theme
Answer = 2nd entrance, part that answers subject
Fugal = polyphonic based off subject???

The pieta (2D)

State funded home for abandoned girls
Taught music by instructors and would perform for wealthy
Vivaldi was a director here

Symphony (4A/B)

2 hour instrumental concerts from the classical period. 30-40 people in the group back then. used violas, violins, cellos, bass. Violins held main melody. Mozart added the clarinet.

Double Exposition (3A)

two structural levels unfolding at once
establishing two main keys

"As Vesta Was Descending" (1E)

By Thomas Weelkes. Part of an anthology titled the triumph of orian. a collection of english madrigals

A capella

vocal music without instrumental accompaniment

ex) choir w/ no background instruments

The Camerata (2A)

"The Society"-a group of intellectuals including vincezo galilei, galileo's dad.
They analyzed music from a set of hypothesis'.(and tried to return it to what they want

recreate drama of ancient song and verse. vocals should be singular and not include polyphonic complexities.
monody that emulates the ancients music is necessary.
instruments are allowed but should never obscure singing
rhythm and melody should mimic emotionally charged speaking.

Strophic form (2A list guide)

vocal form in which the same music is repeated for each stanza of a text.

Timbre

Instrumental color
Property by which the ear distinguishes one instrument’s sound or one person’s voice from another’s
The diff between your voice and everyone else's is due to timbre

Texture (1B)

# of layers of music that are sounding at any point in time

Monophony

one melodic line
Ex) singing “happy birthday” or Latin Chants

“Mono” = one, “phonic” = sound

Polyphony

Technique of combining two or more melodic lines
Developed out of advancements in notation

Libretto

the person who records the composers work into a "libretto" or little book that contains scripts of the opera.

Doctrine of the affections (2B)

idea that "one piece, one affect" 6 basic emotions and only 1 can be present at a time

Word painting

See madrigal, using musical gestures to emulate spoken word

"Tu se Morta" - you are dead (2A)

most famous part of monteverdi's opera l'orfeo. orfeo is told that his wife is dead

Continuo (2B)

instrumental core found in all styles of Baroque music: it provides the foundation of a bass line and chords, which function as support for melodic content

refers to certain types of instruments and their functions

Figured bass (2D)

notational shorthand, that gives bass line and chord symbols to instruct what keyboard to play from. used for the harpsichord in continuos.

Melismatic

melisma- Phrase of many notes sung to a single syllable of text

basso ostinato/ground bass

Persistent, constant bass line
Relatively short pattern in the bars, repetition is defining framework

Masque (2B)

Multimedia framework for drama, poetry, song, dance,

Fate Motive

5th symphony opening
structure = s,s,s,l

Beethoven process

The process of building a massive work out of the simplest materials. He starts from a mere idea and explores every musical possibility

Motet

Big part of RP
means almost any polyphonic vocal composition based on a sacred Latin text excluding liturgical texts of the mass

About this deck

By: Matt Watson
Created: 2012-01-18
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 225

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis