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Pathology
About this deck
By: Seth Pantanelli
Created: 2012-01-21
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 59
Created: 2012-01-21
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 59
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
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Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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Name three unfavorable prognostic factors in conjunctival melanoma?
Nonepibulbar location, i.e. orbital or scleral invasion
Pagetoid spread or full thickness intraepithelial spread
Involvement of eyelid margin
Where is the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene
Chromosome 13p
What is the risk of uveal malignant melanoma is a person with oculodermal melanocytosis that involves the episclera and uvea?
1 in 400
If the blue patch does not involve the eye then the risk is the same as the general population which is 6 per million
How should a biopsy sample of presumed orbital lymphoma be sent to pathology for interpretation?
Fresh, no fixative.
From which cells does rhabomyosarcoma arise?
undifferentiated plutipotential mesenchymal cells
Typical age of onset for rhabdomycosarcoma?
first decade of life
What is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma? Most lethal? Most favorable? Where are the most common and most lethal forms found?
Most common - embryonal - usually found supero-nasally
Most lethal - alveolar - usually lower orbit
Most favorable - pleomorphic
What is the treatment for rhabodomyosarcoma?
Radiation and chemotherapy - surgery never indicated
Which type of melanoma has the best prognosis? the worst?
Best prognosis - spindle cell
Worst prognosis - epithelioid
What is the most common site of metastasis in melanoma?
Liver
What is the most common primary orbital malignancy of childhood?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What is the most common benign orbital tumor of adults?
Cavernous hemangioma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Pain
Women > men, aged 40
Poor prognosis
"swiss cheese" cribriform pattern on histology
Treatment is exenteration with removal of adjacent bone
What is the risk of retinoblastoma in someone that has a parent that had bilateral retinoblastoma? unilateral retinoblastoma?
Gene is autosomal dominant transmitted with 90% transmitted. Therefore if parent has bilateral Rb, risk is 45%
If parent has unilateral Rb, risk is between 7-15%
What does von Kossa stain? what color is it stained?
Von Kossa stain is used to stain calcium in i.e. band keratopathy. It stains calcium black
What histologic finding is found/associated with optic nerve gliomas?
Rosenthal fibers (degenerating eosinophilic filaments)
What histologic finding is found / associated with psammoma bodies?
Optic nerve sheath meningioma
What histologic finding is found / associated with juvenile xanthogranuloma?
Touton giant cells
What histologic findings are associated with retinoblastoma?
Homer Wright rosettes
With what systemic disease are Touton giant cells associated
JXG - juvenile xanthogranuloma
What is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma? Type with best prognosis? Worst prognosis?
Most common type is embryonal which has good prognosis. Pleomorphic has best prognosis (97%) and alveolar is the worst prognosis
What type of eyelid tumor arises from the meibomian glands?
Sebaceous cell tumors
Is Nevus of Ota congenital or acquired?
Congenital
Is lentigo maligna congenital or acquired? How often do they transform to melanoma?
Acquired in older age. 20% become melanoma
What are the treatments for Kaposi sarcoma?
Radiation / chemotherapy
Adjustment of HAART therapy
Adjustment of HAART therapy
Where does a dermoid choriostoma most likely occur on the eye?
Inferotemporally
What features distinguish nevus from primary acquired melanosis?
Nevus - has cysts, stationary
PAM - no cysts, diffuse and patchy
PAM - no cysts, diffuse and patchy
Where does conj melanoma metastasize?
lymph nodes, lung, and brain
From what virus does kaposi sarcoma arise?
herpes type 8
What drug can be used to treat lymphoma?
Rituximab - targets CD20 which is cell marker present on most lymphomas (which are usually b-cell derived)
Where do oncocytomas occur?
In the caruncle
What are the two most common tumors of the caruncle?
Papilloma and nevus
Most common sites of uveal melanoma metastasis
Liver, lung, skin
Where is the germline mutation in retinoblastoma?
13q
What percentage of children with unilateral retinoblastoma have germline mutation?
7-15%
What are the three growth patterns of retinoblastoma?
Endophytic
Exophytic
Diffuse
Exophytic
Diffuse
Those at risk for metastasis of retinoblastoma
Optic nerve invasion beyond lamina cribosa
Uveal invasion of > 3 mm
Both
Needs systemic chemotherapy
Uveal invasion of > 3 mm
Both
Needs systemic chemotherapy
What is the chemoreduction regimen for treatment of retinoblastoma
Vincristine
Etoposide
Carboplatin
Etoposide
Carboplatin
International Classification of Retinoblastoma
A = smAll < 3 mm
B = Bigger > 3 mm
C = Contained seeds
D = Diffuse seeds
E = Extensive
B = Bigger > 3 mm
C = Contained seeds
D = Diffuse seeds
E = Extensive
What ocular tumor is associated with Von Hippel Lindau disease?
Hemangioblastomas - benign vascular tumor of the retina
Also get cerebellar hemangioblastoma and renal cell carcinoma
Defect is on chromosome 3p
Very rapid filling on FA
Also get cerebellar hemangioblastoma and renal cell carcinoma
Defect is on chromosome 3p
Very rapid filling on FA
Retinal cavernous hemangioma
Looks like concord grapes
Associated with CNS and cutaneous hemangiomas
Very slow filling on FA
Associated with CNS and cutaneous hemangiomas
Very slow filling on FA
Retinal racemose hemangioma
Arteriovenous malformation of retina
Benign congenital vascular lesion
Associated with Wyburn-Mason syndrome
No leakage on FA
Management: observation
Benign congenital vascular lesion
Associated with Wyburn-Mason syndrome
No leakage on FA
Management: observation
With what phakomatosis is astrocytic hamartoma associated with?
Tuberous sclerosis
What is the management of melanocytoma? Risk of progression to melanoma?
Observation as less than 1% transformation to melanoma
What is the prognosis of uveal and retinal CNS lymphoma?
Uveal lymphoma - good prognosis
Retinal CNS lymphoma - poor prognosis
Retinal CNS lymphoma - poor prognosis
Where are dermoid cysts located
Superotemporally
What is the technical terms for optic nerve glioma
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma
Triad for optic nerve glioma
Painless visual loss
Axial proptosis
Swollen optic disc
Axial proptosis
Swollen optic disc
Where does neuroblastoma originate from?
Adrenal gland
Most common circumscribed lesion in the orbit in adults
Cavernous hemangioma
Diffferential diagnosis of diffuse orbital tumor in adults
Pseudotumor
Lymphoma
Metastasis
Lymphoma
Metastasis
What orbital tumor is associated with cystic fibrosis? Where is it usually located?
Mucocele, usually found superonasally
What is the management of neurilemoma (schwannoma)?
Excision as they tend to compress the optic nerve and get stuck in orbital apex
From what layer of the meninges does the optic nerve sheath meningioma arise?
Arachnoid mater
What malignancies are survivors of retinoblastoma at greater risk for?
osteosarcoma and malignant melanoma
What are the most common benign orbital tumors in children?
dermoids and epidermal cysts
What are the most common malignant intraorbital tumors in children?
rhabdomyosarcoma
What are the most common benign orbital tumors in adults?
cavernous hemangiomas
What is the most common malignant orbital tumor of adults?
Lymphoma
Most common intraocular malignancy in adults?
melanoma
Most common intraocular malignancy of children?
retinoblastoma
How does tissue have to be prepared to look for lipids?
Must be fresh or frozen to stain with Oil Red O and look for lipids. Stain cannot be used on prepared samples (i.e. paraffin prepared)
What is the histology of cavernous optic atrophy of Schnabel? What stain can be used to see it?
cystic spaces within optic nerve posterior to lamina cribosa get filled with hyaluronic acid. Stain with colloidal iron (mucopolysaccharide stain) will highlight.
Name three tumors that contain Homer-Wright rosettes. What do the rosettes look like?
Cells line up around an area containing cobweb-like material.
Retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloepitheliomas contain these rosettes.
Retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloepitheliomas contain these rosettes.
Which portends a poorer prognosis - iris or ciliary body melanoma?
Ciliary body melanoma.
What ocular structure is most sensitive to radiation?
Lens
Preseptal or orbital cellulitis in children is most often associated with what organisms?
Gram positive cocci
About this deck
By: Seth Pantanelli
Created: 2012-01-21
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 59
Created: 2012-01-21
Size: 67 flashcards
Views: 59
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj