biochemistry-test 1
Biology 111 with Beaster-jones at Texas A&M University
About this deck
By: Rachel Hoyle
Textbook: Biology 111 Laboratory Manual Sixth Edition (Texas A&M University)
Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2009-09-20
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 176
Textbook: Biology 111 Laboratory Manual Sixth Edition (Texas A&M University)
Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)Created: 2009-09-20
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 176
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What is discovery science?
"Descriptive science?; Describes natural structures and processes through careful observation and analysis of data; Inductive
What is hypothesis-based science?
?Explanation of science?; lead by discovery science; Deductive
What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?
deductive: general-->specific; detrive generalizations
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative answer to a well-framed question; Testable; Falsifiable; Verification; ?If?then?
What is a scientific theory?
Very broad; Supported by many hypotheses; Leads to new hypotheses; Can be modified or rejected; ex: Evolution
What is an element?
Simplest form of a substance; if broken down anymore it would loose it?s physical properties
What is a compound?
Made up 2 or more different elements
What is an atom?
Smallest unit having physical and chemical properties of an element
What is a proton?
all atoms of one element have the same number Charge: positive; Mass: 1 ATM; Location: nucleus
What is an electron?
neg. subatomic particle involved in chem. reactions Charge
What is an atomic number?
number of protons
What is mass number?
total mass; number protons and the number of neutrons
What is an isotope?
any element that has a different number of neutrons
What are valence shells?
outer most electron shell
What is a covalent bond?
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
What is an ionic bond?
cation + anion
What does polar mean?
unequal sharing; specifically hydrogen bonds; hydrophillic
what does non polar mean?
equal sharing; specifically hydrocarbons; hydrophobic
What is electro-negativity?
The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
What is a cation?
positive ion
What is anion?
negative ion
What is a hydrogen bond?
H + EN atom (F, O, N, S)
What does it mean to be hydrophobic?
water-hating
What are reactants?
elements react to form new compounds
What are products?
new compounds formed from reactants
Element X has 8 protons and 10 neutrons. What is its mass number? How many electrons does this neutral element have?
Mass number: 18
Electrons: 8
What are the special properties of water?
cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high, specific heat, heat of vaporization, floating ice
What is molarity?
moles of solute/liter
What is a mole?
6.02 X 10^23
What is molar mass?
grams/moles
What is an acid?
increases [H+]; adds H and removes OH bc OH + H = H2O
What is a base?
increasing [OH-] and reducing [H+] concentration by formation of water
What's pH?
describes how acidic or basic the solution is
What is a buffer?
minimize changes in concentrations in a solution by accepting H+ when in excess and donating H+ when in depletion; weak acid + corresponding base
What is a light microscope?
visible light passed through specimen and glass lenses-->refract; has magnification, resolution, contrast
What is an electron microscope?
beaming electrons (instead of light) on metal coating of specimen
What is cellular ultrascture?
cells anatomy that is reveal by electron microscope
What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?
- scanning electron microscope: surface of cells
- transmission electron microscope: inside cells
What is cellular fractionation?
isolation of cellular components
What is the method of cellular fractionation?
grind up cell, spin (centrifuge) and separate the parts by weight and mass
What does cellular fractionation enable scientists to do?
preparation of cell components in bulk and identify function
what are the pros and cons of using an electron scanning microscope?
pros: more detailed
cons: kills cells
What are the two types of covalent bonds?
polar, nonpolar
What are valence electrons?
electrons in the valence shell; available to react with other atoms; atoms with the same number of electrons in valence shells exhibit similar chemical behavior
What is an inert atom?
an atom with a full valence shell
Do isotopes have different chemical behaviors from their original elements?
NO
How do elements occur?
a mixture of diff. isotopes
What effect do isotopes have on mass?
less neutrons = greater mass
Where are electrons located?
electron cloud around the nucleus
How do electrons stay in the electron cloud?
attraction between opposite charges
What is the mass of an electron?
1/2000 ATM
are all compounds molecules?
YES
How many elements are there (so far)?
92 are essential to life
What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
How many elements are essential to life?
25
How do you building a polymer?
release water by dehydration synthesis
How do you break down a polymer?
split water by hydrolysis
What is denaturation?
changing proteins
What does it mean to be amphipathic?
both hydrphillic and hydrophobic properties
What does it mean to be hydrophillic?
water-loving
What is an integral protein?
goes all the way through phospholipids bilayer
What is a peripheral protein?
on the outside or surface of phospholipid bilyer
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules evenly into available space
What is passive transport?
along concentration gradient, highàlow; don?t need energy
What is tonicity?
ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depend on
concentration of solutes that can?t cross the membrane relative to that of the
cell
What does it mean to be hypertonic?
< soluteàloose water to its environmentàshrivelàdie
What does it mean to be hypotonic?
> soluteàwater enters cell faster than leavesàswellàburst
What does it mean to be isotonic?
no net movement; solutions have equal solute
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is facilitated diffusion?
passive transport; no energy; lowàhigh; need help to
move-mosaic proteins
What is a concentration gradient?
the region along which the density of a chemical substance decrease
What is simple diffusion?
passive transport; highàlow; hydrophobic or no
polar cargo
What are examples of simple diffusion?
oxygen, carbon dioxide
What is facilitated diffusion?
passive transport; no energy; lowàhigh; need help to
move-mosaic proteins
What are the proteins that help diffuse things across the membrane?
channel proteins, carrier proteins, and gated proteins/ion channels
What is active transport
against concentration gradient; lowàhigh; need energy
What is passive transport?
along concentration gradient, highàlow; don?t need energy
What is endocytosis?
bulk transport of materials into the cell
what is exocytosis?
bulk transport of materials out of the cell
What is the general idea of a hypothesis?
frame two or more and design experiments to falsify them; find the one that fits not because of correctness but elimination
can a hypothesis be proven correct?
NO
what are the 2 types of integral proteins?
transmembrane proteins (goes all the way through the membrane) or extend only partway into hydrophobic core
How are peripheral proteins held in place?
attachment to cytoskeleton or fibers of the extracellular matrix; stronger framework for cells
What is a channel protein?
molecules shuttled straight through the open part of a protein
what is a carrier protein?
specific for certain types of molecules; alter shapes in order to move
What is a gated protein/ion channel?
respond to stimulus and then let ions through
What is a fluid Mosaic model?
Membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded
in or
attached to a double layer of phospholipids
In a Fluid Mosaic model, what are the fluid portions?
lipids
in a fluid mosaic model, are the mosaic portions?
proteins
what are the functions of mosaic proteins?
transport, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, enzymatic activity, signal transduction
What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane?
temp. buffer; restrains phospholipid movement-->refrains from packing-->lowers temp-->prevent solidifying
About this deck
By: Rachel Hoyle
Textbook: Biology 111 Laboratory Manual Sixth Edition (Texas A&M University)
Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2009-09-20
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 176
Textbook: Biology 111 Laboratory Manual Sixth Edition (Texas A&M University)
Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)Created: 2009-09-20
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 176
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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