Anatomy and Physiology - Ch 1

Science 03 with Chaney at Stark State College of Technology

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By: Teresa Fros
Created: 2011-01-31
Size: 60 flashcards
Views: 93

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Human Anatomy

Process of cutting up

the study of human structure

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen (bones & muscle)

Histology

microscopic tissue structures

Physiology

the study of functions, how things work, the why; the structure of func often determines its function

1. Exercise physiology-events w/ exercise, hormones, cell metabolism, heat, friction...

Atoms

smallest unit of matter that can chemically combine

Elements

are collections of identical atoms

Compounds

are collections of different atoms

Molecules

are collections of atoms. Proteins, fats, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, ect are all huge molecules

organelle

within cell structures, collections of molecules. ex: nucleus & cell membrane

Cellular

cells are collections of molecules. are the structural and functional units forming a live organism

Tissues

are collections of cells, grouped for a common structure or function. 4 types

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

Epithelial Tissues

surface, coverings, lining

Connective Tissue

glue, holds tissues together

Muscle tissue

movement and heat

Nerve Tissue

communication, electric signals

Organs

collections of tissues for a specific function.

Heart is an organ- has the 4 types of tissues

Systems

consist of associations of organs for a common function.

Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood vessels, blood

(these function to deliver nutrients, hormone messengers, and oxygen, and to remove waste carbon dioxide and urea to send out as waste)

Organism

a collection of systems working together. everything within is your internal environment.

Anatomical Position

1. Upright erect position

2. Upper extremities (arms) at sides

3. Palms forward

4. Feet flat and forward

5. Facing observer

6. Supine- anatomical position lying face up

7. Prone- anatomical position lying face down

front of ventral

Posterior

back of dorsal

Ventral

toward belly

Dorsal

toward back (used for quadripeds or fish)

Superior

upper, above ( supra)

Inferior

lower, below (infra)

Proximal

nearest to attachment to trunk of to origin of structure

Distal

away from ( ditto)

Medial

towards middle (of body)

Lateral

to the side

away from middle

Central

towards center

Peripheral

towards outside (peri)

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Epi

above, upon (epithelial, epimysium)

Endo

within, under

Inter

between

Intra

within

Transverse

across

Rectus

parallel to longitudinal axis or straight

Oblique

at angle to longitudinal axis

Planes

imaginary flat surfaces or incisions that divide the body or organs

Sagittal Plane

divide into right and left

Frontal Plane

divide into anterior and posterior (front and back)

Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

divided into superior and inferior (upper and lower)

Body Cavities

spaces for internal organs

Dorsal Cavity

Cranial - cavity in skull for brain

Vertebral (spinal) - cavity in vertebrae for spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Pleural cavities - 2 for lungs

Mediastinum - contains heart, esophagus, & trachea

Diaphragm

upside down bowl shaped muscle that separates thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity

4 quadrants

1 vertical & 1 horizontal line thru umbilicus

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

9 regions w/ 4 imaginary lines

(R) Hypochondriac Epigastric (L) Hypochondriac

Abdominopelvic Cavity

9 regions w/ 4 imaginary lines

R-Hypochondriac Epigastric L-Hypochondriac

Liver Stomach, Pancreas Spleen

R-Lumbar Umbilical L-Lumbar

R-Kidney Small Intestines L-Kidney

Ascend Colon Transverse Colon

Descending Colon

R-Iliac Hypogastric L-Iliac

Appendix Bladder, rectum

Cecum Sigmoid Colon

Body Regions

Appendicular - appendages; limbs & girdles

Axial - near longitudinal axis. Head, neck, & trunk

Appendicular (pg. 13)

Upper:

Pectoral girdle: clavicle & scapula

Brachial: arm, shoulder to elbow

Antebrachial: forearm, elbow to wrist

Carpal: wrist

Metacarpal: hand

Phalangeal: fingers

Lower:

Pelvic girdle: hip, coxal

Femoral: thigh, hip to knee

Crural: anterior & posterior leg, knee to ankle

Tarsal: ankle

Metatarsal: foot

Phalangeal: toes

Axial (pg 13)

Cephalic: head

Cervical: neck

Trunk:

a. Thoracic - area beneath rib cage

b. Abdomen - diaphragm to iliac

c. iliac to genital

Homeostasis (homeo: same, constant; stasis: control, stop)

keeping the body's internal environment within certain physiological limits

ex: blood glucose)

Most cells in fluids, inside & out. Amount of chemicals & fluids must be kept the same

Stress (Homeostasis)

Any stimulus that changes homeostasis of internal environment

1. Homeostasis maintenance assist cell survival & function

2. Exercise is a large, but short term stress that upsets homeostasis. Body learns to restore homeostasis. This prepares your body to handle long term stress, like disease

3. This lecture is a small, short term stress

Regulators of Homeostasis (Nervous & Endocrine Systems)

Nervous:

Has rapid effects of short duration. Longest body cells called neurons, function like electric wires to create communication between cells

Endocrine:

has slow effects, but of longer duration.

Works by messenger hormones sent via blood to connect cells

Ex: compare using a phone to mailing a letter to become aware of and effect a change at the other end

Regulators of Homeostasis (Positive)

Positive Feedback: enhance the existing change in homeostasis. Used in conditions not often occurring. Rare Ex: Homeostasis of labor

a. Fetus stretches cervix (stress)

b. Nerve cells in cervix stretch (sensor)

c. nerve impulses to brain

d. brain releases hormone (oxytocin) into blood

e. uterus muscle rec'v oxytocin, contracts w/ greater force. (effector)

f. contractions push fetus against cervix, stretch nerve cells more

g. body attempts to get cervix back to original size thru contraction. baby born.

Regulators of Homeostasis (Negative)

Negative Feedback:

Means to negate an existing upset in homeostasis. Used for constant monitored conditions. Most feedbacks are negative.

ex: Blood temperature (neg. feedback)

a. body temperature falls (stress)

b. Cold sensing receptors in skin activated

c. impulses to brain ( control center)

d. brain reacts by sending impulses on neurons to skeletal muscle cells to increase contraction rate (effector). burning fuel gives off heat

e. body temp rises

Homeostasis maintenance feedbacks

Exercise:

a. exercise, cells release CO2, brain cells detect, increase rate of breathing be activating lung muscles mote quickly, CO2 exhaled

b. thirst to maintain fluid levels

c. body temp cooled by routing of blood to skin, fluid of blood to skin = sweat. Body temp increased by w/d to interior & by stimulating muscle contractions = shiver. Controlled.

About this deck

By: Teresa Fros
Created: 2011-01-31
Size: 60 flashcards
Views: 93

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj