RHETORICAL TERMS: List #3 Focus: Grammar (Cloyd -2011) Untitled Flashcards

Language with Cloyde at Coral Glades High School

About this deck

By: Robert Sutton
Created: 2011-01-12
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 43

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STRUCTURE

The order or arrangement of the work as a whole

SYNTAX

The order or arrangement of the words in a sentence

LITOTES

A form of understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of a negative form: “their not unsubstantial persons... in the throng... “—Hawthorne (heavy); “Heat waves are not rare in the summer.” (common)

DECLARATIVE

A sentence that makes a statement. “The king is sick.”

IMPERATIVE

A sentence that gives a command. “Cure the king!”

EXCLAMATORY

A sentence that provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion. “The king is dead! Long live the king!”

SIMPLE SENTENCE

A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clause. “The bowed to her adoring audience.”

COMPOUND SENTENCE

A sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon. “The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores.”

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. “Because the singer was tired, she went straight to bed after the concert.”

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

A sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. “The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores.”

COMPOUND SUBJECT

The construction in which two or more nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses constitute the grammatical subject of a clause.

LOOSE (or CUMULATIVE) SENTENCE

A sentence makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending. “We reach Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of stories to tell our friends and neighbors.” See PERIODIC sentence as opposite.

PERIODIC

A sentence that makes sense fully only when the end of the sentence is reached. “That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton.” See LOOSE sentence as opposite.

BALANCED

A sentence where the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. “He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.”

INVERTED ORDER/INVERSION

A sentence involving constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject. “In California grow the oranges.” This is a device in which typical sentence patterns are reversed to create an emphatic or rhyming effect.” (Shakespeare!)

PACE/PACING

The speech with which a PLOT or events move from one event to another.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE (PARALLELISM)

The repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures in a sentence or paragraph.

ELLIPSIS

The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of a passage.

PARENTHESIS

An insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence.

ASYNDETON (UH-SIN-DUH-TON)

The omission of conjunctions between related clauses—for example, “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

APPOSITIVE

A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately and defines or amplifies its meaning.

ANAPHORA (un-NA-fuh-ruh)

The repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. (The Ten Commandments: “Thou shalt not...” each one.)

EPISTROPHE (e-PIS-truh-fee)

The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses—for example, “They saw no evil, they spoke no evil, and they heard no evil.”

POLYSYNDETON

Sentence which uses a conjunction with NO commas to separate the items in a series. Instead of X, Y, and Z... Polysyndeton results in X and Y and Z... Kurt Vonnegut uses this device.

ANADIPLOSIS (a-nuh-duh-PLOH-suhs)

The repeition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.

SYNECDOCHE (suh-NEK-duh-kee)

A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole. “If you don’t drive properly, you will lose your wheels.” The wheels represent the entire car.

ANTIMETABOLE (an-ti-me-TA-boh-lee)

THE repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order (AB-)’BA)—for example, “You can take the boy out of the country, but you can’t take the country out of the boy.” (In poetry, this is called CHIA’SMUS.)

ZEUGMA

A trope in one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning (“He maintained a business and his innocence.”)

APPOSITIVE

A noun or noun phrase that renames or adds identifying information to a noun it immediately follows. “His brother, an accountant with Arthur Andersen, was recently promoted.”

APPOSITION

Placing side-by-side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first (often set off by a colon). Pain: “There are the times that try men’s souls: The summer solider and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it Now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.” “I have a wife, a companion for life, who has show me more courage...”

POLYSYNDETON

Sentence which uses a conjunction with NO commas to separate the items in a series. Instead of X, Y, and Z. .. Polysyndeton results in X and Y and Z... Kurt Vonnegut uses this device.

ANTECEDENT

The noun to which a pronoun refers. A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in person, number and gender. Michael and his teammates moved off campus. (Pronoun=his, ANTECEDENT [“comes first”]= Michael).

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

A group of words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a sentence. “Raccoons steal food.”

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A group of words that includes a subject and verb but is subordinate to an independent clause in a sentence. Dependent clauses being with either a subordinating conjunction, such as if, because, since, or a relative pronoun, such as who, which, that. When it gets dark, we’ll find a restaurant that has music.

DIRECT OBJECT

A noun or pronoun that receives the action of a transitive verb. Person publishes books.

INDIRECT OBJECT

A noun or pronoun that indicates to whom or for whom, to what or for what the action of a transitive verb is performed. I asked b a question. Ed gave the door a kick.

About this deck

By: Robert Sutton
Created: 2011-01-12
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 43

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj