Physiology Final 1

blood & lymph

connective tissues that contain distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix called plasma

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, duct, and forms glands

nervous tissue

composed of neurons
neuroglia

initiates, controls and coordinates adaptation to surroundings

liquid connective tissue

which is blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

dense connective tissue

bones, ligaments, tendons & cartilage

binds structures together & serves as a framework

11 systems of the body

integumentary

skeletal

muscular

lymphatic

respiratory

digestive

nervous

endocrine

cardiovascular

urinary

reproductive

cardiovascular system

consist of blood, heart, and blood vessels

skeletal system

provides protection, form, and shape for the body

stores minerals and forms some blood cells

respiratory System

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs

exchanges gases

reproductive system

female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

male: testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

immune and lymphatic system

bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

body defense (fighting infection and cancer)

can be considered part of the circulatory system

muscular system

muscles, fascia, tendons

holds body erect. makes movement possible

moves body fluid and generates body heat

endocrine system

a group of glands that secrete chemicals/hormone into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, gonads,

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, cranial nerves, special sense organs, ex: eyes

interprets and integrates stimuli

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

function of male reproductive system

- production of sperm cells

- sustenance of transfer of sperm cells to female

- production of male sex hormones

function of female reproductive system

produce sex hormones
produce functioning gamates [ova]
support and protect developing embryo

female reproductive system - structure

Internal Genitalia - Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus and Vagina
External Genitalia - Mons Pubis, Vulva (Labia Majora and Labia Minora) and clitoris

deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA

a complex double helix molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

high energy chemical compound used in the body to transfer energy from nutrients to various life processesstored in the muscles

anabolism

build up

chemical reactions that combine simple substances into more complex molecules and requires energy from ATP

anatomy

study of the structures of the body and the relationships of it's parts

atrophy

(n) wasting away of a body organ or tissue, any progressive decline or failure

(v) to waste away

carbohydrates

compounds made made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms

sugars, starches & cellulose

cell

* collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings * basic unit of all forms of life

connective tissue

forms the supportive and connective structures of the bodyprotects body from foreign matterorganized to transport substances throughout the body

passive processes

diffusion

filtration

osmosis

movement of water molecule from high WATER concentration to low WATER concentration through cell membrane or semi-permeable screen

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cell energy

tissue

groups of similar cells that perform a common function

thixotropic nature of ground substance

during massage tissues pliability increases

physiology

science of body functions that support life

chemical level

level of body organization that defines metabolism

matrix of connective tissue

shapeless ground substance

thixotropy

ability to change from gel to solvent and back again

gel state

muscles & tissues must assume firm supportive roles

sol state

more flexible for greater rom and relaxation

achieved by applying pressure and heat through massage, exercise & stretching

4 types of body tissue

epithelial

connective

muscle

nervous

types of muscle tissue

Contracts to cause movement

Skeletal/voluntary

Cardiac/involuntary

Smooth/involuntary

smooth muscle tissue

involuntary

lines hollow organs

regulates the diameter of small blood vessels

skeletal muscle tissue

surrounds bones and is voluntary/striated

cardiac muscle tissue

-only in the heart-striated-involuntary

superficial fascia

the subcutaneous tissue which is deep to the dermis of the skin contains adipose tissue and loose connective tissue

deep fascia

dense connective tissue on the surface of individual muscles

body membranes

line or cover body surface

protect body surface

lubricate body surface

cutaneous membrane

known as skin

it is part of the integumentary system

mucous membrane

thin sheets of tissue cells that line body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body

serous membrane

thin membrane lining a closed body cavity and moistened with a serous fluid to reduce friction

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

urinary system

-kidneys, ureters & urethra, bladder

urine-waste elimination

regulation of rbc production & ph, chemical, & electrolyte balance

digestive system

teeth, tongue, alimentary canal (mouth to anus -esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum), liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary ( accessory glands)

midsagittal plane

a vertical plane through the midline of the body; divides the body into right and left halves.

sagittal plane

left & right, parallel to, but left or right of midsagittal

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

dorsal cavity

contains the cranial and spinal cavities

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral (spinal) cavity

spinal cord

ventral body cavity

-thoracic cavity: chest cavity containing heart and lungs-

abdominal/pelvic cavity: contains digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs

two cavities separated by diaphragm, which is crucial for breathing

abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

touch is felt

in the brain

collagen & elastin

are what give skin it's strength and pliablity

subcutaneous layer with loose connective tissue

attaches skin to underlying muscles and bone

skin turns red because

heat & circulation generated by friction causes blood vessels to vasodilate

oil

what sebaceous glands excrete onto skin

sweat

what sudoiferous glands secrete onto the skin

arrector pili muscles

smooth muscles that make goosebumps and hairs stand on end

nails

protect the dorsal surface of the last digit of each finger & toe

massage contraindication over and around transdermal patches & insulin injections

massage can abnormally increase the absorption rate of the medication

elderly

thin, dry skin is a massage consideration for which client

heat contraindication for acute muscle injury

heat can exacerbate the inflammation, risking further damage to tissues

once vit d is produced in skin what happens next

is fully activated after being processed in the kidneys and liver

dermal layer

deep level of dermiswhere active skin growth occurs

epidermis

superficial layers of skin containing keratin, melanin, keratinocytes & melanocytes

dermis

located under epidermis

contains blood vessels, nerve receptors, hair follicles, and skin glands

hypodermis

subcutaneous

under dermis connective & adipose tissue

osteoclasts

bone consumers

break down bone

osteoblasts

form bone

RBC production

epiphyses

where long bones grow in length

gravity

greatest factor in maintaining bone density

irregular bones

complicated shape, vertebrae, hip & facial bones

squamosal

suture between parietal & temporal bones

hyoid

bone that does not articulate with any other bone located just above larynx

4 spinal curves

feature of the spinal column that help distribute weight

facets

bony landmark of the vertebral column that articulates with the ribs

shock absorbers

function of intervertebral discs

herniated disc symptoms

burning or tingling sensation down leg

backache

loss of skeletal control

diarthroses

freely movable joints

atom�

basic unit of matter�

normal blood pH

7.35-7.45 hydrogen potential

levels of cell organization

cell

tissues

organs

organ systems

organism

mitosis

Cell division for growth, repair
(cloning division-daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells)
*division of nucleus and cytoplasm

meosis

production of gametessex cells - Egg and Sperm

catabolism

is the breaking down of the body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide.

active transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy

feedback loops

feedback mechanisms that alter the original changes that triggered them

dermatomes

each spinal nerves receives sensory input from a specific area of skin

proprioceptors

monitors the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

sliding filament theory

proposed mechanism for muscle action where shortening and elongation are the result of actin protein filaments sliding inward and outward over myosin protein filaments

structure of a long bone

1) epiphyses and diaphysis

2) compact and spongy bone

3) marrow cavity

4) articular cartilage

5) periosteum

central nervous system (CNS)

the command center of the nervous system

consists of the Brain (cranium) and Spinal Cord (vertebral column)

periphreal nervous system

consists of spinal and cranial nerves

sympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations - fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

anatomy and physiology of a neuron

it's a functional and structural unit.

a-/ cell body has nucleus

b-/ dendrite- conducts impulse toward cell body

c-/ axon- conduct impulse

synapses

connections between neurons

two types of cells in the nervous system

neuroglia

neurons

neuroglia (PNS)

schwann cells and satellite cells

what are 2 types of neurons

sensory and perceptive

cranial nerves

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve).

cranial nerve I

Olfactory

cranial nerve II

opticsensory, vision

cranial nerve III

oculomotor (eye movement)

cranial nerve IV

trochlear (eye movement up and out) eye muscles 1-6

Cranial nerve V

trigeminal: chewing, feeling front of head

cranial nerve VI

abducens (lateral eye movement)

cranial nerve VII

facial, both sensory and motor (facial movements & taste)

cranial nerve VIII

vestibulocochlear

sensoryhearing and balance

cranial nerve XI

accessory nerve

swallowing and head and shoulder movements

cranial nerve X

Vagus - senses aortic blood pressure

slows heart rate

stimulates digestive organs

taste

cranial nerve XII

hypoglossal

motor

tongue movement

cranial nerve IX

glossopharyngeal

both sensory and motor-sensory

sensory=taste, back of mouth, tonsils, middle ear

motor-sensory = 1 muscle of the pharynx

action potential

a neural impulse

a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

resting potential

the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

special senses

sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste

afferent

carry impulse toward center (CNS-brain)

efferent

carry impulse away from center (CNS-brain)

meninges

membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord dura, arachnoid & pia matter

dura matter

thick, tough outermost membrane of the meninges

arachnoid matter

thin, cobweblike meningeal layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord

the middle of three layers.

pia matter

third layer of the meninges. located nearest to brain and spinal cord

consists of delicate connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood vessels.

cerebrum

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

cerebellum

the " little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem

functions included processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

dicephalon

a region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle; includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus

brain stem

part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the medulla, midbrain and pons

controls involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

spinal cord

column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae

responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body

spinal nerves

31 pairs -

8 pairs of cervical(neck)

12 thoracic (chest)

5 lumbar (abdominal)

5 sacral (pelvic)

1 coccygeal (tailbone)

all originating from the spinal column

spinal plexuses

where spinal nerves blend to form a network

protects from loss of function if a nerve is damaged

endocrine

secreting internally

hormone

chemical messenger

chemical substance secreted into body fluids by one cell or a group of cells, exerting a physiological control effect on other cells

tropic hormone

hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

exocrine gland

denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

endocrine gland

ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood.

vessels of cardiovascular system

arteries arterioles capillaries veins venules

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart with the exception of the pulmonary artery (carries de-oxygenated blood from heart to lungs)

veins

carry blood toward the heart

capillaries

* Smallest blood vessels * Only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

arterioles

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

layers of the heart

endocardium myocardium epicardium

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

epicardium

outer most layer of heart

myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

chambers of heart

left ventricle

right ventricle

left atrium

right atrium

left ventricle

pumps blood to body

right ventricle

pumps blood out to the lungs

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs though the pulmonary vein.

right atrium

receives blood from the body

heart valves

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

semilunar valve

valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.

atrioventricular valves

separate the atria from the ventricles.�

diastole

ventricles relax & fill with blood

tricuspid valve

between right atrium and right ventricle

mitral valve

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

bicuspid valve.

pulmonary valve

valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

pulse points

temporal

carotid

facial

axillary

brachial

radial femoral

popliteal

pedal

posterior tibial

white blood cell functions

defends against pathogens removes toxins and wastes

attack abnormal cells

red blood cell functions

carry oxygen to cells carry CO2 away from cells

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

provide body with powerful defense against infections & tumors

plasma

the liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.

function of heart

muscular pump that propels blood through the lungs and to the peripheral tissues

function of blood

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

lymphatic system- function

returns excess tissue fluid to the blood

needed because plasma tends to leak out of blood capillaries

filters pathogens to be targeted by immune system

lymphatic vessels

return fluid escaping the circulatory system to veins above the heart

specific immunity

protects the body against specific foreign agents and requires recognition of the specific agent involved

nonspecific (innate) immunity

defenses present at birth and that function the same way regardless of invader

antibody

a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

antigen

a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

immune cells

NK cells

T cells

B cells

macrophages DCs (APC)

natural killer (NK) cells

help recognize and eliminate certain diseased cells attach to cells that stop expressing the I MHC protein (cells that are infected by a virus or have become cancerous)

macrophages

large scavenger cells of the immune system that engulf debris and remove it.

respiratory system

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

types of respiration

aerobic

anaerobic

aerobic respiration

without oxygen

anaerobic respiration

similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2

gas exchange

the uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment

occurs in aveoli

function of the gastrointestinal system

ingestion (eating)

propulsion of food along the GI tract

excretion of unused material

villi

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

peristalis

the process of moving food and water through the canal by small, circular inner muscles and larger, longitundinal outer muscles

chemical digestion

the chemical breakdown of food by digestive enzymes

mechanical digestion

chewing, mixing, and churning food

function of the urinary system

filters blood to remove wastes of cellular metabolism

maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance

structures of urinary system

kidneys- filter blood plasma

ureters - transport urine from kidney to bladder

bladder- stores urine

urethra- passage from bladder to urinary orifice

nephron

filtering unit of kidney

1-2 million

where urine is formed

urine formation

glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

female reproductive system - structure

* Internal Genitalia - Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus and Vagina

* External Genitalia - Mons Pubis, Vulva (Labia Majora and Labia Minora) and clitoris

functions of the integumentary system

protection

body temperature regulation

cutaneous sensation

metabolic functions

blood reservoir

excretion

integumentary system

skin

hair

nails

exocrine glands (sebaceous & sudoriferous)

protective covering, regulating temperature and water content

diffusion

passive

the spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.

Will continue until until distribution of particulate is equal

filtration

passive

movement of particles across the cellular membrane as a result of pressure

amphiarthosis

cartilaginous joint

joint that is slightly moveable

synarthroses

fibrous joint

immovable or slight moveable

arthr-

joint

chonrd/o-

cartilage

fibr/o-

fiber, fibrous

my/o-

muscle

neur/o-

nerve

vertebr-

spine, vertebrae

hyper-

excessive

-emia

blood

-itis

inflammation

-logy

study of

-ic

pertaining to

-genic

pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in

-algia

pain

-osis

condition

-pathy

disease

-cule, -cle, -ellum, -il, -ule, ole

small

cyt

cell

root/core

part of medical term that is the body part or system

suffix

word element placed at the end of a medical term

spinal artery plexus

formed by the anterior and posterior spinal arteries; surrounds the spinal cord

classifications of bones

long- humerus

short- carpal

flat- parietal

irregular- vertebra

sesamoid- patella

pneumatized- ethmoid

classifications of synovial joints example of each

ball and socket - femur and acetabulum

condylar joints - radiocarpal joint of the wrist

saddle joints- trapeziometacarpal joint of the thumb

plane joints - carpal bones

hinge joints - elbow joint- ulna and humerus

pivot joints - atlas and axis

classifications of diarthrodial joints

simple: only two articulating surfaces (elbow)

compound: 3 or more articulating surfaces (wrist)

complex: 2 or more articulating surfaces with a disc or fibrocartilage (knee)

amphiarthrodial joints

sutures of the skull

sacrum & coccyx

costochrondral - ribs to sternum

pubic symphysis

electrical conduction system of the heart

–sinoatrial (SA) node—aka thepacemaker of heart

–atrioventricular (AV) node

–bundle of his

–right and left bundle branches of AV Bundle

–purkinge fibers

pathway of blood through the heart

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

right atrium - tricuspid valve

right ventricle

pulmonary artery

lung capillaries

pulmonary vein

left atrium - bicuspid valve

left ventricle

aorta

chemoreceptors

taste & smell

photoreceptors

respond to light

rods - black, whites, grays

cones - color

mechanoreceptors

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch

nocireceptors

pain

thermoreceptors

temperature

lymph tissue & location

spleen -left side of body

tonsils & adnoids - throat

thymus - thoracic

peyer's patches - small intestine

red bone marrow - long bones

respiratory structure & location

upper - upper sinuses to throat (pharynx)

lower - larynx to lungs

circulations of blood

arteries carry oxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary artery

veins carry deoxygenated blood to heart & then to lungs

pathway of blood through the heart.

Aorta. Systemic circulation. Right atrium. Tricuspid valve. Right ventricle. Pulmonary semi-lunar valve. Pulmonary arteries. Lungs. Pulmonary Veins. Left atrium. Bicuspid valve. Left ventricle. Aortic semi-lunar valve. Aorta. Systemic circulation.

sperm & ova production

gametes - gonads

sperm - testicles

ova - ovaries

structure of male reproductive system

testes

spermatic duct (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts & urethra)

accessory male sex glands ( seminal vesicles, prostrate gland & blubourethral glands)

supportive structures - scrotum & penis

deglutition

the act of swallowing

bolus

chewed & compacted food before swallowing

mastication

the act of chewing

5 steps of digestion

1. ingestion - take in food, chew & swallow (deglutition)

2. movement - propelling the food thru the system (peristalsis)

3. digestion - breaking down of food (chemical & mechanical)

4. absorption - food leaving the digestive system in to blood & ultimately the cells (chemical)

5. defication - the elimination of whatever the body does not need or use (poop :)

control of hunger & eating behaviors

hypothalamus- part of the brain and control center of the endocrine system

cerebrum - conscious thought & emotion

pharynx

throat

pushes bolus to back of mouth

stimulates epiglottis to cover the larynx and uvula to cover nasal passages

gastric juices

hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus & intrinsic factor

responsible for chemical digestion

cardiac sphincter

opening from the esophagus to the stomach - (named because located close to the heart)

pyloric sphincter

The valve controlling the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum)

rugae

folds in lining of the stomach (lumen)

allows for expansion (.5-1.5 qt)

chyme

bolus broken down in the stomach into a soupy, acidic mixture

small intestine

primary site of absorption

22 feet long

last stage of chemical digestion

duodenum

first section of the small intestine

10" long

receives bile from gall bladder or liver

where final digestion of chyme occurs

jejunum

center section of small intestine

8 feet long

absorption of fats and nutrients occur here due to villi & lacteals

ileum

last section of the small intestine

12 feet long

absorption of nutrients and fats occur here due to villi & lacteals

ileocecal valve

valve separating the ileum from the colon

large intestine

5 feet long

absorbs remaining water

waste storage

cecum

first part of the large intestine, appendix is attached

colon

center section of large intestine

-ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

hepatic flexure

right corner of large intestine, by liver

splenic flexure

the left flexure of the colon as it bends at the junction of the transverse and descending segments of the colon, near the spleen.

rectum

last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

stores feces prior to elimination

salivary glands

produce saliva to begin chem. digestion, hold enzymes that breakdown food, lubricates food, neutralizes acids you ingest

mesentary

double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, stores fat, and also blood vessels and nerves for organs in peritoneal cavity

gall bladder

stores & concentrates bile and then releases it into the small intestine

pancreas

long gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzmes and hormones insulin and glucagon

juices help break down carbs, fats & proteins

liver

largest organ in the body

manufactures plasma proteins

removes antibodies & hormones

(epinephrine, norepinephrine, sex hormones, corticosteroids & thyroid hormones)

stores glucose as glucogen if blood glucose level too high

activates vitamin D

metabolism

the sum of all reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.

digestion

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

starts in the mouth & ends in the small intestines

muscular contractions move & breakdown products through the system by perstalsis & segementation

olfactory

cranial nerve I

smell

optic

cranial nerve II

allows vision

oculomotor

cranial nerve III

moves eyeball & eyelid

constricts pupil

trochlear

cranial nerve IV

moves the eyeball up & out (muscles 1-6)

trigeminal

cranial nerve V

great sensory nerve of face & head

3 branches for chewing, pain & temperature

abducens

cranial nerve VI

lateral eye movement

facial

cranial VII

facial expression

saliva

tears

vestibulocochlear

cranial nerve VIII

2 branches to inner ear

equilibrium

hearing

glossopharyngeal

cranial nerve IX

saliva

taste

swallowing

vagus

cranial nerve X

external ear & auditory

thoracic & abdominal organs

digestion

regulates heart rate

accessory or

spinal accessory

cranial nerve XI

controls tongue for speech & swallowing

innervates the trapezius & sternocleidomastoid

hypoglosseal

cranial nerve XII

moves the tongue for speech & swallowing

spleen

lymphatic organ

stores blood cells

destroys old RBCs & platelets

thoracic duct

lymphatic vessel

drains lymph fluid from entire body into the subclavian vein

EXCEPT right side of head, right arm & right half of thorax

right lymphatic duct

large lymphatic vessel in chest that receives lymph from upper right part of body

bone marrow

(primarily red)

produces

RBCs

pluripotent stem cells

lymphocytes

where b cells mature

tonsils

specialized lymph tissue embedded in mucous membranes around the throat

t cells

lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow

matures in the thymus

manage immune response by attacking & destroying foreign cells

b cells

lymphocyte produced & matures in red bone marrow

make antibodies

inflammation

protective mechanism that stabilizes & prepares damaged tissue for repair

symptoms - local heat, swelling, redness, pain & decreased functioning

primary function of lymph nodes

collect & filter lymph

cisterna chyli

lymphatic sac located between the abdominal aorta & L2

trachea

windpipe

layrnx/ larynges

voice box (sin/plu)

four bones containing paranasal sinuses

ethmoid, frontal, maxilla, sphenoid

pulmonary ventilation

breathing

trachea c-shaped cartilage rings

-cartilage provides stability

-open end faces esphagus to allow for esophagus to expand

-lined with ciliated(hair-like) mucous membranes to trap foreign material

goblet cells

produce mucus

respiratory diaphragm

main muscle of respiration

reflex arc

a pathway of nerve impulses producing a reflex

brain not involved

nerve

a group of axons traveling together in the PNS

-each NERVE is made up of many NEURONS

-most nerves (with the exception of cranial nerves) carry signals in both directiond

positive feedback loop

part of endocrine system

situation in which the end product of a reaction stimulates its own production

ex: labor & delivery, blood clot formation

negative feedback loop

part of endocrine system

senses a change from baseline condition, turn on mechanisms to oppose change, bring back to baseline

half-life

amount of time it takes for 50% of a hormone to be broken down & eliminated

pituitary gland

base of the brain

aka master gland

responds to hormones from hypothalamus

controls the release of hormones from endocrine glands

pineal gland

located in the center of the brain secretes melatonin and serotonin

hypothalamus

part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

governs endocrine system via pituitary

body-mind and nerve-endocrine function

temp regulation, appetite, thirst, emotion, sexual behavior, and motivation

parathyroid glands

four endocrine glands that are embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland

secrete parathyroid hormone

raise the blood levels of calcium.

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

metabolism

hormonal sensitivity

calcium regulation

thymus

located in the thoracic cavity behind sternum

where maturation of T cells is completed.

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys

secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

fight or flight glands

testes

glands located on both sides within the scrotum in the male

secrete testosterone

produce sperm

pancreas

exocrine & endocrine gland that is under the stomach

insulin (for transport of sugar into cells)

enzymes (for digestion)

ovaries

located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis

secrete estrogen and progesterone

produce ova (eggs)

androgens

male sex hormones

endorphins

peptide hormones

involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure

hypersecretion

excessive hormone release

hyposecretion

insufficient release of a hormone from an endocrine gland.

peyer's patches

lymphoid tissue in the small bowel that help defend against ingested pathogens

lacteals

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat & fat soluble vitamins into the bloodstream

primary function of respiratory system

obtaining O2 and removing CO2
- acts as filter
- aids in control of water content
- control of temp
- speech
- sense of smell
- regulation of pH

external respiration

gas exchange between lungs and blood

internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and tissues

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

left ventricle/right atrium

pericardial cavity

space enclosed by the pericardial sac that contains the heart and fluid

pulmonary pump

right atrium & right ventricle; pumps deoxygenated blood through the heart to the lungs

systole

contraction of the heart

blood is expelled into aorta & pulmonary artery

aneurysm

a localized weak spot, or balloon-like enlargement, of the wall of an artery

aorta

largest artery

femoral artery

the major artery supplying the leg

carotid artery

major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

saphenous artery

branches off the femoral artery to supply the medial portion of the leg.

anemia

lack of a normal number of red blood cells

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

artherosclerosis

blocked arteries

blood pressure

the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels

hemoglobin

oxygen carrying protein in RBCs

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

bundle of HIS & purkinje fibers

during electrical firing carries the impulse for ventricular contraction.

4 spinal nerve plexuses

all sensory & motor

cervical - C1-C5 head, neck & shoulders

brachial - C5-T1 upper extremities

lumbar - L1-T4 abdomen, genitalia & lower extremities

sacral - L5-S3 lower extremities

alimentary canal

digestive tract consisting of a tube that runs from the mouth to the anus

omentum

abundant adipose tissue

covers anterior abdominal cavity

padding and protection for organs

tongue

position food - chewing

refine articulation

position bolus - swallowing

mouth

digestive system start &

first line of defense against bacteria and viruses

common bile duct

opens into the duodenum

regulating appetite

hypothalamus

stomach

both chemical & mechanical digestion occur here

hepatic artery

supplies liver, gallbladder, stomach, and small intestine

kidney parts

cortex - outer

medulla - inner

pyramids - triangular divisions

papilla - narrow end of pyramid

pelvis - expansion of the upper end of the ureter

calyx - route from papilla to pelvis

nephron - (filtering unit) 1-2 million

glomerulus - network of blood capillaries that filter blood

bowman's capsule - surrounds glomerulus

waste elimination systems

respiratory integumentary

digestive

urinary

erythropoietin

hormone secreted by the Kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

cortex

covering

medulla

middle

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers between synapses

zygote

fertilized egg

aveoli

tiny filled sacs in lungs
gas exchange occurs here

insertion

the end of the muscle which is attached to the bone that moves.

origin

attachment to the immovable bone

cerebral spinal fluid

fluid that circulates within the dural tube

supplies nutrients & removes wastes from brain & dural tube

cushioning for brain & spinal column

excitability

property of nervous & muscle tissue that has ability to respond to stimulus

2 movements the elbow makes

flexion & extension

plantar flexion

the action of pointing toes downward

putting your foot on the gas

TMD symptoms

difficulty opening and closing the mouth

headaches

clicking noises when joint moves

factor affecting rom of the spine

tighter the ligaments the more limited ROM

supraspinatus, infraspinatus

teres minor

subscapularis

rotator cuff muscles

arthritis

inflammation of joints

primary knee flexors

popliteus - initiator

hamstrings

sometimes - gracilis, gastrocnemius & sartorius

deep transverse friction

technique that breaks up scar tissue and reorients collagen fibers to increase mobility

herniation or hernia

when an intervertebral disc protrudes into the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen

aponeurosis

broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue

contractility

ability of a muscle to shorten forcably with adequate stimiulation

static force

force applied in such a way that it does not produce movement

synergist

muscle that aids the agonist (prime mover) but not responsible for the action

aka guiding muscle

spastic

muscle with excessive force or in excessive contraction

antagonist

muscle that has the opposite action of the prime mover (agonist)

motor unit

a neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

muscle tone

resting tension in a muscle

chrondroblasts

form cartilage

osteocytes

mature bone cells

monitor and maintain metabolism of the bone

spongy (cancellous) bone

mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run

compact

forms periphery of all bones and a portion of the shaft of long bones

piezoelectricity

exercise stresses bone which in turn strengthens them

macromolecules

carbohydrates

lipids

nucleic acids

proteins are made of

amino acids

size of typical human cell

10-20 microns in diameter

plasma membrane

separates inside of cell from outside

ICF

intercellular fluid

mostly potassium & K+

nucleus

control center of cell and contains DNA

cytoplasm

everything between a nucleus and plasma membrane

organelle

specialized structure within a cell

nucleus

endoplasmic reticulum

active membrane transport

carrier proteins transport substance against concentration gradient

requires cell to use ATP

done by endocytosis & pinocytosis

endocytosis

substance is brought back into cell by membrane surrounding the substance and is pinched off inside the cell in a vesicle

pinocytosis (drinking)

phagocytosis (eating)

specialized cells that either eat or liquify and drink substance

endoplasmic reticulum

a system of membranes found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production , processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids

rough ER

endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to it where protein and lipid synthesis occurs

smooth ER

endoplasmic reticulum w/no ribosomes attached to it sometimes specialized for lipid synthesis or detoxifying chemicals

also deactivates steriods

golgi complex apparatus

stacked membranous sacs

sorts & packs ER products (contains proteins & carbs)

makes vesicles for transport to various places inside the cell or for secretion

lysosome

a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death.

peroxisomes

organelles within cell that contain several types of enzymes that dispose of toxic substances alcohol, H2, O2

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

helps to produce ATP

microvilli

projections of the cell membrane that allow for greater surface area

cells divide for

growth

replace dead or dying cells

reproduction of the organism

somatic cells

requires 2 daughter cells from parent to divide

red blood cells live

120 days (approx)

Physiology Final 1

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