Arab-Israeli conflict exam 2

-1954: group of European Jews (led by an Israeli intelligence officer) planned to convince British that they should not evacuate the Suez like they planned to; British presence on Suez prevented Egyptian activities in the Middle East.

-damages were slight and there were no injuries

-Chosen as the location of the Israeli nuclear program due to its relative isolation in the desert and availability of housing.

-By 1962 the US was so impressed with Israel's technological advancements that they began to give Israel weapons

Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242. In the late 60s and early 70s, Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war. Forced out and into Lebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country

1967 - adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. It was adopted under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter. [1] The resolution was framed by Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg and British ambassador Lord Caradon. It calls for the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict" (see semantic dispute) and the "[t]ermination of all claims or states of belligerency". It also calls for the recognition of all established states by belligerent parties (Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan) of each other and calls for the establishment of peace and secure and recognized boundaries for all parties.

1967 - adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War.  It calls for the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict" and the "termination of all claims or states of belligerency". It also calls for the recognition of all established states by belligerent parties (Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan) of each other and calls for the establishment of peace and secure and recognized boundaries for all parties.

-Palestinian Liberation Organization, led by Yassir Arafat.

-Leading political & military force for Palestinian nationalism.

-Palestinians held raids & terrorist strikes to keep Israel from Occupied Territories.

-Invaded Lebanon, became major base.

• 1970: new militant group of PLO.
  
• 1972: kills 11 Israeli athletes at Munich Olympics.
• Hijacked European jet from Athens to Tel Aviv with 109 Jewish tourists.
• 24hrs later, Jewish troops carry out midnight raid and save all 109 hostages. "Operation Wrath of God"
  

The Organization of Arabic Petroleum Exporting Countries - announced an embargo of oil shipments to any nation that supported Israel during its war with Egypt and Syria. 

Adopted in 1975, determined that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.  Angered Israel, eventually repealed in 1991.

• 1987:Black September hijacked plane full of Jewish tourist flying from Athens to Tel Aviv.
• Flew it to Etebbe, Uganda.
• 24hrs later Jewish special forces carried out midnight raid and saved all 109 hostages.

(conservative) right wing party, believe that Israel is entitled to take over all land controlled by the Jewish people in biblical times.  Israeli conservative party that accelerates towards settlement movement. Party takes a forceful attitude towards Palestinians.

-Sprang in '67 after 6 day war, and made official in '74 after Yom Kippur War.

-Messianic and political movement committed to establishing Jewish settlements

-political organ., but religious in essence; stemmed from teachings of early religious Zionist figure, Rabbi Isaac Kook

-believed that spreading Judaism through as much of biblical Israel as possible would bring about coming of Messiah.

The Kataeb Party along with other political parties formed the Lebanese Resistance and battled Palestinians and other nations to preserve Lebanon and its independence and integrity.

War for Peace

-'82: Pal. Refugee camps in Lebanon; Israel had control of Beirut; conflict bet. Pals.; Muslims in Lebanese Civil War; Israel's Lebanon War

-Israel said would protect camps and not allow PLO military presence there, but once muslims killed Christian Pres. of Lebanon, Israel allowed Christian Lebanese Forces into camps b/c IDF was told they were there to search for PLO terrorists hiding among civilians.

-instead, Christians slaughtered bet. 700-3500 people

American Israeli Public Affairs Committee. Right wing “ethnic” interest group. Makes politicians see the amount of Jewish voters. Works to ensure Israel’s security and protecting American interests in the Middle East. Key cog in the pro-Israeli lobby within the US. It is widely recognized as one of the most influential lobby groups on the Hill

a movement within both Shiite and Sunni Muslim traditions to return to a more conservative, religious-based society and state. often associated with a rejection of western culture and with a political aim to merge civic and religious authority

• Founded by Hassan al-Banna in 1928 as a reaction to British imperialism and influx of western values in Egypt - Greater Jihad
  
• built a society within society - benefits for supporters, but treated badly in 1960s-1970s under Nasser - many forced to recant after torture
• created a hard core group out of those who remained loyal

-'87 to '93: Pal. uprising against Israel's gain of disputed territories from 6 day war, led by PLO & Arafat. - violence spread on both sides, killing of civilians, Pals. attacking soldiers.

-led to emergence of Hamas; suicide bombings in '93.

-internat'l condemnation of Israel due to large #s Pals. deaths, however many were caused by other Pals. who they thought collaborated w/Israel.

-brought internat'l attention to Pal. cause as potential independent body.

flight that was bombed down in 1988

bomb placed by operatives based in libya

killed all 259 passengers on board

- Assumed to have been Palestinian operatives, though different Muslim groups took responsibility

- 1991, Spain hosting conference inviting Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinians and sponsored by US and Soviet Union. PLO NOT INVITED represented by other Palestinian delegates. Madrid channel for the 1993 talks in Oslo Norway.

-Later, Arafat gave side-letter pledges for nonviolence and to amend Pal. covenant which denied Israel's right to exist, in order to win Israeli recognition of PLO
Arafat never amended cov. or tried to reounce/reduce terr. (actually called for more terrorism).

-2nd intifada (more Israelis killed by terr. since famous Rabin-Arafat shake than in any period of like duration in Israel history)

First peace talks between Palestinians and Israel between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat. Talks began after 1st Intifada, beginning with mutual recognition but there was no discussion of important issues (borders, refugees, settlements). Oslo was scuttled by extremists.
Accords called for withdrawal of IDF from parts of Pal territories and right of Pal self-government. Meant to lay foundations for a final peace, establishment of a Pal state.

- Formed in 1982 by two new extremist terrorist groups.
- Islamic in Southern Lebanon. "Party of God".
- Sponsored by Iran.

• the legality or otherwise of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories, and their annexation of East Jerusalem and the Israeli West Bank barrier;
• how legal borders should be decided between Israel and a Palestinian state;
• the legal status of the Palestinian refugees from the 1948 Arab-Israeli war and subsequently.

Treaty between Israel and Jordan, dealing with borders, normalization (established diplomatic relations), security, defense, Jerusalem (Jordan has preference concerning the status of Muslim holy places in the city in any future peace agreement with the Palestinians), water and Palestinian refugees (agreement to try to work towards solutions).

Main Points

• Convened by President Clinton in July 2000
• Israelis
• Offered Arafat a large part of Gaza and the West Bankand shared sovereignty over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem
• Refused to make substantial concessions on the Palestine refuge situation for fear of jeopardizing its security and independence
• Palestinians
• Either because of their ideological convictions or the potential American aide was not enough to mitigate their immediate risks over border control and water resources
  
• Unwilling to compromise over Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza, and the Palestinian refugees

1-11th Prime Minister of Israel, Israeli statesman and retired general.

The silver mounted mosque located in the property of the Temple Mount, along with the al-Haram ash-Sharif or "Noble Sanctuary" (Palestinian title) or Dome of the Rock (Jewish title). Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey. The Old City is under Israeli control, but the mosque remains under the administration of the Palestinian-led Islamic waqf.

Launched by Clinton at the end of his Presidency to investigate the 2nd Intifada, its report was published under Bush and it said that Israel used live ammo against Palestinians who threw rocks. Palestinians didn't use firearms for the first three months of the intifada

• PM under Arafat
• Current President of PA (2005), Arafat's successor
• Lost Gaza elections in 2006, kicked out
• Chairman of PLO since 2004 on Fatah ticket
• pragmatist, pro peace, called for end of violence in 2nd Int.
• First to recognize Israel's R to E

12 July, Hizbollah carried out an attack on Israeli border. abducted 2, killed 8.
Second Lebanon War. 1,000 lebanese dead, thousands injured and 1 million displaced. Hizbollah emerged claiming victory.

Israeli response to a Hamas Missile launch with a mobilized attack into Gaza bombing Gaza

Used to be an armed group in PLO but now is the government for the unofficial state of Palestine- formed in Oslo Accords of 94. Questions as to if they are the legitimate authority for the people of Palestine because no real election held in last few years as scheduled. Led by Abbas and has some authority over security and civilian issues. They’re currently in peace talk with Israel. Recognized as legitimiate by UN.

Fayyad's political agenda holds that neither violence nor peaceful negotiations have brought the Palestinians any closer to an independent state. His main tenets are: 1) strong security, 2) good governance, and 3) economic opportunity.

The beginning of a wave of protests and cries for democracy in Arab nations.  Began in Tunisia and spread quickly to Egypt and Libya.  Currently taking place in Syria where Assad (president) is attempting to put down the revolt.  Shows that culture may not be important in determining the success of a democracy

The Kafr Qasim massacre took place in the Israeli Arab village of Kafr Qasim situated on the Green Line, at that time, the de facto border between Israel and the West Bank on October 29, 1956. It was carried out by the Israel Border Police (Magav) and resulted in 48 Arab civilians dead, including 6 women and 23 children aged 8–17. Arab sources usually give the death toll as 49, as they include the unborn child of one of the women.