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World Civ Mid Terms
Civilization with Day at Maclay School
About this deck
By: Halle Scott
Created: 2010-12-06
Size: 328 flashcards
Views: 693
Created: 2010-12-06
Size: 328 flashcards
Views: 693
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Artifacts
Remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human made objects
Culture
People's unique way of life, as shown by its tools, costums, arts, and ideas
Mary Leakey
Discovered Australopithecines in 1978
Australopithecines
Humans and other creatures that walk upright, Hominid
Donald Johansen
Discovered Lucy
Lucy
Discovered by Donald Johansen, 3.5 million years old, named after "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
Homo Habilis
Appeared 2.5 million years ago, first to make stone tools
Paleolithic Age
2.5 million to 8,000 BC, during the Ice Age
Neolithic Age
Learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals - 8,000 BC to 3,000 BC
Technology
Ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet needs
Homo Erectus
began 1.6 million years ago, more intelligent than Homo Habilis, more use of technology, learned to control fire, had a developed language, skillful hunters
Neanderthal
200,000 to 30,000 BC first to have burial rituals
Shanidar Cave
Ancient funerals were held there
Cro- Magnon
40,000 to 8,000 BC, fully modern humans, created art
Homo Sapiens
Modern humans, means "wise men"
Nomads
People with no permanent place of existing, allows moving from place to place following food
Hunter- Gatherers
Nomad groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods
Neolithic Revolution
The agricultural revolution and the beginning of farming
Slash and burn farming
Where trees or grasses were cut and burned to clear a field, remaining ashes fertilized soil, land was only arable for a year or two
Domestication
The taming of animals, dogs were first and then horses, goats and pigs
Pastoral Nomads
People that have follow their domesticatd herds
Civiliazation
A complex culture with (1) advanced cities, (2) specialized workers, (3) complex institutions, (4) record keeping, and (5) advanced technology
Specialization
The development of skills in a specific kind of work
Delta
A marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the moth of a river, the one of the Nile was home to Lower Egypt
Menes
A king of Upper Egypt who united all of Egypt, he combined the two crowns to show unity
Pharaohs
The Egyptian god kings who stood at the center of Egypt's religion, government, and army
Pyramid
The resting place after death for the kings in Egypt
Mummification
The technique Egyptians used to perserve a person's body- emblaming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying
Hieroglyphics
A flexible writing system developed by scribes in Egypt (pictographs)
Artisans
Skilled worikers who make goods by hand: jewelry makers, metal tool workers, weapon, or pottery makers,etc
Institution
A long- lasting pattern of organization in a community (gorvenment, religion, and economy, etc)
Scribes
Professional record keepers
Cuneiform
A system of writing, written by the scribes
Bronze Age
The time when people began using bronze
Barter
The way of trading goods and services without money involved
Ziggurat
The temple in the center of Ur where gods could be worshiped
Fertile Crescent
An arc of land that provides the best farming in Southwest Asia and to cities in Mesopotamia
Silt
Thick fertile soil left behind after a river floods
Irrigation
Ditches that were dug out to carry water to fields so farmers could produce a surplus of crops, first seen in Sumer
City- State
Like an independent country (Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur)
Dynasty
A series of rulers from a single family, in Sumer
Cultural Diffusion
The spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another
Polytheism
The belief in many gods, first in Sumerian Culture
Epic of Gilgamesh
A poem about an unsuccessful quest for immortality
Sargon of Akkad
Led the Akkads and his conquests helped to spread the Umerian culture beyond the Tigris- Euphrates Valley, created the world's first empire
Empire
United people, nations, or previously independent states under the power of one ruler (The first one was created by Sargon after taking over northern and southern Mesopotamia)
Hammurabi
The ruler when the Babylonian Empire reached its peak
Hammurabi's Code
282 Specific laws dealing with everything that affected the commubnity, family relations, buisiness, and crime (HARSH)
Loess
A fertile deposit of wind blown soil
Mandate of Heaven
In Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of land owned by a king, and in return they owe loyalty, military service, and protection back
Yangtze
One of the two river systems of China, in the center; essential for China's farming
Taklimaken
The desert to the west of China
Xia
The first Chinese dynasty, leader was Yu
Anyang
On of the important cities and capitals of the Shang Dynasty; built mainly of wood
Oracle Bones
Animal bones or shells Chinese priests scratched messages into to communicate with the gods; cracked with a hot poker
Dynastic Cycle
The rise, decline, and replacement of failing dynasties
Indo- Europeans
Seminomadic people from the Steppes
Steppes
Dry grasslands that strached north of the Caucasus
Aryans
Entered India through the passes of the Hindu Kush
Hittites
Indo- Europeans who occupied Anatolia and eventually Babylon; signed a peace treaty with Egypt
Vedas
The literary work that served as the only records left behind by the Aryans
Dasas
What Aryans referred to the people they found in India; means "dark"
Brahmins
A priest in the Aryan society
Mahabharata
A great Indian epic poem reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved into south India
Bhagavad Gita
General explained killing his family members was better than looking like a coward to his home land
Castes
The social system developed by Aryans: 1. Brahmins (priests), 2. Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors), 3. Shudras (laborers)
Shudras
Laborers who did work Aryans didn't want to do
Latifunda
Huge estates where rich landowners lived, created by occupying conquered lands and by taking farms that were k=left unattended by soldiers serving in the army
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Two brothers who attempted to help Rome's poor; they proposed reforms as tribunes
Civil War
Conflict between groups withibn the same country
Gaius Marius
General during the Civil war
Lucius Conelius Sulla
named dictator at the end of the Civil War
Julius Caesar
An ambitous and daring leader; brought order to Rome, joined forces with Crassus and elected Triumvirate and Consul
Triumvirate
A group of 3 leaders;
The 1st Triumvirate
Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
Pompey
A popular general, member of triumvirate, became Caesar's political rival; ordered him to send his legion home
Absolute Ruler
One who has total power; Caesar
Octavian
Caesar's 18 year old grand nephew and son; joined with an experienced general named Mark Antony; restored the republic
Mark Antony
Ocatavian's allie and eventually rival; defeated by Octavian; fell in love with Cleopatra; killed himself after being defeated
Cicero
Among those killed in the Triumvirate's purge of Caesar's enemies; a defender of the republic in the senate
Actium
Where Octavian defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony, 31 BC
Augusts
Octavian changed his name to this; means "exalted one"
Pax Romana
The period of peace and preosperity in Rome; means "Roman Peace"
Denarius
A silver coin used in Agustus' time and used for propoganda
Tiberius
Agustsus' adopted son and successor
5 Good Emperors
Solution to the succession problems; Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Plus, Marcus Aurelis
Marcus Aurelis
The last of the 5 good emperors; his death marked the beginning of the empire's decline and the end of the Pax Romana
Gravitas
Discipline, strength, and loyalty
Gladiators
Professional fighters who fought to the death
Numina
Powerful forces of devine spirits that were worshiped
Lares
The gaurdian spirits of each family
Colosseum
A huge arena that could hold 50,000 people: rich or poor during races, games, gladiator combats, etc.
Herod
The ruler of Jerusalem
Zealots
A group who wanted to rid their homeland of the Romans
Jesus
Born in Bethlehem, jewish and Roman, baptized by John the baptist, began public mnistry at 30, taught monotheism; sent to the cross to be crucified for failure to worship the Roman gods
Gospels
Good news; the main sourse of information about jesus' life and the first four books of the New Testament
Apostles
Jesus' desciples who are thought to hve written the Gospels
Pontius Pilate
Roman governor, thought jesus challenged the authorities of Rome; arrested him and ordered him to be crucified
Peter
One of the first apostles; spread the teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and Syria
Paul
An apostle; a Jew whose Hebrew name was Saul; was against Christianity until he had a vision of Christ and began interpreting his teachings
Epistles
Influential letters written by Paul to groups of believers
Masada
Where half a mnillion Kews were killed for rebelling
Diaspora
When jews were driven from their homeland into exile
Bishop
A priest responsible for supervising local churches
Pope
The farmer or head of Christian churches; the first one was Peter
Constantine
Roman emperor who battled for title; showed his Christian beliefs
Milvian Bridge
Where Constantine prayed the day before his battle and reported seeing a cross in the heavens
Edict of Milan
Constantine declared Christianity to be one of the religions approved by the emperor; granted freedom to follow the religion of choice
Hersey
What church leaders called any belief that contradicted basic teachings
Inflation
A drastic drop in the value of money and a rise in prices
Valerian
Rome's emperor; captured by the Persians in Rome's worst defeat
Mercenaries
Foreign soldiers who fought for money but were unloyal to the land they were fighting for
Diocletian
A strong willed army leader; new emperor, 284; Restored Order in the empire and increased its strength by governing as an absolute ruler and severly limiting the personal freedomsl declared himself son of Jupiter, father of the gods to make his assassination a crime
General Maximian
The appointed co-ruler who ruled the west of Rome
Constantine
One of the four competing to take Diocletian's positions after he died; gained conrtol of the western part of the empire in 312; restored control of the east; recreated the concept of a single ruler; moved the capital city of Rome to Byzantium and eventually ended the persecution of Christians
Byzantium
The greek city that became the Roman capital; present day Turkey; on Bosporus Strait; strategically located for trade and defense purposes on crossroads; protected by massive walls
Constantinople
The re-named city of Byzantium
Huns
Fierce Mongols; began incvading the frontier regions of Rhine and Danube rivers, 370, destroying all in their path; forced groups to move into Roman empire; main reason for the Germanic invasions of the empire
Alaric
King of Germans; marched with his army across the Alps towards Rome; put the city under siege and plundered it for 3 days
Attila
Took control and united the Hunsa for the first time; terrorized both halves of the empire with a more advanced force than Rome's
Romulus Augustus
The last Roman emperor; a 14 year old boy; deposed by German general, Odacer, 476, and sent to exile
Upandishads
Written as dialogues or discussions between a student or teacher. This started in 750 to 550 B.C. when teachers tried to explain hidden meanings from Vedichymns.
Moksha
A state of perfect understanding
Reincarnation
An idividual soul or spirit is born again and again until Moksha is achieved
Karma
Good or bad deeds
Three Paths of Moksha
1. Path of right thinking
2. Religious devotion
3. Right action
Jainism
Was born in 599 B.C., followers believed everything in the universe has a soul and should not be harmed, founded by Mahavira
Mahavira
Founder of Jainism
Siddartha Gautama
Founder of Buddhism, also known as the Buddha was born into a noble family from Kapilavastu, as a baby was known was going to be a great man, his propecy said he'd be world ruler if he stayed at his kingdom, At age 29 found enlightenment
Buddhism
Founded by Siddartha Gautama
Enlightenment
Wisdom gained by wandering the Earth
Four Noble Truths
1. Everything in life is suffering and sorrow
2. Cause of all suffering is people's selfish desires for temporary pleasures
3. Way to end all suffering is to end all desires
4. Way to overcome desires to attain enlightenment to follow the Eight Folds Path
Eightfold Path
The middle way between desires and self denial
Nirvana
Word for release of from selfishness and pain
Sangha
Community of Buddhist monks and nuns
Dharma
Buddhist doctrine or law ( Three Jewels)
Three Jewels
1. Refuge in the Buddha
2. Law
3. Community
Jatakas
Buddha's previous reincarnation was written in the first centuy
Stupas
Sacred Mounds that contain relics of the Buddha
Minoans
Powerful seafaring people that dominated trade in the Eastern Mediterrenean from 2000 to 1400 B.C. who lived in Crete
Aegean Sea
Large area of sea water between Greece and Anatolia
Knossos
Minoan Capital City that was excavated in the 19th century
King Minos
Kept the Minotaur locked in the Labyrinth he was King of Knossos
Minotaur
Half man-Half Bull monster who was kept in the Labyrinth
Bull Leapers of Knossos
Men performing acrobatic stunts over a bulls horns, this was a sport, an initation of young warriors, and a religious ritual
Phoenicans
Powerful traders along the Mediterranean who lived in Lebanon, they were great shipbuilders and seafarers, First Mediterranean group to venture beyond the strait of Gibraltar
Cartheage
Phonecian colony founded in 725 B.C. in North Africa
Murex
Kind of snail in the waters off sidon and Tyre which made a deep purple dye
Phonetic
One sign was used for one sound which was the Phoenicans alphebet
Canaan
Anchient homeof the Hebrews
Abraham
Father of the Hebrews
Yahweh
Hebrew god one and only God
Monotheism
A belief in a single god
Covenant
Mutual promise between god and the people
Exodus
"Bitter with hardservice, in mortar and brick, and in all kinds of work in the field"
Moses
When was little was raised by an Egyptian Queen man who led Hebrews out of slavery Greatest figure in Jewish history
Ten Commandment
A list of laws written on a tablet of stone
Twelve Tribes
Lived in seoerate territories self goverened
Deborah
Most prominent woman judge
Judaism
Jews Religion
Israel
New Kingdom for 100 years great power and independence
King David
Extremely popular leader who united the tweleve tribes, and founded Jeruselum
Solomon
Son of david, most powerful of Hebrew kigs, made a trading empire, Temple was named after him
Solomon's Temple
Made of stone, gold, brass, and cedar was made to worship god
Judah
Southern Part of a Half Kingdom
Tribute
Peace money paid by weak to strong
Nebuchadenezzer
babylonian King who ran the Egyptians out of Syria and Palenstine, and had twice attacked Jereuselem
Hyksos
Invaders who ruled Egypt from 1640-1570 B.C.
Ahhotep
Warlike Ruler who was a queen, took over after husbands death
Kamose
Warlike Ruler had a great victory over Hyksos and drove his army out of Egypt
New Kingdom
1570-1075 B.C. was the third period of glory
Eighteenth Dynasty
1570-1365 B.C. an army was set up
Hatsheput
Declared herself pharaoh, spent time encouraging trade not war
Thutmose III
Hatsheput stepson who was a warlike ruler, who murdered his stepmom Hatsheput, and under his command pushed south to Nubia
Nubia
Region in Africa that strattled the Upper Nile River
Battle of Kadesh
Battle between Egyptian and Hitties where they ended up signing a peace treaty
Ramses II
Pharaoh who made the peace treaty with the Hitties had 99 children
Valley of the Kings
Where pharaohs would make pyramids for themselves to secure the afterlife
Amon
Egypts chief god
Kush
Nubia Kingdom conquered by Egyptians
Kushite
Dynasty that lasted 1000 years that was made in Egypt
Kerma
First Nubian Kingdom prospered shortly after 2000 B.C.
Piankhi
Kushite King led army down Nile River and overthrew Libyan Dynasty
Meroe
Kushites lived here
Aksum
Rival power of Kush who dominated North African trade
Assyria
Sophisticated military organization they were the greatest power in South West Asia
Sennacherib
Assyrian King who sacked 89 cities, 820 villages, and burned Babylon
Nineveh
Assyrian capital which laid on the Tigris River
Ashurbanipal
Assyrian King who could read many languages
Medes
Helped bring down the Assyrians
Nebuchadnezzar
Chaldean King who restored Babylon made it an amazing city
Hanging Gardens
Garden that rose 75 feet high and were watered by hidden pumps in Babylon
Cyrus
Persia's king conquest of several neighboring kingdom in Iran
Marduk
Babylon's chief god
Cambyses
Son of Cyrus, conquered Egypt but not as well as Cyrus he burned down everything and Persia's power became fragile
Darius
Cambyses successor could not conquer Greece but spread out Persian Empire
Ten Thousand Immortals
Elite group Persian Soldiers helped Darius sieze his throne 522 B.C.
Nationalities
Living by own laws within ones empire this was practiced in Southwest Asia
Satrap
Governor of a province
Kings Eyes and Ears
Inspectors who checked up on the administration
Royal Road
Helped Persia hold empire together was a distance of 1,677 miles which went from Susa to Sardis
Zoroaster
Persian Prophet and religious reformer who gave the answer to the question " Why soul so much suffering and chaos exist in the world?" and his answer was" All souls would be judged according to which side they've chosen either Ahura or Ahiriman
Ahura Mazda
god of truth and light lead one amry
Ahriman
God of evil and darkness leads one army
Avesta
Collection of books that became holy writings of Zoroastrian Religion
Ionian Seas
Home of 1,400 islands which linked most parts of Greece
Arable
Suitable for farming
Mycenaeans
Settled in Greece in 2000 B.C. they had- burial rituals, farmers, weavers, goat herders, stonemasons, and this civilization ended mysteriously in 1400 B.C.
Trojan War
Was a struggle for a crucial waterway in the Aegean Sea
Heinrich Schliemann
in 1870 German Archaeologist began excavating a hill in Northwest Turkey where he found 9 layers of city life that could result to be the Trojan War
Manfred Korfmann
Excavated an ancient cemetery which is believed to be the site of Ancient Troy
Dorians
Spoke dialect of Greek they were not advanced and had no written records
Homer
Greatest storyteller of all time from Greece he was blind and wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
Epics
Narative poems celebrating heroic deeds ( Iliad, Odyssey)
The Iliad
The epic of the fierce Greek Achilles and courageous Hector of Troy fight
The Odyssey
The epic of when Odysseus uses his wits and trickery to defeat the Trojans
Arete
Means virtue and excellence that Greeks could show in battle or Athletics
Myths
Traditional stories about their gods that helped reveal mysteries of the world
Zeus
Ruler of the gods
Athena
Goddess of wisdom and Zeus daughter Athens was named in her honor
Polis
A Greek city state that was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece
Acropolis
A fortified hill top where male citizens often gathered to converse about business
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king
Aristocracy
A government ruled by a small group of nobles
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Hoplites
Foot soldiers that stood side by side, holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other
Phalanx
The fearsome formation of the Hoplites; the most powerful fighting force in the world
Tyrant
Powerful individuals that gained control of the government by appealing to the poor and discontented for support
Peloponnese
The southern part of Greece; where the Spartans were located
Helots
Peasants forced to stay on the land they worked
Ephors
FIve elected officials who carried out laws passed by the consul; controlled and prosecuted court cases
Democracy
A government ruled by the people
Cylon
A nobleman of Athens who tried creating a tyranny
Draco
The Greek law maker who wrote the first legal code, dealing with contracts and property ownership; it included such unfair practices as debt slavery, in which small farmers worked as slaves to repay their debts which later led to conflicts between the poor and aristocrats
Solon
A trusted statesman chosen to head the government; outlawed debt slavery and allowed citizens to play a role
Pisistratus
A nobleman and military leader who seized power and became one of Athens' first tyrants; provided funds to help peasants buy farm equipment
Cleisthenes
The Athenian leader who introduced reforms and worked to make Athens a full democracy; created the council of 500
Council of 500
Proposed laws and counseled the assembly as a body
Persian War
Between Greece and the Persian empire; land battle was won by Athenians
Pheidippides
A young runner chosen by the army to race back to Athens; delivered the news of the Persian defeat so Athens wouldn't give up the city without a fight and died shorty after sharing the news
Thermopylae
The narrow mountain pass blocked by 7,000 Greeks
Themistocles
An Athenian statesman who convinced Athenians to evacuate the city and fight at sea
Plataea
Where Spartan defeated the Persians at the 3rd battle
Delian League
An alliance of 140 states controlled by Athens
Pericles
Leader of Athens during the Golden Age, held support for 32 years; strengthened Athenian democracy, held and strengthened the empire, glorified Athens
Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Parthenon
23,000 square foot building in traditional style; took 15 years to complete and was built to honor Athena
Athena
Honored by the Parthenon and the statue of Athena
Phidias
Sculptor entrusted in the work on the temple; aimed to create graceful, strong, and perfectly formed statues
Classical Art
The value of order, balance, and porportion
Sophocles
A notable dramatist who wrote plays including Oedipus the King and Antigone
Euripides
A notable dramatist who wrote the play Madea and often featured sympathetic portraits of women in his plays
Tragedy
A serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal
Comedy
Contrasted tragedies, contained scenes with slapstick humor and satires that poked fun at different subjects
Aristophenes
Wrote the first comedies of the stage, including the birds and Lysistrata
Peloponnesian War
War between Athens and Sparta; won by Sparta because they had the advantage of land and couldn't be attacked by sea
Syracuse
One of Sparta's wealthiest allies who was threatened by the Athenian Assembly
Thucydides
Athenian historian who stated Athenians "were destroyed with a total destruction- their fleet, their army- there was nothing that was not destroyed and few out of many returned home."
Philosopehers
Great thinkers determined to seek the truth no matter where the search led them; means "lovers of wisdom"
What Philosophy was based on?
The universe being put together in an orderly way and people can understand unchanging laws through logic and explanation
Sophists
One group of philosophers who questioned peoples' beliefs and ideas about justice and other traditional values
Protagoras
Took a position questioning the existence of the traditional Greek god; argued that there was no universal standard of truth
Socrates
Believed that absolute standards existed for truth and justice; encouraged Greeks to further question themselves and their moral character
Socrates
Was accused of "corrupting the youth of Athens" and "neglecting the city's gods"--- he was condemned to death and killed by slow acting poison
Plato
A student of Socrates who recorded the conversations of Sophocles
Plato
Wrote the 'Republic
The 'Republic
Plato's most famous work, displays his ideal society where the person with the greatest insight and intellect would be chosen king
Aristotle
Questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge; came close to summarizing all the knowledge up to his time
Aristotle
Invented a method of arguing according to rules of logic; his works provide the basis of scientific methods used today
Aristotle
Tutored Alexander the Great when he was 13
Phillip II
King of Macedonia who aimed to control Greece and eventually seize the wealth of the Persians and hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece
Macedonia
An ancient kingdom north of Greece with rough mountains and a cold climate
Macedonia
Ruled by King Phillip II
Demosthenes
The Athenian orator who tried warning the Greeks they were threatened by Phillip II and his army and urged the Greek cities to unite against Phillip II but they could not agree on one policy
Battle of Chaeronea
Where King Phillip II's army of Macedonians defeated the Greeks and ended Greek freedom and independence
Alexander the Great
Phillip II's son who helped defeat the Greeks by leading a successful cavalry charge; when Phillip II died he proclaimed himself as king of Macedonia
Battle of Granicus
The battle fought between Macedonia and Persia; Alexander the Great made the first move and defeated the Persians
Darius III
The Persian King who was alarmed when Alexander defeated the Persians; he vowed to defeat the Macedonians and lost Anatolia to Alexander
Egypt
A Persian territory who welcomed Alexander as liberator and crowned him pharaoh
Alexandria
The city at the mouth of the Nile River
Scythes
Sharp knives of razor blades that armed the Persian chariots
Gaugamela
Alexander vs. the Persian armies; Alexander ended Persia's power
Arrian
The Greek historian who wrote about Alexander's expeditions 5000 years after the occurred; he explained that the fire was set in revenge for the Persian burning of Athens 150 years before
Hydaspes River
Where the powerful Indian army was defeated by Alexander
Antigonus
He became king of Macedonia and took control of Greek city- states
Ptolemy
Seized Egypt; took the title of pharaoh and established a dynasty
Seleucid Empire
The old Persian empire
Hellenistic
The blending of Egyptian, Indian, Persian, and Greek cultures
Koine
The spoken language of the Hellenistic culture
Alexandria
African cit`y that became the foremost center of comerce and Hellenistic civilization
Alexandria Library
Contained a collection of half a million papyrus scrolls; first true research library in the world; promoted the work of brilliant scholars
Aristarchus
An astronomer of Samos; reached two significant conclusions and disproved the widely held belief that the sun was smaller than Greece
Aristarchus
Proposed the idea of a heliocentric solar system
Ptolemy
Developed the idea of a geocentric solar system
Eratosthenes
A scholar who closely calculated the earth's true size
Euclid
A highly regarded mathematician who opened a school of geometry in Alexandria and wrote the 'Elements
Elements
Written by Euclid
Elements
465 carefully presented geometry propositions and proofs; basis of some of today's geometry classes
Archimedes
A Hellenistic scientist who accurately found the value of Pi
Archimedes
Explained the law of the lever and invented the compound pulley to lift heavy objects
Zeno
A Greek philosopher who founded the school of Philosophy called Stoicism
Stoicism
The school of Philosophy founded by Zeno
Epicurus
Founded the school of Epicureanism
Epicurus
Taught that that the universe was composed of atoms and ruled by gods who had not interest in humans and the greatest good and the highest pleasure came from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain
Epicureanism
Only real objects were those that the five sense perceived
Epicureanism
The school of Philosophy founded by Epicurus
Colossus of Rhodes
The bronze statue on the island of Rhodes
Winged Victory of Samothrace
A great Hellenistic statue discovered in 1863 that commemorates a naval victory bu the Greeks against foes who would have enslaved them
Tiber River
Where the twin sons of Mars and a Latin princess were abandoned and Rome developed
Latium
A religion on both sides of the Tiber River where the Latin farmers and sheppards settled
Etruscans
Native to northern Italy, had a system of writing later adopted by the Romans and also influenced Roman architecture with the arch
Tarquin the Proud
The last king of Rome, a harsh tyrant; over thrown by aristocrats
Republic
A form of government in which power rests with free born male citizens who have the right to vote and select leaders
Patricians
The aristocratic land owners who held most power
Plebeians
The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population; they were citizens who could vote
Tribunes
Representatives elected by the Plebeians to protect their rights
Twelve Tablets
Had the written laws carved onto them and they were hung in the Forum and said people had the right to the protection of the law
Consuls
Rome's two officials instead of a king; they commanded the armies and directed the government
Senate
The aristocratic branch or Rome's government; made up by 300 members of the upper class; membership was for life; exercised enormous influence over foreign and domestic policy
Tribal Assembly
Organized by the Plebeians; elected tribunes and made laws for the common people and eventually for the republic
Dictator
A leader who could be appointed by the republic in a crisis who had absolute power for 6 months
Legion
Large military units that Roman soldiers were organized into
Gauls
Celtic people who sacked Rome from the Po river valley, north of the Apennines
Carthage
The dominant city on the Mediterranean; once a colony of Phoenicia
Hannibal
Carthaginian general who assembled an army of 50,000 infantry, 9000 cavalry, and 60 elephants
Cannae
Where Hannibal won his greatest victory
Scipio
A general who devised a plan to attack Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return to defend his native city
About this deck
By: Halle Scott
Created: 2010-12-06
Size: 328 flashcards
Views: 693
Created: 2010-12-06
Size: 328 flashcards
Views: 693
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