Aviation
About this deck
By: Sarah Bedell
Created: 2012-06-16
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2012-06-16
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 10
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What are the primary flight controls?
The ailerons, the elevator or stabilator, and the rudder
Movement of any of the primary flight controls cause what?
Changes in the airflow and pressure distribution over and around the airfoil that affect the lift and drag produced. This allows the pilot to control the airplane around its three axes of rotation.
Ailerons
Are control surfaces attached to each wing that move in opposite directions from one another to control roll about the longitudinal axis.
Elevator or stabilator
Is the primary flight control device for changing pitch about the lateral axis.
Located on the fixed horizontal stabilizer on the tail of an airplane
Located on the fixed horizontal stabilizer on the tail of an airplane
Stabilator
One piece horizontal stabilator and elevator that pivots from a central hung point.
Canard
Is similar to the horizontal stabilator but is located in front of the main wings. An elevator is attached to the trailing edge of the canard to control pitch
It creates lift and holds the nose up rater than pushing the tail down.
It creates lift and holds the nose up rater than pushing the tail down.
Rudder
Controls the movement o the aircraft about its vertical axis.
Rudder controls yaw.
Effectiveness increases with speed, because there is more airflow.
Rudder controls yaw.
Effectiveness increases with speed, because there is more airflow.
Secondary flight controls
Wing flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems.
Flaps
Are attached to the trailing edge of a wing and are used during approach and landing to increase lift. It allows for an increase in the angle of decent without increasing airspeed.
Most common flap is the slotted flap
Most common flap is the slotted flap
Spoilers
Are high drag devices deployed from wings to reduce lift and increase drag.
They are in gliders and some jig speed aircraft.
They are in gliders and some jig speed aircraft.
Trim systems
Are used to relieve the pilot of the need to keep constant back pressure on the flight controls.
Include - trim tabs, anti servo tabs, and ground adjustable tabs.
Are attached to the trailing edge of the elevator.
Include - trim tabs, anti servo tabs, and ground adjustable tabs.
Are attached to the trailing edge of the elevator.
Aerodynamic forces
Lift =weight drag =thrust
In unaccelerated flight.
In unaccelerated flight.
Bernoulli's principle
High speed flow is accounted with low pressure and vice versa.
So the pressure on the top of the wing is less than it is below the wing. Generates a lift force over the upper curve surface of the wing.
So the pressure on the top of the wing is less than it is below the wing. Generates a lift force over the upper curve surface of the wing.
Angle of attack
The angle between the cord line and the relative wind.
The angle of attack remains constant regardless of weight.
The angle of attack remains constant regardless of weight.
Stalls
Occurs when the critical angle of attack is exceeded.
An airplane can be stalled at any airspeed in any flight attitude.
An airplane can be stalled at any airspeed in any flight attitude.
Spins
An airplane goes into a spin when one wing is stalled more than another, but both must be stalled
Frost
Forms when the temperature of the collecting surface is at or below freezing.
Disrupts the smooth airflow over the airfoil by causing early separation from the wing
-decreases lift
-causes friction and increases drag
Disrupts the smooth airflow over the airfoil by causing early separation from the wing
-decreases lift
-causes friction and increases drag
Ground effect
Causes the plane to float on takeoff a and landings
Is the result of the ground interference with airflow patterns around the plane.
Is the result of the ground interference with airflow patterns around the plane.
Horizontal component of lift
Causes an airplane to turn by coordinating the rudder aileron and the elevator
Inherently stable
Requires less effort to control. It returns to its initial position after being disturbed(position or altitude)
Longitudinal stability
Is determined by the location of the center of gravity with respect to the center of lift
What happens when the CG is located aft of the CG limit?
Develops inability to recover from stall conditions and becomes less stable at all airspeeds
Torque effect
Is a left turning tendency that is greatest at low airspeeds, high angles of attack and high power(take off).
P-factor
Causes the plane to yaw to the left at high angles of attack because the descending right side of the propeller has a higher angle of attack and provides more thrust than the left side.
Load factor
Is the additional weight carried by the wings due to the airplanes weight plus the centrifugal force.
How much extra load can be imposed on an airplane wings?
It varies directly with the airplanes speed and the excess lift available.
Higher the speeds the greater the lift available.
Higher the speeds the greater the lift available.
Increased load factor causes what?
An airplane stalling at a higher speed.
When is a magnetic compass accurate?
Only during straight and level in accelerated flight.
Deviation
The interference caused by the magnetic fields inside the plane
Northern hemisphere errors
On east and west heading (ANDS) accelerate north decelerate south.
It will indicate a faster turn than you are actually taking then slow down.
It will indicate a faster turn than you are actually taking then slow down.
Compass error turns
Will lag way the start of a turn and indicate a turn the opp direction when turning from a north heading
South- will lead a turn or precede a turn when turning from a south heading.
East(right)- will initially indicate a turn to the west
South- will lead a turn or precede a turn when turning from a south heading.
East(right)- will initially indicate a turn to the west
Compass turning E W
E(right)- the compass will initially indicate a turn to the west and then lag behind the actual heading until your airplane is heading east
W(left)- will initially turn to the eastand then lagbehinduntil airplane is headed west
W(left)- will initially turn to the eastand then lagbehinduntil airplane is headed west
Pitot-static system
Is the source of pressure for the
-altimeter
-vertical speed indicator
-airspeed indicator
Provides impact or ram pressure for airspeed indicator only
-altimeter
-vertical speed indicator
-airspeed indicator
Provides impact or ram pressure for airspeed indicator only
What happens when the pitot and outside static vents are clogged?
All three instruments mentioned Above will provide inaccurate readings.
If only the pitot tube is clogged, only the airspeed indicator will be inoperative.
If only the pitot tube is clogged, only the airspeed indicator will be inoperative.
Airspeed indicator- white arc
Full operating range.
- lower limit is power off stalling speed with wing flaps and landing gear in the landing position. Vso
- upper limit is the maximum full flaps extended is the maximum full flaps extended speed. Vfe
- lower limit is power off stalling speed with wing flaps and landing gear in the landing position. Vso
- upper limit is the maximum full flaps extended is the maximum full flaps extended speed. Vfe
Airspeed indicator-green arc
is the normal operating range
-lower limit is the power off stalling speed in a specified configuration. Vsf
--is when landing gear and wing flaps are retracted.
-the upper limit is the maximum structural cruising speed for normal operation. Vno
-lower limit is the power off stalling speed in a specified configuration. Vsf
--is when landing gear and wing flaps are retracted.
-the upper limit is the maximum structural cruising speed for normal operation. Vno
Airspeed indicator- yellow
For smooth air only.
Known as caution range.
Known as caution range.
Airspeed indicator-red line
Vne. Is known as the never exceed speed.
Airspeed indicator- other
The maneuvering speed is the maximum speed at which full deflection of aircraft controls can be made without causing structural damage.
Usually the maximum speed for flight in turbulent air.
Usually the maximum speed for flight in turbulent air.
Altimeter
Three hands:
1) 10,000ft (short needle)
2) 1,000ft (medium needle)
3) 100ft (long needle)
Read it like a clock
1) 10,000ft (short needle)
2) 1,000ft (medium needle)
3) 100ft (long needle)
Read it like a clock
Absolute altitude
Above the surface AGLl
True altitude
The actual distance above mean sea level. MSL. Not susceptible to atmospheric conditions.
Density altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperatures
Pressure altitude
The height above the standard datum plane of 29.92 in. of mercury
Is the same as density altitude at standard temp
Is the same as true at STP
Is the same as density altitude at standard temp
Is the same as true at STP
Indicated altitude
Is the same as true altitude when standard conditions exist and the altimeter is calibrated properly
Altimeter and pressure
Indicated altitude chafes depending on pressure by approx 1,000 ft per 1in
Altimeter errors
When flying high to low look out below. When flying low to high clear the sky.
Attitude indicator
A mini airplane and a horizon bar:
-Used for an indication of pitch an bank
-Used for an indication of pitch an bank
Turn coordinator
Shows roll and yaw movement. Bank is held constant but it shows the rate of turn
- the ball indicated whether the angle of bank is coordinated with the rate of the turn
- the ball indicated whether the angle of bank is coordinated with the rate of the turn
Glass cockpits
Designed to decrease pilot workload, enhance situational awareness and increase the safety margin.
Engine heat
Cause loss of power, high oil consumption, and high wear on internal engine.
Caused by:
- operations with too much power
-climbing too steeply
-using fuel with low octane levels
-too lean a mixture
-too low oil level
Caused by:
- operations with too much power
-climbing too steeply
-using fuel with low octane levels
-too lean a mixture
-too low oil level
How to prevent high temperatures in the engine?
Reduce power
Reduce climb
Increase airspeed
Use higher octane fuel
Enrich mixture
Reduce climb
Increase airspeed
Use higher octane fuel
Enrich mixture
Constant speed propeller
Allows the pilot to select most efficient blade angle for performance.
Not good In Low RPM settings
Regulated RPM
Not good In Low RPM settings
Regulated RPM
Dual ignition is used for what purpose?
Improved performance and increased safety.
Magnetos
Could continue to fire if the ignition switch is off.
To stop move the mixture level to the cut off position and have it check by a mechanic.
To stop move the mixture level to the cut off position and have it check by a mechanic.
Carburetor
More susceptible to icing.
Indication of icing is loss of RPM
Occurs between 20 & 70 with visual moister and high humidity
Post carbonator heat= more decrease in RPM followed by the gradual increase in RPM as the ice melts
Indication of icing is loss of RPM
Occurs between 20 & 70 with visual moister and high humidity
Post carbonator heat= more decrease in RPM followed by the gradual increase in RPM as the ice melts
Fuel injector
Not susceptible to icing
Carburetor heat
Enriches fuel air mixture. Bc warm air is less dense than cool air.
When the air density decreases( air warm) the fuel/ air mixture becomes richer since there is less air for the same amount of fuel.
Carburator heat decrease engine output
When the air density decreases( air warm) the fuel/ air mixture becomes richer since there is less air for the same amount of fuel.
Carburator heat decrease engine output
Fuel air mixture
High alt. must lean.
If running up engine at a high alt airport you may eliminate engine roughness by learning the mixture.
If running up engine at a high alt airport you may eliminate engine roughness by learning the mixture.
Detonation
When fuel air mixture explodes instead of burning evenly
Caused by lower than specified octane fuel or excessive engine temperature.
Lower the nose slightly if you suspect that an engine is detonating
Caused by lower than specified octane fuel or excessive engine temperature.
Lower the nose slightly if you suspect that an engine is detonating
Pre-ignition
The uncontrolled firing of the fuel/air charge in advance of the normal spark ignition
Fuel practices:
next level higher grade other than a lower than specified fuel grade. Will recent detonation and running the engine hot.
Fill fuel tanks to prevent condensation
Fuel strainer drains fuel tank to make sure no water
Auxiliary electric fuel pump if
Fill fuel tanks to prevent condensation
Fuel strainer drains fuel tank to make sure no water
Auxiliary electric fuel pump if
Engine
Throttle needs to be adjusted for proper RPM and oil gauges, esp. The oil pressure checked.
Of starting plane by hand a competent pilot must be at the controls
Of starting plane by hand a competent pilot must be at the controls
Electrical systems- battery
14 or 28volt ele sys
Eng. alternators give current to sys and maintain charge for battery
Voltage output should be slightly more than battery voltage to keep battery charged.
Eng. alternators give current to sys and maintain charge for battery
Voltage output should be slightly more than battery voltage to keep battery charged.
Electrical system
Master switch turns it on. Provides current to ele sys except ignition.
-(lights radios and fuel pumps use ele sys)
Alternators provide more ele power at lower RPM than generators do.
It's failure( battery and alternator)= avionics sys failure
-(lights radios and fuel pumps use ele sys)
Alternators provide more ele power at lower RPM than generators do.
It's failure( battery and alternator)= avionics sys failure
Ammeter
Measures the alternators output. Positive indication means battery is charging. Neg means more energy is leaving than brig brought in.
Altimeter
Three hands:
1) 10,000ft (short needle)
2) 1,000ft (medium needle)
3) 100ft (long needle)
Read it like a clock
1) 10,000ft (short needle)
2) 1,000ft (medium needle)
3) 100ft (long needle)
Read it like a clock
Runways
Are numbered by the direction in which they point.
Designation sognes
Are yellow signs with black letters and a arrow pointing to the destination.
Taxiway directional signs
Designation and direction of a taxiway.
Yellow background black letters and an arrow
Yellow background black letters and an arrow
Taxiway location signs
Identify the taxiway on which an aircraft is located.
Black background with yellow lettering
Black background with yellow lettering
Taxiway Holding lines
Continuous
Yellow
Must stop
Wait for ATC clearance
Yellow
Must stop
Wait for ATC clearance
Lighted heliport
Identified by a green yellow and white rotating become
Non VFR at class D airspace is indicated by what?
A green and white rotating beacon
Military airport indication
Two white flashes and then a green flash
Airport taxiway lights
Blue
How to operate pilot controlled lighting?
Click mic 7 times for high intensity.
Medium 5 times
Low 3 times
Medium 5 times
Low 3 times
Approaching without ATC
Left turns are standard unless specified
Comply with FAA traffic pattern when departing.
Enter at 45 angle to the downwind leg in the middle at 1,000 agl ( traffic altitude)
Comply with FAA traffic pattern when departing.
Enter at 45 angle to the downwind leg in the middle at 1,000 agl ( traffic altitude)
Visual approach slope indicators (VASI)
Are a system of lights to provide visual descent information during an approach to landing.
Standard VASI
Two bar tier of lights:
Both red- below glide path
Top red bottom white- on glide path
Both white- above glide path
R over w
Both red- below glide path
Top red bottom white- on glide path
Both white- above glide path
R over w
Tri color VASI
Single light projecting three colors:
Red- below
Amber- above
Green- on path
Red- below
Amber- above
Green- on path
On precision approach path indicator (PAPI)
Four red lights- low
Three red one white- slightly low
Two whites two red- on glide
Three white one red- slightly above
Four red- high
Three red one white- slightly low
Two whites two red- on glide
Three white one red- slightly above
Four red- high
Pulsating approach slope indicator
Flashing red-low
Steady white/alternating red and white- on
Pulsating white- high
Steady white/alternating red and white- on
Pulsating white- high
Wake turbulence
Aka wing tip vortices- are created when airplanes develop lift.
Greatest when heavy, clean, and slow.
Circulation is outward, upward, and around each wing tip.
Tends to sink below plane emitting
- fly above flight path of big jet and upwind
Greatest when heavy, clean, and slow.
Circulation is outward, upward, and around each wing tip.
Tends to sink below plane emitting
- fly above flight path of big jet and upwind
Night flight lights
Red light- an airplane is crossing right to left in front of you.
Green light- an airplane is crossing in front of you left to right
White light- flying away
Red/green flashing- head on
Flashing red- all angles
Green light- an airplane is crossing in front of you left to right
White light- flying away
Red/green flashing- head on
Flashing red- all angles
Automatic termination information service
Is a cont broadcast of recorded non control information in busy airports
Includes:
-weather
- active runways
-ceiling not broadcast if above 5000 and visibility not broadcast if more than 5 statute miles.
Includes:
-weather
- active runways
-ceiling not broadcast if above 5000 and visibility not broadcast if more than 5 statute miles.
Class d
Depicted by a blue segmented circled
Must maintain two way radio contact
Goes to 2500 ft about surface
Must maintain two way radio contact
Goes to 2500 ft about surface
Class C
Consists of surface area(5nm radius from surface to 4,000) and shelf(5-10 nm extending from 1200 to 4000 above the airport elevation.
Outer area- not classified as class C, getsATC for 20 nm.
Need:
4096 transponder
Mode C capability
Two way radio
Outer area- not classified as class C, getsATC for 20 nm.
Need:
4096 transponder
Mode C capability
Two way radio
Transponder codes
Standard VFR- 1200
Hijacking - 7500
Lost radio-7600
Emergency code-7700
Interceptor code-7777
Hijacking - 7500
Lost radio-7600
Emergency code-7700
Interceptor code-7777
Tragic advisory
12 o' clock- straight ahead
3 o'clock-directly off right wing
6 o'clock- behind
9 o'clock- left wing
Also includes:
Distance away in miles
Direction of flight of other aircraft
Altitude of other aircraft
3 o'clock-directly off right wing
6 o'clock- behind
9 o'clock- left wing
Also includes:
Distance away in miles
Direction of flight of other aircraft
Altitude of other aircraft
Rock wings in daylight and blink lights at night in acknowledgement
Night
The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight.
I practice is is one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise.
I practice is is one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise.
Aircraft categories (airman certification)
Airplane
Rotorcraft
Glider
Lighter than air
Rotorcraft
Glider
Lighter than air
Airplane classes (airman certification)
Single engine land
Multi engine land
Single engine sea
Multi engine sea
Multi engine land
Single engine sea
Multi engine sea
Rotorcraft classes (airman certification)
Helicopter
Gyrocopter
Gyrocopter
Lighter than air classes (airman certification)
Airship
Free balloon
Hot air balloon
Gas balloon
Free balloon
Hot air balloon
Gas balloon
Aircraft certification category
Transport
Normal
Utility
Limited
Restricted
Acrobatic
Provisional
Normal
Utility
Limited
Restricted
Acrobatic
Provisional
Aircraft certification classes
Airplane
Rotorcraft
Glider
Lighter than air
Same as category for certification for airman
Rotorcraft
Glider
Lighter than air
Same as category for certification for airman
Vfe
Maximum flap extended max speed
Vle
Landing gear extended max speed
Vno
Max cruising speed
Vx
Best angle of climb
Vy
Best rate of climb
Airworthiness certificate
As long as the maintenance of the aircraft is performed per FAR's
Aerobatic flight
Non necessary maneuvers.
Prohibited:
Flight visibility less than 3SM
Alt is less than 1500above the ground
Within the lateral boundaries of airspace
Within 4 NM of the centerline of a federal airway
Over a congested area
Prohibited:
Flight visibility less than 3SM
Alt is less than 1500above the ground
Within the lateral boundaries of airspace
Within 4 NM of the centerline of a federal airway
Over a congested area
Parachutes
Must use when:
60' bank
A nose up of down attitude of 30'
60' bank
A nose up of down attitude of 30'
Empty weight
Consists of airframe, engine, and all items of operating equipment permanently installed in the airplane, including optional special equipment, fixed ballets, hudraulic fluid, unusable fuel and undrainable oil
Avgas
6lbs per gallon
Center of gravity
Point of balance along the airplanes longitudinal axis.
By multiplying the weight of each component of the airplane by its arm that components moment is determined
CG is the sum of the moments divided by total weight
By multiplying the weight of each component of the airplane by its arm that components moment is determined
CG is the sum of the moments divided by total weight
Arm
Distance of weight from the dantum
Hypoxic hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen to body
Caused by:
High altitude
Blocked airway
Drowning
Caused by:
High altitude
Blocked airway
Drowning
Hypemic hypoxia
Not enough oxygen in the blood
Caused by carbon monoxide
Caused by carbon monoxide
Stagnant hypoxia
Oxygen rich blood in the lungs is not moving
Caused:
Shock,
Extreme cold
Pulling excessive Gs in flight
Caused:
Shock,
Extreme cold
Pulling excessive Gs in flight
Historic hypoxia
Cells not being able to use the oxygen.
Cause:
Drugs
Cause:
Drugs
Hyperventilation
Excessive Air is breathed out of the lungs. Too much oxygen, not enough carbon dioxide.
Causes:
Excited
Stress
Tension
Fear
Anxiety
Symptoms:
Dizziness
Hot and cold sensations
Nausea
Causes:
Excited
Stress
Tension
Fear
Anxiety
Symptoms:
Dizziness
Hot and cold sensations
Nausea
Spatial disorientation
Not Knowing whether you are going up down or turning by being sent to the brain
Advection fog
Results from moist air condensing as it moves over a cooler surface
Upslope fog
Warm moist air being cooled as it is forced up a sloping terrain
Precipitation induced fog
When warm rain falls through cool air
Steam fog
In winter by oceans
Cumulonimbus
Towering
Indicate turbulence & storms
Caused:
Lifting action
Unstable air
Moisture
Indicate turbulence & storms
Caused:
Lifting action
Unstable air
Moisture
Stable air
Characteristics:
Stratified clouds
Smooth air
Fair to poor visibility in haze and smoke
Continuous precipitation
Stratified clouds
Smooth air
Fair to poor visibility in haze and smoke
Continuous precipitation
Unstable air
Characteristics:
Cumuliform clouds
Turbulent air
Good visibility
Showery precipitous
Cumuliform clouds
Turbulent air
Good visibility
Showery precipitous
Restricted
Denote unusual hazards to aircraft- military
Warning areas
May be hazardous
Military operation areas
Military training activities
Contact 100 NM out
Contact 100 NM out
About this deck
By: Sarah Bedell
Created: 2012-06-16
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2012-06-16
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 10
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj