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- Ream- Level of Structural Organization
Ream- Level of Structural Organization
About this deck
By: Evan Xanthos
Created: 2012-08-28
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 276
Created: 2012-08-28
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 276
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6 Structural levels
chemical, cells, tissues, organs, system, organism
All cells fall into tissue types accept for?
germ cells
what is the dimension of the Resolution LM?
.2 micrometers
Cell is composed of what percentage of water?
70%
Cell is composed of what percentage of chemicals? Of that percentage what chemical is most abundent?
30%...PROTEINS:):) (15%)
What is the size of an erythrocyte?
7 micrometers
what is miniaturization?
Cellular activites that are packed into structural units...either invisible or barely visible to the naked eye
What are the 4 parts to the cell theory??
1) All living organisms are composed of nucleated cells
2)Cells are the fundamental units of life
3)New cells are formed from pre-existing cells by cell division
4)Cells contain hereditary information that is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
What are the 4 types of macromolecules and there functions?
Nucleic acids (genetic code), Proteins (amino acids playa structural and functional role), Carbohydrates (simple sugars that function to store energy or structural components), Lipids (fatty acids) play roles in storage of energy and structural framework of the membrane)
Irritability
("respond") Function of a cell membrane; respond to a physical or chemical stimulus.
Conductivity
("carry") function of a cell membrane; PROPAGATION
Excitable cells have what two types of life processes?
Irritability and Conductivity
What are the two types of excitable cells?
muscle and neurons have the ability to generate AP's (action potentials) and carry them across the plasma membrane
Contractility
Changing shape, usually shortening. Cytoskeletal filaments are involved
Absorption
Act of taking in substances from the environment. May be by diffusion or cellular activity. Function of cell membrane
Secretion
Extrusion of USEFUL MATERIALS formed by cell. Function of ER and golgi
Excretion
Extrusion of WASTE PRODUCTS formed by cell. Function of ER and golgi
Respiration
Food substances and oxygen within the cell interact chemically to produce energy, carbon dioxide, water. Mitochondria are involved
Reproduction
Increase in number of cells by cell division. Nucleus, centrioles, ribosomes play MAJOR ROLES
Hypertrophy
resident cells gets bigger
Hyperplasia
Increase number of cells
Homeostasis
Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the ceaseless interplay of the body's many regulatory processes.....FEEDBACK MECHANISM
what are the four major groups of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligiosaccharides, polysaccharides
Give an example of a polysaccharide
**Glycogen (is the important one)
Where is glycogen stored in animals?
liver and skeletal muscle
GAGS have a ___ charge and mostly functions _____.
negative charge and functions extracellularly (except for HEPARIN!!)
All GAG's are covalently attached to proteins accept for?
Hyaluronic Acid
Short chained Oligiosaccharides are particularly located in which part of the cell?
Plasma membrane
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose and Ribose are all part of which major carbohydrate group?
Monosaccharides
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose are all part of which major carbohydrate group?
Disaccharide
Why is glycogen so easily stored in animals?
Because they are NOT SOLUBLE in H2O
2 functions of fatty acids.
1) Catabolize to generate ATP
2)Synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids
Hydrophillic
Head of the molecule, attract H2O (Polar--> positive charge, chemically active)
Hydrophobic
Tail of the molecule; Non-polar--> not charged, long hydrocarbon chain
phospholipids and glycolipids play major roles in forming what?
Self sealing lipid bilayers that are the basis for all cellular membranes
Vesicle
bilayer folds on itself because of hydrophobic core....left with H2O on the inside
Micelles
More round, fatty acid in aqueous environment cluster together....inside hydrophobic tails
Lipid droplets are surrounded by what?
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids come from?
products of cell membrane phospholipids derived from carbon fatty acid called arachadonic acid
Triglycerides
3 fatty acids; fats and oils; protection, insulation, energy
Phospholipids
Major lipid component of cell membranes
Steroids
Cholesterol, bile salts, Vitamin-D, adrenocortical hormones, Sex hormones
Carotenes
Synthesis of Vitamin A-->visual pigments in the eye
Vitamin E
Nervous system function-->promotes healing, prevents tissue scarring, functions as an antioxident
Lipoproteins
Transortation proteins-->transport lipids in the blood
In Cholesterol the OH is the head part therefore making it?
Hydrophillic
We have an unlimited capacity to store?
triglycerides
Saturated Fats
Mostly found in animal fats...BAD THEY RAISE OUR LDL...single covaalent bond between fatty acid carbon atoms (lack of double bonds makes them saturated with hydrogen atoms)
Monounsaturated Fats
Olive oil and Peanut Oil
Polyunsaturated Fats
Canola Oil, corn oil, sunflower oil
Amino acids are divided into what four groups
acidic, basic, uncharged polar, non-polar
Where do non-polar side chains cluster?
on the inside of proteins
Uncharged polar side chains cluster?
hydrophillic, therefore they cluster on the outside
Where is secondary structure identified?
Alpha helixes and pleeted sheets
Whatare the 6 functions of Proteins?
Structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, CATALYTIC:):)
Give an example of a catalytic enzyme.
ATPase**, salivary amylase, sucrase
Where is ATPase located?
Mitochondria, harnesses the energy of transmembrane enzymes
What are the two categories of nucleic acids?
Purines (A & G), pyrimidines (C & T & U)
The DNA structure is stabilized by what? IS this beneficial??
hydrogen bonds; HECK YESSSSSS
What are the 3 different kinds of RNA?
Messenger RNA ( directs the assembly of proteins on ribosomes), ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA (deliver amino acids to ribosome
Function of ATP?
transfer energy to cellular activities that require energy
How do you get ATP?
oxidative phosphorylization
Glycolysis
Glucose-------->Pyruvic acid
Aerobic phase generates how many ATP?
36 (muscle and neurons)-38 (liver, kidney, heart)
Example of transmembrane ATPase
Sodium potassium pump
Prokaryotes have how many compartments
1!!!!!!! super important
Cytosol
background matrix of cytoplasm; fluid suspension basically composed of h2o.
The cell wall in a prokaryote is made up of what?
polysaccharide
What is the DNA like in a prokaryote?
singular circular string of DNA in a single compartment, not complexed with histones!!!
Eukaryotes have a LARGE number of what compared to prokaryotes?
intercellular membranes
What is the key difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Nuclear envelope!! makes it into two compartments (inner vs. outer)
The nuclear envelope helps to separate what two key mechanisms?
translation (only in cytoplasm) transcription (only in nucleus)
What are some other membrane bound organelles
ER, Golgi, Mitochondria, lysosomes
What are 3 parts to cytoskeletal filaments
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
where is the center for rRNA synthesis?
nucleolus
what is chromatin?
composed of DNA and represents genetic material
the backround matrix in the nucleus is called the?
nucleoplasm
Lysozyme
antibacterial enzyme
Somatic cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes?
23 pairs, 46 individual chromosomes making it diploid
Somatic cell division is called?
Mitosis
4 types of somatic cells?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue
How many chromosomes in a germ cell?
23..therefore its haploid
cell division that takes place in order to MAKE a germ cell is called?
Meiosis
What is the difference in ribosomes between prokaryote and eukaryote?
SIZE!!
Prokaryotes have respiratory enzymes located where?
in the plasma membrane
What is the major DNA difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
HISTONES!!!
On a scale of 1-10 how awesome are you?
12.5!!!!!!!
About this deck
By: Evan Xanthos
Created: 2012-08-28
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 276
Created: 2012-08-28
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 276
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj