Animal Science Final

Stimuli

Excite nerve fibers attached to or in contact with receptor

Neuron

basic unit of nerve fibers

Dendrite

Projections that conduct reception to the cell body

Afferent

Sensory neurons (sense)

Efferent

Motor neurons (Action)

Synapse

Point of contact between neurons which are functionally related

Somatic

Nervous system controls voluntary muscles

Example: Hand and writing

Autonomic

Nervous system that controls involuntary glands and muscles

Example: Heart beating

Endocrine System

involved with ductless glands

Hypothalamus

Brain and release factor

Pituitary

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

brain and tropic hormones

Thyroid

Neck and metabolism

Parathyroid

Neck and calcium retention

Adrenal

Kidney and stress/ anti-stress

pancreas

digestive tract and has specialized cells for sugar use.

Gonads

Ovary and testis growth and reproduction

Gastrointestinal tract

Digestion

Placenta

Uterus of female reproduction

Kidney

Stress and water balance

Hormones produced as response to:

Nervous system

other hormones

combinations

Cheap grains

Low in energy

Example: Roughages

Parturition

To give birth

Maintenance diet

shouldn't change weight

Gene

Simplest unit of inheritance

Chromosomes

Long threadlike strands of chromatin

Chromatin

Gene are segments of chromosomes

Chromosome pairs

Not all the same between species

No relationship between the size of the animal

Spermatogenesis

Development of male sex cell and testis sperm

Oogenesis

Development of female sex cells and ova ovary

mitosis

simple cell division

1-2-4-8-16-32 and so on

meiosis

Reduction division of sex cells

Polled

Genetic dehorning

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an animal

Phenotype

Physical appearance

Homozygous

An animal whose genotype for a trait consist of LIKE gene pairs

Example: PP or pp

Heterozygous

The genotype consists of UNLIKE genes

Example: Pp

Recessive Gene

The gene that is marked by the Dominant gene

Dominant Gene Action

The presence of 1 gene masks the presence of the other.

Test Mating

Test homozygosity by mating to homozygous recessive

Mutation

Change in genes

A permanent change that can be transmitted to the progeny

Heritability

The proportion of an observed trait that is passed on to progeny

Highly heritable traits

have low environmental influenced
Like produces like
especially in carcass trait

Lowly heritable traits

High environmental influence
Reproduction

Selection Differential

average superiority of an individual over the average of the population form which they are selected.

Differential Reproduction

Certain animals will produce mor animals that others

AI

Progeny

Best measure of how you should choose production

Genetic process

Need high heritability
Need High selection
Low generation interval
Genetic association or correlation as we change 1 trait also changes another
Number of traits selected for as we increase the number of traits selected for genetic progress in any of those decrease.

ICL

Independent Culling Level that sets standards individuals must meet to be kept as replacement in the heard.

Index of Met Merit

Numerical ranking of animals based on several traits

Inbreeding

Mating relatives

increase the uniformity of genetics

increase homozygosity of gene pairs

Crossbred

Not popular in horses and dairy

Wild Animals

have more difficulty reproducing in captivity than domestic animals.

A majority of people in the u.s. consume animal products

True

The number of people one framer feeds has steadily decreased the last 50 years

False

Land mass for food production is decreasing in the u.s.

True

If we increases people's incomes they will buy higher quality more convenient food products.

True

Today's farms are larger, more specialized and raise fewer species that in the 1950s

True

In a free enterprise system, profit and market determine what crops are produced.

True

In a developed country, taste, quality, and price effect demand more that hunger.

True

A majority of people buy organic, natural and free range products.

False

Sex cells have half as many chromosomes as all other body cells

True

Larger animals have more chromosomes than smaller animals

False

In mammals the male determines the sex of the offspring

True

The dam of an animal is the same as its father

False

Meiosis occurs in sex cells

True

The polled condition means an animal is genetically free of horns

True

an animals genotype does not change as it gets older.

True

In mammals, the male has a homozygous genotype for sex

False

Quantitative traits are controlled by fewer gene pairs than qualitative traits.

False

In lowly heritable traits, the progeny greatly resemble the parents.

False

Reach can be either negative or positive

True

All farm animals have the same generation interval

False

We have consumed genetic engineered animals for several years, but not genetically engineered crops

False

As we select for more traits, we increase the progress in any one trait

False

Single trait selection is the best way to improve animals and is more common than selecting for multiple traits.

False

Color, litter size, and birth weight are examples of traits that might be selected by using independent culling level.

True

In breeding decreases the chance of producing homozygous recessive traits

False

Crossbreeding has more effect on reproduction, a lowly heritable trait , than carcass traits.

True

In terminal crossbreeding, we keep replacement females and rotate the breed of sire used

False

Crossbreeding is very popular in swine, but not commonly used in dairy cattle.

True

Animals classified as prey animals such as a horse are more apt to experience a flight versus a fight response.

True

Changes in the body allowing to adapt, are due to nervous and hormonal control

True

The eye is one of the least complex receptor organs in the body

False

Nerve cells attached to the receptors are termed efferent neurons

False

The nerve cell projections that transmit information to are called axons

False

A synapse is the point of contact between 2 nerve cells

True

Voluntary body functions are controlled by the somatic nervous system

True

Hormones are delivered to the target tissues or organs via the blood stream

True

The hypothalamus is located near the brain and is the control center for the body

True

A conditioned reflex is a learned response in animals

True

Hormones may be excitatory or calming in their effect

True

A homozygous black bull is mated to a group of red cows

100% black 0% red

which specie is the focus of the debate regarding genetic engineering in the articles which you read

Salmon

The therm that means that some animals produce far more progeny that others

Differential reproduction

what affects animal product consumption

Religion

Season of the year

income

consumer confidence

The Smith-Lever Act

Porvided an extension system to provide information transfer to the public

The development of female sex cells

Oogenesis

Assume Black (B) is dominant to red (b) in cattle. A red calf would have what genotype?

bb

A system of selection where we place numerical value on several traits

Index of net merit

A proportion of a trait passed from one generation to the next

Heritability

The endocrine gland responsible for basal metabolic rate

Thyroid

Phenotype can be greatly influenced by the environment

True

Reach can be positive or negative

True

A majority of breeding herds are seedstock and registered herds.

False

Chromosome number varies among animals

True

In meiotic cell division chromosome number is reduced

True

An animal with like genes from both parents would be termed homozygous for the trait

True

Generation interval is lower for horses than most species

False

In order to be expressed a recessive trait must be in the heterozygous for the trait

False

A polled bull is mated to a horned cow (P=polled p= horned) what the genotype?

Pp

A polled bull is mated to a horned cow (P=polled p= horned) If horned calf results from this mating, what is the genotype of the bull?

pp

Which animals have the estrous cycle of 21 days?

Cow

Sow

Mare

Which animal has the estrous cycle of 17 days?

Ewe

4 Phases of the Estrous Cycle

Proestrus

Estrus

Metestrus

Diestrus

Proestrus ( preparation)

Follicular growth
Tract preparing for pregnancy
FSH from Anterior pituitary

Estrus ( Heat)

Estrogen predominates
tract in state of excitement
Behavioral changes
ovulation may occur

Metestrus (Transition)

As estrogen decreases she goes out of heat
Progesterone increases

Diestrus (Quiescence)

Fully developed at CL
Maximum progesterone
Pregnancy recognition
Attachment to the uterine wall
Longest phase***

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Polyestrus

Many that reoccur in heat cycles

Examples: Cattle and Doge

Seasonally Polyestrus

Horses and Sheep

Monoestrus

One hear per year

Example: Wild Animals

Anestrus

With out heat

uterus

Site of implantation and attachment

Amnion

Innermost layer next to the fetus

Closest to the baby

Fills with amniotic fluid

Allantois or Allantoic Cavity

Extension of fetal hind-gut

Disposal area for fetal waste products

Chorion

Contact with wall of uterus

Strongest attachment( longest time until female can rebreed)

Free martin

Only in cattle

twins are mixed sex 90% of the time FEMALES will be STERILE

Cervix

Closure for uterus

Keeps unwanted material out

Holds young in

site of sperm deposition in some species

Vagina

Usual site of sperm deposition

common passageway for urine and repro. products

Vulva

External genitalia of female

Highly influenced by estrogen and progesterone

Testes

Produce sperm

Testosterone

Epididymis

Found on surface of testes

Passage way and storage site for sperm

Scrotum

Layer of skin with nervous and muscular control

Protects testes

When temp is cold testes go into stomach

When temp is warm testes drop far down

Bull

Intact Cattle

Steer

Castrated Cattle

Ram

Intact sheep

Wether

Castrated Sheep

Castrated Goat

Buck (Billy)

Intact Goat

Boar

Intact Pig

Barrow

Castrated Pig

Stallion

Intact Horse

Gelding

Castrated Horse

Cock

Intact Chicken

Capon

Castrated Chicken

Vas Deferens

Passage into body cavity

Penis

Male organ

Ejaculation

release of semen

Open

Cow that is NOT pregnant

Bred

Cow that is pregnant

Gestation

Period of pregnancy

Cows Gestation length; act of birthing

283 days ; calving

Mare Gestation length; act of birthing

330 days ; foaling

Sow Gestation length; act of birthing

114 days ; farrowing

Ewe Gestation length; act of birthing

143 days ; lambing

Goat Gestation length; act of birthing

150 days ; Kidding

Dog Gestation length; act of birthing

62-65 days ; whelping

Cat Gestation length; act of birthing

62-65 days ; queening

Most common way of mating

Pasture mating or pen mating

AI

Semen collected and deposited in dams by people

Embryo Transfer

Use surrogate Dam

invivo

In the animal

Invitro

Outside the animal

Clones have same genotype

True

Highly heritable traits are lowly influenced by the environment

True

Crossbreeding is very popular in horses

False

As I increase the number of traits I select for I make more progress in any one trait

False

In random mating reach is very high

False

Generation interval should be maximized to make maximum genetic progress

False

In terminal crossing systems we buy sires and keep replacement females from our herd

False

In an independent culling level system of selection we set a standard in order for animals to be kept

True

Progeny testing is a rapid way to evaluate a sire's genetic value

False

A horse is seasonally anestrus

True

The hormone responsible for ovulation is FSH

False

The shortest phase of the estrous cycle is diestrus

False

estrous cycle for a cow

21 days

Major hormone for proestrus

FSH

Major hormone for estrus

estrogen

Major hormone for Diestrus

Progesterone

6 Classes of nutrients

water

carbohydrates

Protein

Fat

Minerals

Vitamins

Water

nutrient transport

body temp. regulation

lubrication

maintain body fluids

Carbohydrates

supply energy

major component of diets

Soluble

Simple

Alpha linkage

Examples: glucose, lactose, starch

Insoluble

Complex

Beta linkage

Examples: Cellulose, lignin,

Protein

Building blocks

Amino acids

Fat

Supply energy

insulation

animal product quality

Minerals

Structure and Balance

Macro minerals

Needed in LARGE amounts

Micro minerals

Needed in SMALL amounts

Vitamins

Catalysts and regulators

Fat soluble

5 classes of feed

Concentrate

Roughage

Protein Supplement

Non-nutritive additive

Other additive

Concentrates

High digestible 80-90%

Low fiber

Highly available in energy

Examples: corn

Roughages

Less digestible 50-65%

High Fiber

Low available energy

Examples: Hay, grass, straw

Protein Supplements

Contributes amino acids

nitrogen

Examples: soybeans, meat and bone meal

Non-Nutritive Additive

Work to increase grain efficiency

Examples: Antibiotics, flavor, hormones

Health

a state in which all parts of the body are functioning normally

Disease

A disturbance in function or structure of any organ or part of the body

noninfectious

Individual animal issues (don't spread)

Infectious

Pathogens, organisms that cause disease (Spread)

zoonosis

Movement of pathogens from animals into humans

Examples: SARS, bird flu, rabies, anthrax, west nile

Morbidity

Sickness %

Mortality

Death %

immunity

The ability of an animal to resist or overcome an infection

3 ways to receive antibodies

Have the disease

vaccinate

direct antibody injection

Antibody

Protein that produce immunity to decrease certain micro organisms

Antigen

Put in the body so it stimulates the production of an antibody

Antibiotic

Any substance produced y certain fungi, bacteria or other organisms that inhibit growth or destroy micro organisms

Colostrum

Mothers first milk

Active immunity

Animal builds an antibody in response to antigen challenge

Subcutaneous

Under the skin

Called SubQ

Most common

Intravenous

in the vein

IV

Intramuscular

In the muscle

IM

Neck

The best site to inject vaccines

Cells

Basic unit of growth

Hyperplasia

Increase number of cells

Hypertrophy

Increase size of cell size

Conception

Where growth begins

Puberty

Marks the beginning of rapid growth

Later maturity

Bigger the animal

Early maturity

Smaller the animal

Chronological Age

Months and Years

Physiological

Skeleton ; age of the bones

Primary tissues that develop postnatally

Bones

muscle

fat

Osteocytes

True bone cells

Osteoblasts

Bone forming

Osteoclasts

Bone destroying

Muscle

Increases rapidly at puberty

Fat

Last tissue to develop

Begins to increase as muscle deposition

KPH

Kidney, pelvic, heart

Estrogens

Promotes fat deposition

Androgens

promotes muscle deposition

Hand

4 inches

Radiation (Rd)

Exchange of heat between objects that are not touching

Example: Sun

Conduction (Cd)

Flow of heat from warm to cold objects which are touching

Example:pig laying on cold concrete

Convection (Cv)

Flow of heat through air or water

Example: wind

Evaporation (Ev)

Flow of heat via vaporization from the lungs or perspiration from the skin

5 ways to tell if an animal is in TNZ

1. Are they comfortable

2. are they healthy

3. Is the environment they choose (if given a choice)

4. Lowest maintenance requirements***IMPORTANT

5. Maximum gain and efficiency****IMPORTANT

What animal is very susceptible to heat stress?

Pig

Most intelligent animal

Pig

Social Behavior

Gregarious

establish social rank

castration lowers social rank of cattle and hogs

Agonistic Behavior

Combative or fighting activity

more common among males bc of testosterone

Sexual Behavior

Learning behavior

mating behavior can be extreme and cause injury

Maternal Behavior

make nest

destroys evidence of birth

bonding between mother and young

may try to disown or kill young

Ingestive Behavior

Nursing

Grazing

over eat

Eliminative Behavior

Hogs and horses are concerned where they defecate

Cattle and Chicken defecate at random

Learning Behavior

Trial and error

Older animals teach the young

Flighty animals can also teach bad behavior

Reward and punishment enhance learning

Gregarious Behavior

Live in groups

Sheep most gregarious

IACUC

Institutional animal care and use committee

4 impacts on the future

Science/Research

Market place

Production

Social

ADG

W2-W1/ time

In homeotherms, heat production always exceeds heat loss

False

The TNZ is always the most profitable range of temperatures for production

False

Animal liberation

Far right of the spectrum; animal rights

Animal Exploitation

Far left of the spectrum; animal abuse, cruelty, testing

The purpose of the epididymis is to store and mature the sperm cells

True

Mammalian sperm cells live longer in the female tract than avian sperm cells

False

An animal with 1 testicle undescended and in the body would be sterile

False

In embryo transfer, flushmates will have identical genotype

False

A non-pregnant female would be termed bred

False

In cloning sperm cells are inserted into slaughterhouse ova

False

If i wanted to synchronize estrus by lengthening a cows cycle what hormone would I use?

Progesterone

Barrow

Male castrated pig

Farrowing

to give birth in swine

Gestation length of a mare

330 days

A non-infectious disease has the potential to infect more animals in a herd than an infectious disease

False

A majority of an animals diet is carbohydrates

True

As lignin content increases, the digestibility and value of a forage decreases

True

The use of a bacterin or vaccine should create active immunity in an animal

True

Antibiotics stimulate the production of antibodies

False

Intramuscular injections should be given in the muscles of the back or loin

False

Cereal grains such as corn and milo are high in fiber and low in energy

False

The longest lasting protection and active immunity would come from what?

Modified live vaccine

The cat is induced to ovulate by the mating act

True

an animal can be both seasonally polyestrus and seasonally anestrus

True

The oviduct is a passage way for sperm to travel to the infundibulum

True

in most species the male deposits the sperm and semen in the uterus

False

Progesterone will cause the female to be receptive to the male

False

Passive immunity is a result of an antigen challenge

False

The rumen has a lower pH than the non-ruminant stomach

False

The site of progesterone production is in the anterior pituitary

False

Pen mating requires more labor than hand mating or AI

False

Lignin improves digestibility of feedstuffs

False

Roughages are higher in fiber than concentrates

True

Digestion of starch begins in the mouth of a pig

True

A cow has far more microbial activity in its digestive tract than the pig

True

THe horse has a rumen to digest fiber

False

The crop is used by the chicken to moisten and ferment food

True

The foregut of the horse is larger than the hind gut

False

Pheromone

Chemical Substance that creates a sexual response

Prehension

The act of gathering food

Maintenance

Most important use of nutrients

Rumen

the ruminant compartment where most fermentation occurs

Metestrus

The phase of the estrous cycle also called transition

Cervix

The female tract structure that dilates at parturition of birthing

Omnivores

Eats plants and animals

Mastication

Chewing

mixes with saliva

Deglutition

Swallowing

The major site of absorption in most animals

Small intestine

Soybean meal

an example of a protein supplement commonly fed to livestock

THe ruminant compartment most similar to mans stomach

Abomasum

In metabolism, if anabolism exceeds catabolism, the animal will increase in cell number or size

True

Most growth post-natal occurs due to hyperplasia

False

In poikilotherms, body temp. varies more than homeotherms.

True

Fiber is digested in the foregut of the horse

False

Red meats

Beef

Pork

Lamb

Goat

White meats

Chicken

Turkey

Game

Squirrel

Pheasant

Seafood

Lobster

Fish

Kansas is the leading state in cattle slaughtered

True

Meat has iron as a nutritive value

True

Meat

animal tissues suitable as food

Beef

Meat from cattle older than 9 mo.

Veal

Meat from cattle younger than 9 mo.

Pork

meat form pigs

Lamb

Meat from sheep younger than 12 mo.

Mutton

meat from sheep older than 12 mo.

Packer

The buyer of animals to be slaughtered and processed for meat

Processor

Units that process carcasses or parts of carcasses

Slaughterer

Operations involved in slaughtering and related steps

Fabrication

Breaking down carcasses into smaller wholesale or retail cuts

Carcass

Portion of animal that remains after slaughter, usually w/o head, feet and offal

Offal

All parts of animal not included in carcass,edible and inedible

Example:Hide, blood, internal organs

Variety meats

Edible offal

Examples: liver, heart, tongue, sweetbreads

Wholesale cut

Major cut removed from carcass

Examples: rib,round, ham

Subprimal Cut

Removed from primal cut to facilitate packaging

Retail cut

Small cut sold to consumers

Examples: steak, roast

Shelf life

Time a product remains on shelf

HACCP

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

Stun/Immobilize

Mechanical

Electrical

Chemical

Exsanguinate

Causes death

Severing the jugular and carotid arteries

Remove hide, hair, or pelt

Sanitation is critical

Eviscerate

Removal of internal organs

Pluck-Heart, lungs, trachea

Viscera-Stomach, rumen,intestines

Final carcass preparation

Weigh,ID, trim contamination, wash

Chilled

Use air and or water to lower carcass temp.

Dressing percentage for pork

70%

Dressing percentage for beef

60%

Dressing percentage for Lamb

50%

Dressing percentage for goat

<50%

Heifer

young female prior to calving

Baldy

White faced calf

Beef Industry Structure

Seed stock

Commercial cow calf

Stocker

Feedlot

Processor

Restaurant Retail Export

Dystocia

Birthing Difficulty

Retain Ownership

raise the calf until the end.

What part of the beef industry structure uses cheap grains?

Stocker

What two types of feedlot production are there?

Farmer feeder

Commercial Feeder

Farmer feeder

<1000 head

feed your own cattle

Commercial Feedlot

>1000 head

Feed customer cattle

Beef Promotion

Promotion

Research

Education

BSE

Mad Cow

Can not be killed when cooked

Prion

Very heat resistant

In BSE

Sheep from Spain

Finest wool known

could not be exported

Ran in large breeds

Sheep from England

Wool as income

coarser than spain

ran in small bands

Ewe Breeds

Usually white faced breeds

Ram Breeds

Usually black faced breeds

Evaluating Wool

Smaller diameter, more hanks of yarn/lb of clean wool, measured in microns

Sheep can live entirely on roughages.

True

Goats can live entirely on forages.

True

Quarter Horse

Animal Science Final

Animal Sciences 102 with Nichols at Kansas State University

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