Anth Exam 3

Johanson believes that Australopithecus afarensis is seminal to both the Homo line and the continuation of the Australopithecus line.

True

Baboons are often seen with a herd of Impala gazelles because the keen eyes of the Impala complements the olfactory and hearing senses of the baboons.

True

A sectorial first premolar is usually found in the baboons, but not in the Pongids.

False; Pongids do have a sectorial first premolar...

Gordon Hewes developed 13 attributes of language.

False; Charles Hacket developed 13 attributes of language

Chimpanzees taught to communicate seem to know that a symbol realy represents something that may not be present here and now.

True

Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus apparently did not overlap in South America.

True

Charles Hockett developed and supported the 'gestural origin of language'.

True

Baboons use tools, but not as frequently as chimpanzees.

True

Except for the gorilla, Hylobatidae and Pongidae are largely frugivorous.

True

Accroding to Hockett's criteria, displacement is restricted to the spatial not temporal scale.

False it does both

Chimpanzees and bees exhibit displacement in their ASL and dances respectively.

False; Bees do, but chimps communication is entirely contained to an observable event, demonstrating a lack of displacement

While baboon troop size ranges from about 10 to 200, the average troop size is about 90 animals.

False; 5-250 normally 50

The most important food for a baboon is grass.

True

As they feed, baboon food is almost never rubbed and/or cleaned.

False; they almost always clean the food by rubbing it

The more dominant baboons eat meat on occasion, but it is almost always carrion remains.

True

A baboon's place in the dominance hierarchy is often seen by displacement.

True

Dian Fossey was the first individual to do serious work on G. gorilla beringei.

False, Fossey did study them for 13 years starting in 1967, but George Schaller also studied in 1959 for 20 mos and in 1925 Carl Akeleyconvinced Albert I of Belgium to establish the Albert Nation Park to study he gorillas

The first work done on rain forest chimpanzees was done by Jane Goodall.

False: mid 1950's Vernan Renalds

Since early in the last century chimpanzees have been known both as tool users and tool makers.

False, 1960 Jane Goodall observed the use of tools among chimpanzees

Compared to quadruped, a biped at midday near the equator would

A. Accumulate less of a heat load

B. Lose more body heat through convection

C. Expose less body surface to the direct rays of the sun

D. Need lest water

E. All of the above

Homo rudolfensis

B. Has a larger average cranial capacity than Homo habilis

Homo habilis

B. Was found near Paranthropus boisei in Bed I at Oldubai Gorge

Which of the following trait(s) indicate that Homo habilis is different than Australopithecus africanus?

A. An enlarged brain

Sahelanthropus tchandensis was discoveren in and dates to _______ million years ago.

C. Chad; 7-6

Paranthropus boisei of Olduvai

A. Was first found in 1959

B. Is dated to 1.75 million years ago

C. Coexisted with early Homo

D. Was discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey

E. All of the above

What traits best describes Ardipithecus ramidus?

A. At least 3.3 ft tall, at least 66 lb, forwardly positioned foramen magnum, small occipital condyles, very flat surface of jaw joint, bipedalism, 4.4 mya

Raymond Dart described Australopithecus africanus as

A. An extinct race of apes intemediate between living apes and humans

When honeybees perform a kind of dance on the honeycomb, the dance accurately transmits information about the

A. Direction of a food source

B. Distance of a food source

C. Nature of a food source

D. All of the above

Studies of vervet monkeys predator alarm calls and rhesus monkeys screams

B. Show that nonhuman primates occasionally develop vocal "symbols that they use in communication"

Evidence for hominid bipedalism

B. Predates stone tools by at least 1.7 million years

Traditionally bipedalism was explained as an adaption to

E. None of these... Darwin said it came from protohominins beginning to live on the ground

The dentition of Paranthropus robustus

B. Is most similar to that of a modern human

The cranium of Paranthropus

B. Featured a low-vaulted braincase with a sagittal crest

The large grinding teeth of Parnthropus robustus suggested a diet of

B. Hard, though items that required lots of chewing

Systematic studies of primate behavior in the wild began

A. In the first half of the 20th century with Nissen, Bingham and Carpenter

Engagin in sexual behavior when not ovulating

A. Characterizes Old World monkeys but not apes

Baboon

African and Asian Old World monkeys belonging to the genus Papio, part of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. There are five species, which are some of the largest non-hominid members of the primate order. A group of baboons is called a troop or congress

Gibbon

apes in the familly Hylobatidae. Gibbons occur in tropical and subtropical rainforests from northeast India to Indonesia and north to southern China.

Oestrous

applies to nonhuman mammals; a state or period of heightened sexual arousal and activity

Proto-hominid

any of several primitive animals that were evolutionary ancestors of the hominids

Cercopithecinae

are a subfamily of the Old World monkeys, that includes in its roughly 71 species the baboons, the macaques and the vervet monkeys. Mostly limited to sub-Saharan Africa, although some range from far eastern parts of Asia through northern Africa

Australopithecines

is a genus of hominids that are now extinct. It appearst that they evolved in eastern Africa around 4 mya before spreading throught the continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 mya. Includes; A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. sekiba, and A. africanus

Washburn

Sherwood Washburn physical anthropologist and pioneer primatology, opened study of primates in natural habitats. His research; comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established study w/i the field of human evolution

DeVore

Irven DeVore anthropologist and evolutionary biologist. He was doing field research on the behavior and ecology of baboons in 1959, at the same time as Goodall's research on chimps.

Simian Shelf

is a bony thickening on the front of the ape mandible. Its function is to reinforce the jaw, though it also has the effect of considerably reducing the movement of the tongue by restricting the area available for muscles

Ponginae

is a subfamily in the hominidae family. It contains a number of genera, all but one extinct: Pongo (orangutans)

Hominidae

aka great apes or humans and great apes. forms a taxonic family, including four extant genera: chimpanzees, gorillas, humans, and orangutans.

Ischial Callosities

A callus on the buttocks (baboons). They enable monkeys to sleep sitting upright on thin branches, beyond reach of predators w/o falling. 1 of the most distinctive pelvic features which seqarates Old World monkeys from New World monkeys.

Frugivorous

as a dietary classification, a species that primarily eats fruit

Bilophodonty

the molar cusp pattern of Old World monkeys, featuring four cusps arranged in front and rear pairs

Prognathic

having the lower face and jaws projecting in front of the upper parts of the face

Dental Arcade

The shape made by the rows of teeth in the upper jaw

Sagittal Crest

a ridge of bone running front to rear along the midline of the skull; serves to attach certain jaw muscles

Sex dimorphism

the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same specieas. color, size, and the presences or absence of parts of the body used in courtship displays or fights, such as ornamental feathers, horns, antlers, or tusks

Brachiation

an arboreal locomotor pattern featuring manual swinging from branch to branch

Precision grip

a grip that involves opposing the tip of the thumb to the tips of the other fingers, allowing fine control of small objects

Morphology

a branch of bioscience dealing w/the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of outward appearance as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs

Hylobates lar

White-handed Gibbon

Pongo pygmaeus

Orangutan

Orang Pendek

is the most common name given to a cryptid, or cryptozoological animal, that reportedly inhabits remote, mountainous forests on the island of Sumatra

Borneo

is the 3rd largest island in the world and is located north of Australia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia

Sumatra

is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands.

Neck pouch

null

Cheek flange

cheeck pad, is a fleshy disc that fills out a mature male orangutan's face on both sides

Crutch walk

the heavier primates tend not to use the bipedal leaping gait. They use their front arms like crutches

Gorilla gorilla gorilla

The Western Lowland Gorilla usually the gorilla found in Zoo

Beringei

a species of the genus Gorilla. Gorilla beringei beringei is one of the two subspecies of Gorilla

Cameroon

central and western Africa

Gabon

west central Africa

Zaire

Central Africa

Uganda

East Africa

Rwanda

central and eastern Africa

Tanzania

central East Africa

Diurnal

active during the day, as apes, monkeys, and humans are

Pith

a substance that is found in vascular plants. It consists of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, and is located in the center of the stem in eudicots (both herbaceous and woody) and in the center of the roots in monocots

Silverback

an adult male gorilla, typically more than 12 years of age and named for the distinctive patch of silver hair on his back. Has large canine teeth that come with maturity. Strong, dominant troop leaders

Apocrine

a term used to classify exocrine glands in the study of histology

Eccrine glands

are the major sweat glands of the human body, virtually all skin. They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaCl

Goodall

Dame Jane Morris Goodall a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees. Best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimps

Fossey

Dian Fossey an American zoologist who undertook an extensive study of gorilla groups over a period of 18 years. studied them daily in the mountain forests of Rwanda. Murdered in 1985

Schaller

George Schaller, American zoologist wrote book The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior, published in 1963. Little was known about the life of gorillas in the wild until the publication of his book

Strabismus

a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. Typically involves a lack of coordination between the extraocular muscles, which prevents bringing the gaze of each eye to the same point in space.

Cannibalism

the act or practice of humans eating the flesh of other human beings. AKA anthropophagy

Gombe Stream

Gombe Stream National Park is located in western Tanzania, established in 1968. Terrain is distinguished by steep valleys, and the forest vegetation ranges from grassland to alpine bamboo to tropical rainforest (where Jane Goodall studied her chimps)

Coprophagy

the consumption of feces. Sometimes done for adequate nutritional intake of Vitamin B12

Foregut

the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct

Infanticide

the killing of infants

Syndactyly

is a condition where two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, such as the siamang and kangaroo, but is an unusual condition in humans

Pan troglodytes

the common chimpanzee studied by Jane Goodall

P. paniscus

the Bonobo, very endangered and is found in the wild only in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Yerkes

Robert Yerkes primatologist best known for his work in intelligence testing and in the field of comparative psychology. Was a pioneer in the study of both human and primate intellegences and of the social behavior of gorillas and chimpanzees

Roundabout test

Wolfgang Couler studyed chimps in East Africa 1914 took some with him when he left to Canary Islands in 1914. Had several tests including the Roundabout test

Hayes

In the 1940's Keith and Cathy Hayes raised a chimp named Vicki in their home; she leared a large number of words and with some difficulty could mouth the words "mama" "papa" and "cup"

Viki

In the 1940's Keith and Cathy Hayes raised a chimp named Vicki in their home; she leared a large number of words and with some difficulty could mouth the words "mama" "papa" and "cup"

Kelloggs

Winthrop and Luella Kellogg raised femal chimpanzee Gua along with infant son in early 1930s. At age of 16 mos Gua could understand about 100 words but never tried to speak them.

Gua

Winthrop and Luella Kellogg raised femal chimpanzee Gua along with infant son in early 1930s. At age of 16 mos Gua could understand about 100 words but never tried to speak them.

Gardeners

Allen and Beatrice Gardener taught their chimp Washoe to communicate in the American Sign Language with her fingers and hands, started in 1965.

Washoe

Allen and Beatrice Gardener taught their chimp Washoe to communicate in the American Sign Language with her fingers and hands, started in 1965. First non-human to use ASL, also passed on some of her knowledge to adopted son Loulis

Premack

chimpanzee raised in lab, starting in 1966 was taught to read and write with variously shapped and colored pieces of plastic, each representing a word by Ann James and David Premack. Her understanding beyond the word meaning (ie sentance structure)

Sarah

chimpanzee raised in lab, starting in 1966 was taught to read and write with variously shapped and colored pieces of plastic, each representing a word by Ann James and David Premack. Her understanding beyond the word meaning (ie sentance structure)

Paterson

Dr. Francine 'Penny' Patterson is an American researcher who taught a modified form of ASL which she calls "Gorilla Sign Language" or GSL to a gorilla named Koko born 1971.

Koko

born July 4, 1971 at San Francisco Zoo, is a Western Lowland Gorilla who is able to understand more than 1000 signs based on ASL and understand 2000 words of spoken English, also may make her own words (ring finger-bracelet), had a few pet cats

Rumbaugh

Lana born 1970, femal chimpanzee, first to be used in language research using lexigrams. The project she was allocated to when 1 year old, the LANguage Analogue project led by Duage Rumbaugh

Lana

born 1970, femal chimpanzee, first to be used in language research using lexigrams. The project she was allocated to when 1 year old, the LANguage Analogue project led by Duage Rumbaugh

Fouts

Roger Fouts is an American primate researcher. He is co-director of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute (CHCI) in Washington. Best known for his role in teaching Washoe to communicate using a set of signs taken from ASL

Ally & Lucy

Nim was a chimpanzee who was the subject of an extended study of aminal language acquition at Columbia University, let by Herbert S. Terrace

Nim

was a chimpanzee who was the subject of an extended study of aminal language acquition at Columbia University, let by Herbert S. Terrace

American Sign Language (ASL)

American Sign Language has been taught to several chimps, Washoe was first beginning in 1965 by Allen and Beatrix Gardner.

Thirteen Attributese of Language from Charles Hackett

Vocal-auditory channel

Broadcast transmtion & Directional Reception

Rapid Fading transitoriness

Interchangeability

Total Feedback

Specialization

Semanticity

Arbitrariness

Discreteness

Displacement

Productivity

Traditional transmission

Duality of Patterning

Hewes

Gordon Hewes gestural origin of language

Hockett

Charles Hockett developed the 13 attributes of language

Imitative

copying or following a model or example

Onomatopoetic

the formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated the the objects or actions they refer to

Mouth-gesture

are actions of the mouth that are deemed part of the signed language

Instinctivist

a person who views human behavior and social adaptation as the resultant of the interplay of various instinctive driv es (as for survival) w/ environmental facotrs (as group relations)

Conventionalist

a person who believes the philosophical attitude that funamental principles of a certain kind are grounded on (explicit or implicit) agreements in socienty rather that on external reality

Chance Mutation

random chance mutations are generally considered by Darwinian evolutionists to provide the opportunity for evolutionary steps

Brain

the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals

Australopithecus

a genus of the tribe Hominini, subtribe Australopithecina; contains five species: A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. anamensis, A bahrelghazali, and A. garhi

Australopithecus afarensis

an australopith species that inhabited East Africa from 4.2 to 2.5 million years ago

Australopithecus africanus

an australopith species that inhabitited South Africa from 3.5 (4?) to 1.7 million years ago

Paranthropus robustus

an australopith species that lived in South Africa from 2.0 to 1.0 million years ago; called Australopithecus robustus by some authors

Paranthropus boisei

a megadont australopith speices that inhabited East Africa 2.4 to 1.3 million years ago; also known as Australopithecus boisei

A. ramidus

A. ramidus, which lived about 4.4 mya during the early Pliocene

Homo

the genus that includes modern humans and species closely related to them. The genus is estimated to be about 2.3 to 2.4 million years old

H. habilis

(Handy-man) is a species of the genus Homo, which lived from approximately 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago at the the beginning of the Pleistocene period

Paranthropus

a genus of the tribe Hominini, subtribe Australopithecina; contains three species: P. robustus, P. boisei, and P. aethiopicus

Sterkfontein

a set of limestone caves of special interest to paleo-anthropologists located in Gauteng province, Northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa near the town of Krugersdorp

Kromdraai

is a fossil-bearing breccia filled cave located about 2 km east of the well known South African hominid-bearing site of Sterkfontein

Swartkrans

is a location in South Africa, around 20 miles from Johannesburg. a farm near to Sterkfontein, notable for being extremely rich in archaeological material, particularly hominid remains

Pliocene

the geologic epoch extending from 5 to 1.8 million years BP.

Pleistocene

the geologic epoch that lasted from about 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago

H. sapiens

humans, kn own taxonomically as Homo sapiens, are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family

neandertalensis

an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia

Australopithecines

refers generally to any species in the related genera Australopithecus or Paranthropus. These species occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene era, and were bipedal and dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than modern apes

H. erectus

an extinct species of hominid that originated in Africa and spread as far as China and Java- from the end of the Pliocene epoch to the later Pleistocene, about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago

Pithecanthropus

the original genus name given by Eugene Dubois to fossil material from Java; now classified as Home erectus

Cro-magon

an anatomically modern human living in Europe between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago

Taung

(means African Lion) by Raymond Dare, is the fossilized skull of a young (infant) Australopithecus africanus disscovered in South Africa in 1924 lived about 3.5-2.5 million years ago. bipedal (walked on two legs)

Foramen magnum

the large opening in the cranial base, through which the spinal cord passes to the brain

Makapansgat

is an archeological location in South Africa. It is an important paleontological site with the local limeworks containing Australopithecus- bearing deposits dating to between 3.0-2.6 my BP.

K40/Ar40

is a radiometric dating method. It is based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotopy of potassium (K) into argon (Ar). Used to calculate the absolute age of samples older than a few thousand years.

Ar40/Ar39

is radiometric dating method invented to supersede K/Ar dating in accuracy. In this technique, the decay of K40 to Ar 40 is used to date geological events, particularly the eruption and cooling of igneous rocks and minerals/improves accuracy of K/Ar

U238

is the most common isotopy of uranium found in nature... used in dating

Faunal analysis

the study of bone and other food refuse in order to determine diet

L.S.B. Leakey

Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey was a Kenyan archaeologist and naturalist whose work was important in establishing human evolutionary development in Africa. Set about to prove Darwin's hypothesis that man arose in Africa; was a devout Christian

Mary Leakey

British archaeologist and anthropologist, who discovered the first skull of a fossil ape on Rusinga Island. much of her career she worked w/ her husband, Louis Leakey, in Olduvai Gorge uncovering the tools and fossils of ancient hominines

Richard Leakey

is a polotician, paleoanthropologist and conservationist. Son of Louis and Mary Leakey.

Zinjanthropus boisei

the original name of the australopith species now called Paranthropus boisei

KNM-ER1470

Kenya National Museum-East Rudolf or East Tracano (Lake) 1470 is the number of fossil. It is a Homo rudolfensis found in 1872 by Richard Leakey was considered H. habilis before 1985.

Hadar

is an archaeological site located in E Africa. M. Taieb, a French geologist discovered Hadar in 1968. Johanson, Y. Coppens, & J. Kalb joined him & they formed the International AFAR Research Expedition. Lucy skeleton found here

Laetoli

is a site in Tanzania, dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and famous for its hominin footprints, preserved in volcanic ash. The site of the Laetoli footprints is located 45 km south of Olduvai gorge.

Johanson

Donald Carl Johanson, American paleoanthropologist. Along with Maurice Taieb and Yves Coppens he is known for the discovery of the skeleton of the the female hominid australopithecince known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region of Hadar, Ethiopia

Ethiopia

East Africa and more specifically the general area of Ethiopia, is widely considered the site of the emergence of early Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic. H. sapiens idaltu, found at site Middle Awash in Ethiopia, lived about 160,000 years ago.

Kenya

a country in East Africa. Recent finds near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as H. habilis and H. erectus are possible direct ancestyors of modern H. sapiens liven in Kenya during the Pleistocene epoch.

Kobi Fora

refers primarily to a region around Koobi Fora Ridge, located on the eastern shore of Lake Turkana in the territory of the nomadic Gabbra people.

Lake Turkana

in Kenya. Recent finds near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as H. habilis and H. erectus are possible direct ancestyors of modern H. sapiens liven in Kenya during the Pleistocene epoch.

Middle Awash

archaeological site along Awash River in Ethiopia. Pleistocene and late Miocene hominid remains have been found at the site, along w/ some of the oldest known Chimps and human lineages are thought to have split around this time 5-7 mya

Afar Depression

is a geological depression, near the Horn of Africa. Afar is well known as one of the cradles of hominids, containing the Middle Awash, site of many fossil homind discoveries; site of world's oldest stone tools and site of Lucy

Nairobi

the capital and largest city of Kenya

Dar-es-Salaam

formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania

Ileret

a village in Marsabit District, Eastern Province, Kenya. It is located in Northern Kenya on the eastern shore of Lake Turkana, near the Ethiopian border. Numerous hominid fossils have been found near Ileret. 1.5 million old H erecuts footprints

Lothagam

anthropological and archaeological site, Kenya, site of paleoanthropological excavations in nothern Kenya southwest of Lake Turkana

Kanapoi

The earliest member of the genus Australopithecus is A. anamensis, discovered in 1994 by a team led by Meave Leakey at Kanapoi and Allia Bay in northern Kenya. The fossils date to 4.2-3.9 mya

Intermembral index

is a ratio used to compare limb proportions, expressed as a percentage. It is equal to the length of forelimbs (humerus+radius)/(femer+tibia) *100

Cranial capacity

is a measure of the volume of the interiour of the cranium (also called the braincase or brainpan) of those vertebrates who have both a cranium and a brain

Bone thickness

in general, bones with thicker walls are stronger and heavier, and bones with thinner walls are ligther and weaker

Osteodontokeratic culture

the culture of bone, tooth, and horn tools hypothesized by Raymond Dart for A. africanus; now largely dismissed

Oldowan tool industry

the earliest known stone-tol culture, dating 2.5 million years into the past. The products were very crude stone choppers and flakes

Pebble

The Pebble Tool Tradition entailed the sharpening of pebbles and small cobbles through the bigacial (2-sided) removal of flakes

Chopper-chopping

logical outgrowth of the Pebble Tool Tradition. Using the cores of the Pebble Tool as heavy chopping tools

Peninj Mandible

is the fossilized lower jaw and teeth of the species Paranthropus boisei. Was discovered in Peninj, Tanzania by Richard Leakey in 1964. Estimated to be 1.5 million years old. Heavy build w/ large molars and small incisors

Chert

fine-grained silica-rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or microfibrous sedimentary rock that may contain small fossils

Basalt

is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet

Quartzite

hard metamorphic rock which was originally sandstone. Converting into quartzite through heating and pressure usually realted to tectonic compression

Discoid

having a flat, circular form; disk-shaped

Burin

a chisel-like tool used to shape other materials, such as bone, antler, and wood; a tool for making other tools

Protobiface

a core that is in a sense intermediate between pebble-cores

Awls

a tool for making holes in wood

Larynx

the voice box; the organ in the throat containing the vocal cords, important in human speech production

Dominance hierarchy

the rank structuring of a primate group, usually based on winning and losing fights. For some purposes, the ranks within a subset of animals, such as the adult males, may be analyzed separately

Language

the cognitive aspect of human communication, involving symbolic thinking structured by grammar

Speech

the oral expression of language, or spoken language; other expressions include gestural and written language

Laetoli Footprints

is located 45 km south of Olduvai gorge. The footprint-bearing layers are Pliocene in age, dated by the K/Ar method to 3.5 million yearst ago.

Communications

is a process where by information is enclosed

Lucy

skeleton of an individual Australopithecus agarenis discovered in 1974 at Hadar in the Awas Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression by Donald Johanson, Maurice Taieb, Yves Coppens, Tom Grey estimated to have lived about 3.2 million years ago. Biped

Lovejoy

null

Brain size

is one aspect of animal anatomy and evolution

Limbic system

the emotional brain; a group of structures in the brain; a group of structures in the brain that are important in regulating such behavior as eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity, and expressions of emotion. Proportionately smaller in humans than in other primates, it operates below the level of chonsciousness

Pharnyx

the throat above the larynx

Olduvai Gorge

an abrupt rent in the earth, some 25 miles long and 300 feet deep, found by Wilhelm Kattwinkel in 1911. (pebble tools, and fossil remains)

Omo River Valley

geological deposits from Plio-Pleistocene times

Which couple first worked on the symbyll system of communication with Chimp Sarah?

Premacks (Anne James Premack and David Premack)

What do the symbols suggest (Sarah's symbols)

the animal wants an apple

Which animal first used these signs? (Premacks)

Sarah

Who was responsible for the training of the animal? (Sarah)

the Premacks

Who is mentioned in the statement?

Mary and Randy

Lexigram

is a symbol that represents a word but is not necessarily indicative of the objext referenced by the word. Lexigrams were notably used by the Georgia State University Language Research Center to communicated with bonobos and chimps (Lana)

White

Tim D. White is an American Paleoanthropogist and Professor of Integrative Biology at the University of Califoria, Berkeley. He is most famous for his work on Lucy as Australopithecus afarensis with discoverer Donald Johanson.

Anth Exam 3

Anthropology 280 with Finnegan at Kansas State University

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