Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration

Speech, Language And Hearing Sciences 1 with Vogelman at Loyola College

About this deck

By: Erin McGrath
Created: 2011-02-14
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 178

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Diaphragm: where and how does the muscle contract & what is the result?

Divides thorax & abdomen
upon contraction the dome flattens resulting in increased thoracic cavity
(widens the cavity)

Muscles for forced or controlled Expiration

(Normal expiration is passive)
for controlled or forced: PRIMARILY ABDOMINAL MUSCLES: Rectus & Obliques (external, internal & transverse).
May use subcostals, serratus, and internal intercostals

Name the muscles involved in Inspiratio:

Primary muscle is the Diaphram
Other muscles used during DEEP INSPIRATION include:
External intercostals
Accessory muscles of the neck (4SP): Serratus, Subclavius, Sternocleido- mastoid, scalenes, & Pectoralis.

External Intercostals: where, and how does the muscle contract & what is the result

contraction lifts the ribcage upward & outward resulting in increase in the thoracic cavity

Accessory Muscles of the Neck (4S&P): where and how does the muscle contract & what is the result?

Serratus, Subclavius, Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, & Pectoralis. - lifts the shoulders increasing the vertical dimensions of the thorax

What are the 3 forces that provide respiratory power for phonation?

1. Inspiratory muscle forces
2. Passive forces
3. Expiratory Muscle forces

Describe the Respiratory physiology for Inspiration:

1. Muscles engage, expanding thoracic cavity in 3 directions (vertical, transverse, A-P)
2. Increased cavity = increased volume = decreased pressure (draws air in to equalize pressure)

Describe the Respiratory physiology for Expiration:

Primarily passive, muscles disengage, gravity pulls down, decreases volume- pressure goes up, air goes out

What are the 4 types of lung values & 1 type of capacity?

Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volum
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume
Vital Capacity

Tidal Volume (think ocean tides/waves)

the amount of air inspired and expired during a typical respiratory cycle

Inspiratory Reserve Volume & amount (cc's)

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired after tidal inspiration (What you could use, but you don’t need to)

*1500-2500 cc’s, varies on body type and size (thinner frame vs. barrel chest).

Expiratory Reserve Volume & amount (cc's)

Maximum volume of air that can be expired after tidal expiration (what’s left, could go further)
*1500-2500 ccs

Residual Volume

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum expiration (last dying breath)
(the amount that needs to reside to live)

Vital Capacity & amount (cc's)

the total amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inhalation (you’ve taken in as much as possible & you’ve blown out all you can)
*male: 3500 – 5000 ccs

Internal intercostals

Origin: superior margin of each rib
Course: up and medially
Insert: inferior margin of rib above

Function: depress the rib cage

Elevate the rib cage
Between each rib
Origin: inferior surface of rib 1-11
Course: down and in
Insert: superior surface of rib below
Function: elevate rib
Also: provide protection for the heart

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Brevis

Origin: transverse processes of C7-T-11
Course: down and out
Insert: turbercle of the rib below

Longis

Origin: transverse process T7-T11
Course down and out
Insert: 2^nd rib below

Origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3
Course : down and out
Insert : beyond the angle of rebs 2-5
Function: elevate ribs

Sternocleidomastoid

Neck muscle
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Course: down
Insert: clavicle and sternum
Function: elevate sternum, rotate head if contracted unilaterally

Scalenes

Stabilize neck
Anterior, middle, posterior
Origin: transverse process of C3-C6,C2-C7,C5-7
Course: Down
Insertion: rib 1, rib 2

Fan shaped
Muscular bulk of chest
Origin: clavicle and most of sternum (2 heads)
Fans in to humerus
Insertion: humerus
Function: elevates sternum

Origin: anterior surface of ribs 2-5
Course: up and out
Insertion: scapula
Function: increases transverse dimensions of the rib cage

Deep to pectoralis major
“saw tooth”
Origin: ribs 1-9
Course: up
Insert: scapula
Function: elevates ribs

Primarily neck support
Origin: transverse processesC1-C4
Course: down
Insertion: scapula

Under trapezius
Origin: spinous process of T2-T5,C7-T1
Course: down and in
Insertion:stablilize pectoral girdle

Large back muscle
Origin: spinous process of C2-T12
Course: fans laterally
Insertion: scapula and clavicle
Function: head and neck control, arm movement, shrug shoulders

Diaphragm

Increases vertical dimensions
Displaces abdominal visera
Unpaired, striated muscle
Domed shape
Attachments to ribs, xiphoid process, and spinal column

Anatomy of the Diaphragm

Central tendon

Translucent aponeurosis
Floor for the heart

Esophageal hiatus
Foramen vena cava
Abdominal aorta
Contracts down and forward

Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

Not essential but permit larger amounts of air to be taken in for forced inspiration
Increases anterior-posterior dimensions
Attach to thorax, neck, and back

Respiratory Passage

Upper Tract

Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Pharynx

Lower Tract

larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes

Inferior to larynx
16-20 cartilage horseshoe shape rings
Lined with ciliated membrane
Posterior opening has muscle and fibrous tissue to accommodate varying air pressures

Trachea Continued

Divides into mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchi, etc, and ends at terminal bronchi
Left vs. Right mainstem
R= 3 lobar and L= 2 lobar
Terminal bronchioles serve the alveoli

Gas Exchange

Alveoli at terminal of bronchi
300,000,000 in lungs
Surrounded by capillary bed
Exchange of O2 and CO2 across alveolar wall

Contaminents in the Respiratory Tract

Filtered by cilia
Beats pollutants superiorly to larynx
Initiates a cough and swallow
Air is warmed and humidified in passages

Emphysema

COPD
Pollutants deaden cilia, thereby reducing cleansing
Surface area in alveoli breaks down, less area for gas exchange
Attempts deeper breaths

Movement of Lungs

Lungs and surrounding structures are lined = pleural lining
Visceral pleurae line lungs
Parietal pleurae line everything else

Diaphragmatic
Costal
Mediastinal
Apical

Pleural Linings

Pleural linings form an airtight seal
Lungs move with surrounding structures
Pleurisy
Pneumothorax

Internal Intercostals

Origin: superior margin of each rib
Course: up and medially
Insert: inferior margin of rib above
Function: depress the rib cage

Origin: spinous process of T11-L3
Course: up and laterally
Insert: inferior margin of last 5 ribs
Function: pulls ribs down

Sheet like tendon encases the abdominal muscles
Point of attachment for abdominal muscles
Linea alba
Linea semiluminaris
From sternum to pubis
abdominal muscles

From xiphoid process to pubis symphisis
Origin: pubis
Course: superior in segments
Insert: Xiphoid process and lower ribs
Function: squeezes abdomen

Transverse abdominis

deepest

Internal oblique
External oblique

Most superficial

Origin: illiac crest
Courses: up and in
Insert: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and rib 12
Function: supports abdominal wall

Origin: vertebrae of lumbar,sacral and lower thorax
Course: fans out
Insert: humerus
Function: supports abdominal wall
upper limb muscle

respiration

“exchange of gas between an organism and its environment”

Bony Thorax

Vertebral column

Cervical vertebrae C1-C7
Thoracic vertebrae T1-T12
Lumbar vertebrae L1-L5
Sacral vertebrae
Coccygeal vertebrae

Spinous process
Corpus
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Intervertebral foramen
Superior/inferior articular facets
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)

Posterior attachment for ribs
Transverse costal facet
Superior / inferior costal facet

Large for lifting, weight bearing
Attachment for back and abdominal muscles

Sacrum and Coccyx

Fused bones
Ossified intervertebral disks

12 pair
Attach to thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
Attach to sternum anteriorly by costal cartilage
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs

Head
Tubercle
Angle
Shaft
Costal cartilage

Sternum

Landmarks

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Sternal angle

Pectoral Girdle

Upper extremity attachment to axis
Landmarks

Clavicle
scapula

Landmarks

Ilium
Illiac crest
Ishium
Pubis
Pubis symphsis
Acetabulum
Sacroiliac joint
Inguinal ligament

Boyles Law

“Given a gas at a constant temperature, if the volume of the container increases, the pressure will decrease. In the volume decreases the pressure will increase”
Pressure= force exerted on the walls of the container
Gas moves from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

Forces of Passive Expiration

Torque
Elasticity
Gravity

Stages of Gas Exchange

Ventilation
Distribution
Perfusion
Diffusion

Respiratory Cycle

Tidal volume (TV)- amount of air exchanged during a cycle
Inspiratory Reserve volume(IRV)-amount that can be inhales above a tidal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)-the volume after a passive exhalation
Residual volume (RV)- amount of air in lungs after exhalation- cannot be expelled
Dead air- not involved in gas exchange

Capacities

Functional combinations of volumes
Measured in ml or liters
Vital Capacity= IRV+ERV+TV

Amount that can be inspired after max. exhalation
Amount available for speech, use 35-60% for speech, 80% for loud speech

Capacities Ctd.

Functional Residual Capacity= ERV+RV

Amount of air remaining in the body after passive exhalation

Total Lung Capacity= TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Sum of all volumes

Capacities Ctd.

As age increases (after 25), vital capacity decreases
Vital capacity is a product of age, size, gender

Pressures

Patm=atmospheric pressure, reference point
Pm=intraoral pressue
Psg= subglottic pressure, below the level of the vocal folds
Ppl= intralpleural pressure, between the visceral and parietal pleurae, always neg.
Pal= pressure in each alveoli (Boyle’s Law)

Relationship of Pressures

Contraction of diaphragm (muscles)
Ppl becomes more negative
Lungs expand
Alveolar pressure decreases
Air flow into lungs
Lung volume increases
Reverses for expiration

Relaxation Pressure Cuve

Restoring forces during expiration: “the greater you distend or distort chest wall the greater is the force required to hold it in that position and the greater is the force with which it returns to rest”

Speech Function

> Psg to open the vocal folds
Must maintain constant pressure
Change duration of I/E cycle from 60/40 to 10/90%
Do not need to change volume inhaled
Muscle action needed to restrain air flow= “checking action” to maintain constant Psg

Pathology

Neuromuscular disease (muscular dystrophy) cannot increase vital capacity
Role of SLP- efficient use of existing air supply
Patterns:
Diaphragmatic breathing 65% of adults
Thoracic breathing-mostly females
Clavicular
Paradoxical-contracts both sets of muscles simultaneously

Summary

Quiet inhalation- active process
Inhalation for speech- active process but cycle duration altered
Quiet exhalation- passive process
Exhalation for speech- active process with checking action

Rib attachment

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About this deck

By: Erin McGrath
Created: 2011-02-14
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 178

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis