Chapter 9 - Thinking and Language
Psychology 101 with Caldwell at Michigan State University
About this deck
By: Meredith Buelken
Textbook:
The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View
Created: 2010-11-11
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 165
Textbook:
The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative ViewCreated: 2010-11-11
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 165
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Thinking
Manipulating information mentally, as when we form concepts, solve problems, and reflect in a creative or critical manner.
Concept
Mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics
Problem Solving
An attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily available
Steps in Problem Solving
1. Find and frame problems
2. Develop good problem-solving strategies
3. Evaluate solutions
4. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time
2. Develop good problem-solving strategies
3. Evaluate solutions
4. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time
Fixation
Using a prior problem-solving strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective
Functional Fixedness
A type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a thing's usual functions
Reasoning
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom-up
Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the general to the specific
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for and use information that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome
Availability Heuristic
A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events
Critical Thinking
Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
Mindfulness
Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
Open-Mindfulness
Being receptive to the possibility of other ways of looking at things
Creativity
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unconventional solutions to problems
Divergent Thinking
Thinking that produces many answers to the same question; characteristic of creativity
Convergent Thinking
Thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the type of thinking required on traditional intelligence tests
Intelligence
Ability to learn from experiences and adapt
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance
Standardization
Developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms for the test
Mental Age
An individual's level of mental development relative to that of others
Intelligence Quotient
An individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
Normal Distribution
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
Mean & Average
Mean: Approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value
Average: the level, amount, or degree of something that is typical of a group or class of people or things
Average: the level, amount, or degree of something that is typical of a group or class of people or things
Gifted
Descriptive of individuals who have an IQ of 130 or higher and/or superior talent in a particular area
Mental Retardation
A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and has an onset of these characteristics in the so-called developmental period
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg's Tri-archic Theory of Intelligence
Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind
Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Sternberg's theory that there are three main types of intelligence:analytical, creative, and practical
Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind
- Verbal
- Mathematical
- Spatial
- Bodily-kinesthetic
- Musical
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalist
Infinite Generativity
the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences
Phonology
A language's sound system
Morphology
A language's rules for word formation
Syntax
A language's rules for the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Semantics
The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
Noam Chomsky
one of the early architects of the view that children's language development cannot be explained by environmental input. In Chomsky's view, language has strong biological underpinnings, with children biologically pre-wired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way.
Language Milestones
All children are different and acquire language at varying rates, but these milestones provide a general sense of how language emerges in human life
Whole-Language Approach
An approach to learning to read that stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning; so reading materials should be whole and meaningful
Phonics Approach
An approach to learning to read that emphasizes basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
Coping
Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
About this deck
By: Meredith Buelken
Textbook: The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View
Created: 2010-11-11
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 165
Textbook:
The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative ViewCreated: 2010-11-11
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 165
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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