Microbiology Test #3(final)
Biology 2230 with Newsome at Middle Tennessee State University
About this deck
By: David Touhill
Textbook:
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 167 flashcards
Views: 892
Textbook:
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th Edition)Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 167 flashcards
Views: 892
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Antibiotics today come from
Genus Streptomyces- a common soil bacteria
Also From:
Bacillus and Penecillium
Spectrum of Activity of Anti Biotics
1. Inhibit cell wall formation
2.inhibit protein synthesis
3.inhibit metabolic pathway
4. Inhibit DNA Synthesis
Desireable Criteria for antibiotics
1. Selective Toxicity
2. no hypersensitivity
3. M.O. not easily resistant to antibiotic
4. soluble in bodily fluids and not rapidly broken down or excreted
What is the Problem when a pathogen is a Eukaryotic Cell(M.O.)
ex. fungus, protozoan, worm (helmaith)
1. Things that are toxic to Eukaryotic pathogens are also toxic to our bodies
2.Virus' are more difficult to treat
Action of AntiMicrobial Drugs
Bactericidal- kills the bacteria
Bacteriostatic- keeps bacteria from growing (most antibiotics are Bstatic)
Inhibition of Cell wall synthesis (Spectrum of Activity of A.B.)
Most effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
**it interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan
******Penicillin is used most
Beta Lactamase
In all penicillin, most bacteria resistant to PCN have an enzyme that breaks down(cleaves) the Beta Lactam Ring, this enzyme is called Beta Lactamase
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis (Spectrum of Activity of A.B.)
THE RIBOSOME IS INHIBITED
*Streptomycin- in GRAM NEGATIVE changes the shape of the ribosome and mRNA is read incorrectly
**Tetracyclines-inhibit the attachment of tRNA and mRNA and proteins are not synthesized
Injury to Plasma Membrane (Spectrum of Activity of A.B.)
amphotericin B- antifungal
polymyxin B- Gram Negative Bacteria
Polypeptide Antibiotics
certain amino acid sequences that are highly toxic to bacteria( creating a whole new group of antibiotics)
**involved with Injury to the Plasma Membrane
Magainins
1.isolated amino acid sequences and polypeptide chains from salamanders and frogs
2. took DNA and put it into yeast(because it is a Eukaryotic Cell)
3. Larger amounts are produced
**involved with injury to the plasma membrane
Inhibitiom of Nucleic Acid Synthesis (Spectrum of Activity of A.B.)
Inhibit unwinding of DNA by inhibiting DNA Polymerase
Ex. Nalidaxic Acid- blocks DNA gyrase
Inhibition of Enzyme Activity (Spectrum of Activity of A.B.)
inhibits bacteria's Metabolism
Ex. Sulfa Drugs- complete inhibition of sulfanilamide
Syndrome
a specific group of symptoms that always accompanies a particular disease
Endemic Disease
a disease constantly present in a population
Ex. Common Cold
Epidemic Disease
many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period of time
Ex. Flu
Pandemic Disease
an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide
Ex. Flu
acute disease
a disease that develops rapidly but only lasts a short time
chronic disease
a disease that develops slowly but is likely to occur for a long period of time
Ex. Mononucleosis
subacute
between the two
latent disease
one in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but them becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease(in peripheral nerve ganglion)
Ex. Herpes Cold Sore
systemic infection
microrganism or thier prodicts are spread throughout the body by blood or lymphatic system
Ex. Measles
bacteremia
presence of bacteria in blood
**if actually growing it is called septiciemia and may also include toxins
viremia
presence of virus in the blood
reservoir of infection
the source of a particular disease causing organism
Type of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Kirby Bauer Test- isolates bacteria and looks for zone of inhibition
3 Principles of Using Antibiotics
1. Some resistance before giving antibiotic
2. Large amt of antibiotics given quickly reduce the # of bacteria so that our bodies can clear it out before bacterial resistance forms
3. For this to work, you MUST have a healthy immune system
Bacterial Resistance
Bacteria produce enzymes that destroy or block antibiotic
ex. Penicillinase
Synergism
theraputic effect of 2 drugs given simultaneously is better than the sum of the individual effects
Ex. 2+2=4 or 2+2=16(synergism)
Penicillin and Streptomycin
work very effectively together
** PCN effects cell wall synthesis allowing streptomycin to get into cell and destroy bacterias protein synthesis
Antagonistic Effect
One drug counteracts the other
Ex. Penecillin and Tetracycline
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
Kills both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
*Normal flora is killed leading to yeast infections
Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
Kills an exact bacteria, not all of it
Etiology
the study of the cause of disease
Etiologic Agent
M.O. that causes a specific disease or condition
fomite
general term for any nonliving object involved in the spread of infection
EX. tissues, syringes, hankercheifs
vector
an arthropod that carries a disease and carrying the organisms/ from one host to another
Ex. Mosquito
nosocomial infections
infections aquired as a result of a hospital stay(20,000 a year die)
ie. staphylococcus, pseudomonas, enterobacteria
comprimised host
ones whos resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
period of incubation
time interval between the actual infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms
predromal period
the time following the incubation when the first symptoms begin to appear
convalescent period
the period of recovery from disease
epidemiology
the science that deals with when and where diseases occur and how they are trasmitted in the human population
How much bacteria from nature can be cultured
Less than 1%
Virulence
severity of disease caused by a micro-organism
High Virulence
Causes disease
Attenuated
a MO that has lost its ability to cause disease
Classification of Bacteria is based on?
1. Morphological Features
2. Differential Staining
3. Biochemical Tests
4. Serology- Rx with antibiotics
5. Protein Analysis
6. Base composition of nucleic acids
Normal Flora
*Humans should be germ free from birth
**hours after birth, human becomes aquine - exposed to lactobacillus(in birth canal) and E. Coli(everywhere) and they begin to colonize
Normal Flora (Skin)
S. Aureus
*S. Epidermitis- most common on skin
Normal Flora (Eyes)
S. Aureus
Normal Flora (Nose)
Neisseria Meningitidis
**causes Menigococcol meningitis
Normal Flora (Mouth)
100s of Bacteria
Ex. Streptococcus Mutans- sticks to teeth enamel causing tooth decay(cavities)
Normal Flora (Large Intestine)
E. Coli, Proteus Klebsiella, Shigella - compose normal flora
**this group is called the "Enterics"
Normal Flora (Small Intestine)
More acidic so very few bacteria
Normal Flora (Lower Urinary and Genital Tract)
Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas
Is bacteria normally pathogenic?
No! unless it gets somewhere its not supposed to be...then it can cause a life threatening disease!
Is Colonization of Bacteria necessary to cause disease in Humans?
YES
Types of Toxins
Endotoxin- LPS
Exotoxin- released tetanus
Enterotoxin- effects intestines
S. Aureus (Bacterial Diseases of the Skin)
antibiotic resistant forms of MRSA
*found especially in surgical wound infections
Define Boil or Abscess
a localized region of puss surrounded by inflammed tissue
Define Puss
an accumulation of dead phagocytes, bacteria, and fluid
inflammation
a host response to tissue damage. characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling
Empetigo
(Bacterial Disease of the Skin)- primarily in newborns and young children
*in newborns caused by S. Aureus
**in young children caused by S. Pyogenes (also called Beta Hemolytic Strep)
Necrotising Fascitis
Flesh Eating Bacteria(Bacterial Disease of the Skin)
Ex. S. Pyogenes
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Caused by S. Aureus and Streptococcus(Bacterial Disease of the Skin)
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Causes Dermatitis- found in hot tubs and swimming pools
(Bacterial Disease of the Skin)
Ex. Main cause of swimmers ear(otitus externa)
Pseudomonis Infections
Found in burn patients(Bacterial Disease of the Skin)
Propionibacterium Acnes
the agent that causes cystic Acne(Bacterial Disease of the Skin)
Conjunctivitis
(Bacterial Disease of the Eye)- infammation of the mucus membrane that lines the eyelid and outer surface of the eyeball
What do contact lenses cause?
Colonization of m. Staphylococcus and m. pseudomonas in the eye
Neonatal Gonorrhea
(Bacterial Disease of the Eye) - caused by neisseria gonorrhea
Ex. Opthalmia- newborns get it from the birth canal
Pink Eye
(Bacterial Disease of the Eye)
How much bacteria in 1 gram of fecal material?
100billion bacteria
Becterial Diseases of the Digestive system are caused by?
ingestion of contaminated food or water via fecal or oral route
Ex. S. Mutans
Periodantal Disease
caused by anaerobic bacteria in digestive system
infection
Bacteria is multiplying inside the host
intoxication
ingestion of a preformed toxin
dysentary
diarrhea, blood, and mucus
(Bacterial Disease of Intestional Tract)
gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach and intestinal mucosa
(Bacterial Disease of Intestional Tract)
*caused by an entero toxin
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
caused by S. Aureus(injestion of preformed toxin)
*rapid onset (1-6 hours after injestion)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
Salmonella Gastroenteritis
Disease from poultry
*1-12 day onset(bacteria forms in stomach)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
salmonell typhi
typhoid fever- severe diarrhea and therefore loss of water
*lethal to elderly and young people
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
vibrio cholerae
cholora
**lose about 10-20 liters of fluid a day = your dead
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
travelers diarrhea
temporary diarrhea caused by E. Coli gastroenteritis
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
E. Coli 0157
Deadliest strain of bacteria in the USA
*if it gets into the intestines it is very toxic
**carried by cattle
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
Where on meat is E.coli usually found?
On the outside of the meat
Clostridium Perfringens
Eterotoxin that causes food poisoning
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
Listeriosis
Stillbirth and neurological disease in humans and animals caused by Listeria Monocytogenes
*grows well at 4 Degrees Celcius
(Bacterial Diseases of the Intestinal Tract)
Septicemic
uncontrolled multiplication of bacteria in the blood
Lymphangitis
enflammed lymph vessel(red streaks under skin)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Sepcis(AKA septic shock)
causes blood vessels to constrict
**usually from gram negative bacilli, e.coli, or pseudomonas
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
endocardium
tissue that lines the inside of the heart
Endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium
caused by s. aureus and strep. pyogenes
**good at sticking to endo tissue
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
acute bacterial endocarditis
growth on the heart valves
myocarditis
inflammation of the heart itself
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the fluid filled sack around the heart
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Rheumatic Fever
Auto immune disease of the heart
Caused by B. Hemolytic Strep
B Hemolytic Strep
Has proteins that are similar to those on the exterior of the heart
antibodies against the strep attack heart proteins and kill and weaken heart tissue
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Kawasaki Disease
leading cause of infectious heart disease
**an auto immune disease
-antibodies attach to blue vessels around heart
-if untreated, 1% fatality rate due to pre-existing viral infections
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
gas gangrene
caused by clostridium perfringes
*associated with deep wound infections
*anaerobic-CO2 and H2 produces alot of gas in tissues
*cuts off blood circulation
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
gangrene
death of soft tissue due to loss of blood supply
debridment
hyperbaric chamber-raised oxygen levels forces oxygen into would
Caused by human and animal bites
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Lymes Disease
Caused by Borellia Burgadorferi
**received from bite of dear tick(bulls eye rash)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Tularemia
caused by franeisella tularensis(rabbit fever)
1% of rabbits have this
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Anthrax
Caused by Bacillus Anthracis(spore forming bacteria)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Black Plague
Caused by Yersinia Pestis(found in rats)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Bubonic Plague
Caused by Yersinia Pestis(called bubonic when found in lymph nodes)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System)
Toxoid
inactivated toxin
Meninges
membrane that covers the brain and spinal chord
meningitis
Inflammation of mininges
(Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System)
encephalitis
bacteria infection in the brain
(Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System)
Causes of Bacterial Meningitis(in the USA)
Neisseria meningitidis- young adults
Haemophilus influenza- children(HIB Vaccine)
Streptococcus Pneumonia-can cause pneumoccocal pneumonia
**to diagnose you must check the cerebral spinal fluid
(Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System)
Clostridium Tetani
Tetanus(most potent toxin on earth)(muscles lock up)
. = enough to kill 30 people
**can be inactivated with formaldehyde(toxoid)
(Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System)
Clostridium Botulinum
toxin causes flaccid paralysis(muscles cannot contract)
**cooking will destroy the toxin
*Honey Causes SID-flaccid paralysis
(Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System)
Forage Botulism
Found in the middle of hay bails
Microbacterium Leprae
causes leprosy aka Hansens Disease
Upper Respiratory Tract(URT) consists of?
nose and throat
Lower Respiratory Tract(LRT) consists of?
Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, aveoli
pharyngitis(URT)
inflammation of the mucus membrane in the throat
caused by strep. pyogenes
*some produce erythrogenic toxin(aka scarlet fever)
(Diseases of the respiratory tract)
diptheria(URT)
caused by coryrebacterium diptheriae
(Diseases of the respiratory tract)
Define Pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs accompanied by fluid accumulation
whooping caugh
caused by Bordetella Pertussis
(Diseases of the respiratory tract)
Types of Bacterial Pneumonia
kill about 50 thousand people a year
1.) pnemoccocal pneumonia- caused by streptococcus pneumonia
2.) legionanares disease- caused by legionella pneumophila
***found in cooling towers and devorative fountains(not contageous)
(Diseases of the respiratory tract)
Atypical pneumonia
Caused by something that cannot be cultered in conventional lab media
Ex. mycoplasma pneumonia(in children)
clymidia pneumonia(in young adults
(Diseases of the respiratory tract)
Tuberculosis
caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Diseases of the respiratory tract)
Macrophages
eats and kills bacteria
infected phagocytes
eats and multiplies bacteria and causes legions
tubercle
body synthesizes capsule around legions(calcify)
When happens if you get TB and have a poor immune system
causes extracellular replication outside cell- you receive the typical symptoms of TB("military tb")
Tuberculin Skin Test
inject needle under skin to check for immune response to TB
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex
major cause of chronic pneumonia in elderly
(Diseases of the respiratory tract)
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
attaches to mucosal cells in genitals, eyes, and oral cavity
*more harmful for females(effect fertility and other organs if untreated)
(diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems)
syphilis
Caused by trepomena pallidium
*initially get a legion
1) if untreated can invade nervous system
2)if untreated and pregnant, it can cross placenta and cause congenital syphilis
Chlamydia Trachomatis(STD)
trichomonas vaginalis(protozoan)- 6-20million cases in the USA
**complicates interperating of PAP smear
Details of a Virus
reproduce only within cells
**no metabolism outside cell
***hard to selectively treat(found in normal enzymes)
**virus must attach to protein receptors
**infection usually kills cell
Nucleic Acids
1 human cell- 3 billion nucleotide pairs per cell
1 E.Coli- 4 million " "
1 virus- 1000-20,000 " " "
Where do virus' cultivate
animal, tissue culture, live eggs
**too small to be seen under a microscope
***must be a living cell
Warts
Caused by papilloma virus(highly contageous)
(Viral diseases of the skin)
Smallpox
variole(found on palms of hand and soles of feet)
*last case was found in 1977
**cowpox - vaccine used to vaccinate against smallpox
(viral disease of the skin)
chicken pox
Caused by the virus varicella zoster
Viremia(enters bloodstream)
**causes vesicular lesion on the skin
**causes encephalitis(disease of the brian)
(Viral disease of the skin)
Types of measles?
2 Types:
**can cause blindness and raised bumps(vaccine available)
rubella(german measles- 3 day measles)
**mild and usually undetected
***if pregnant, can cause congenital rubella syndrome in first trimester(30%)
(viral disease of the skin)
Herpes Simplex
Type I- causes cold sores(90% infected- latent virus in mucosal cells)
**herpetic keratitis- infection of the cornea
Type II- genital herpes caused by sexual contact
**on rare occasions can cause encephalitis
(viral disease of the skin)
Do you give Aspirin to children with viral infections?
NO! can caused Reyes Syndrome
**causes edema in brain (fluid accumulation)
Polio Virus
caused by poliomyelitis
*multiplies in small intestine and causes viremia
**in 1% can cause paralysis(most of the time is asymptomatic)
(Viral Disease of the CNS)
Rabies Virus
Causes fatal encephalitis
**bites on face and hands are most dangerous(nerve endings)
**usually from an animal bite
***incubation period is long enough to allow immunity from post exposure vaccination
-multiply in muscles initially(vaccine keeps it in muscles)
-takes days to months to get to CNS
**bites on face and hands are most dangerous(nerve endings)
(VIRAL DISEASE OF THE CNS)
arbovirus
carried by mosquitos- effect CNS
Ex. St Louis Encephalitis, West nile virus (all cause encephalitis)
(Viral disease of the CNS)
Epstein Barr Virus
Causes Burketts lymphoma
*leading cause of childhood cancer in Africa
*causes nasopharangeal cancer in China
*causes infectious mononucleosis in USA
(viral disease of the cardiovascular system)
Details on Epstein Barr Virus
15% of all Young Adults in USA will get infected with EBV
**spreads as a result with contact with saliva
**reproduces in perided glands
***in 3rd world countries causes cancer because of impoverished conditions
1o hepatitis
viral hepatitis(inflammation of the liver)
Hepatitis A
RNA virus- infectious hapatitus
(found in oral route and intestional tract)
*50% subclinical- have no symptoms
*50% get in into the liver and causes hepatitis
(these patients are given immune globulin(gamma globulin)
Hepatitis B
DNA Virus- spread through blood transfusion/iv use
"serum hepatitis"-secretions transmit virus
Hepatitis C
Non A or B- is a STD
(secretions transmit virus)
Hepatitis D
Delta Agent
rotivirus
major cause of viral disease in digestive system in children
Norwalk Virus
major cause of viral disease in the digestive system of adults
mumps
can infect cells of reproductive system in males after puberty
(there is a vaccine for this)
Influenza Virus
highest potential to interupt society
Type A- severe pendemics
Type B- Geographically Limited
Facts on Vaccines
no vaccine gives long lasting immunity because the protein coat of the virus changes
*death rate is lower, but it does cause an increase in death aswell because infect rate is higher
Ex. Flu has a higher death rate then AIDS
Herpes Simplex Type 2(STD)
papillomavirus- causes genital worts (Nasty!)
**in 10% of infected hosts it causes cervical cancer
Prion(Protinacious Infectious Particle)
causes spongiform- degeneration of the brain ex. mad cow disease
PRIONS cause legions in the brain
**proteins are indestructible in PRIONS
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
human equivalent to the mad cow disease
* disorientation, brain degeneration, death
**may take 10-15 years to develop and show symptoms
Toxoplasma Gondii
causes birth defects when it crosses the placenta
*cats have a natural reservoir
**found in undercooked meat
(Protozoan Infection)
Giardia Lamblia
can cause severe diarrhea
*will NOT kill you
**found in wild animals
***it gets into the water and it is consumed, infecting the host
Cryptosporidium paruum
causes severe diarrhea
2% of diarrhea in USA
***IF YOU ARE SEVERELY AMINO DEFICIENT, it will KILL you
THATS ALL I GOT :)
Good Luck
About this deck
By: David Touhill
Textbook: Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 167 flashcards
Views: 892
Textbook:
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th Edition)Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 167 flashcards
Views: 892
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy