Biology Final

Biology 1134 with Yost at Mississippi State University

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By: Cory Botts
Created: 2010-12-03
Size: 97 flashcards
Views: 307

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Ecology

Study of interactions of living things with one another and their physical environment

Community

Collection of organisms living together in a certain area

Habitat

Place where an organism lives

Ecosystem

Self sustaining collection of organisms and their physical environment

The path of energy in ecosystems

Energy flows into the biological world form the sun-Producers capture sunlight and transform it into chemical energy by photosynthesis-Consumers obtain their energy from consuming plants or other animals

Producers

Green plants and algae

herbivores

animals that eat plants

carnivores

animals that eat herbivores

omnivores

animals that eat both plants and animals

Tertiary consumers

carnivores that eat other carnivores

detritivores

organisms that eat dead organisms

decomposers

organisms that beak down organic substances

primary productivity

total amount of light energy converted to organic compounds in a given area per unit time

net primary productivity

primary productivity minus any energy used by photosynthetic organisms

biomagnifications

tendency of certain chemicals to accumulate within food chains

biological transport mechanisms

the absorption of chemicals by living organisms and their release back into the environment

geological transport mechanisms

weathering or erosion of rocks release elements

chemical transport mechanisms

dissolved matter in rain snow atmospheric gas

A group of related organisms that share a distinctive form is most accurately referred to as a(n)

species

study of genes and genotypes in a population, extent of natural variation and why it exists changes over time

Population Genetics

all the genes in a population

gene pool

group of species that occupy the same place and can breed

population

#of copies of a specific allele in a population/total # of all alleles for that gene in a population

allele frequency

#of indiciduals with a particular genotype in a population/total # of individuals in a population

genotype frequency

p^2+2pq+q^2=1, relates allele and genotype frequencies under certain conditions

Hardy-weinberg equation

changes in a population's gene pool from one generation to the next

microevolution

only a certain percentage of the offspring will survive

theory of evolution

the relative likelihood that a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation, mesure of reproductive success

Darwinian Fitness

the average reproductive success of member of a population

mean fitness of a population

favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic distribution that have greater reproductive success in a particular enviornment

directional selection

favors the survival of 2 or more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes

disruptive selection

favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes

stabilizing selection

changes in allelic frequency due to random sampling errow, random events unrelated to fitness

random genetic drift

population reduced dramatically then rebuilds, randomly eliminates members, surviving members with different alleles

bottleneck

small group of individuals separates from a larger population and establishes a new colony

founder effect

gene flow occurs when individuals migrate between populations having different allele frequencies

migration

one of the conditions required to establish the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (assortative/disassortative and inbreeding)

Nonrandom Mating

individuals with similar phenotypes are more likly to mate, increase #of homozygotes

assortative mating

dissimilar phenotypes mate preferentially, mating occurs between different phenotypes, increase #of heterozygotes

disassortative mating

choice of mate based on genetic history, leads to bad effects

inbreeding

study of interactions among organisms and their enviornment

ecology

interactions between living things

biotic interactions

interacations between organisms and their nonliving enviornment

abiotic interactions

investigates how organisms are physiologically adapted to their enviornment

physiological ecology

how behavior of an individual organism contributes to the survival and reproductive success, also effects population density

behavioral ecology

focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals

population ecology

study of all species/populations in a community and how they interact

community ecology

studies flow of energy and cycling of nutrients between organisms and their enviornment

ecosystem ecology

feeding relationships between species

food chain

all of food chains, interconnected

food web

limited by physical features of the enviornment

distibution pattern/abundance

most important factor in an enviornments impact on distribution

temperature

normal phenomenon of solar radiation and gases

greenhouse effect

increasing greenhouse effect due to activities of humans

global warming

pH normal rainfall, slightly acidic

5.6

ph plant optimum

6.5

bacteria do not function

at a ph less than 5.2

aquatic species optimum ph

between 6-9

ph less than 5.6, results from burning fossil fuels, can kill s[ecies and plants

acid rain

negatively effects both species involved

competition

one benefits while other is harmed

predation, herbivory, parasitism

benefits both species

mutualism

one benefits and one isn't affected

commensalism

competiton between a species members

intraspecific

competiton between members of different species

interspecific

individuals competing indirectly with eachother by consuming a limited resource

resource competition

individuals compete directly with eachother using physical force or intimidation

interference competition

1934 study by G. Gause, complete competitors cannot coexist

competitice exclusion hypotheses

1958 study by R. MacArthur describing defrentiation of niches in time and space which allow similar species to coexist in a community

resource partitioning

what allows coexistance

morphological differences

1959 study by G. Hutchinson comparing size differences in feeding apparatus

morphological differences

live in the same area

sympatric species

live in different areas

allopatric species

tendency for 2 species to diverge in mprphology and as a result resource use because of competition

character dipacement

consumption of all or part of a living organism by another

predation

place eggs in dead carcasuses and when hatch organisms feed on the carcus

parasitoids

probablility tha tone species will die

lethality

closeness and length of relationship

intimacy

ejection of chemicals when intimidated

chemical defense

warning color

aposematic coloration

camouflage

cryptic coloration

species converge to look the same

mullerican mimicry

harmless species mimics harmful

batesian mimicry

feeds on many different plant species, most mammals or grasshoppers

generalist

feeds on 1 or 2 plant species, tends to be insects

specialist

production of chemicals, secondary metabolites, defense for blants not to be eaten by herbivores

plant host resistance

one organism feed off another, usually doesn't kill the organism

parasitism

predatory organisms

parasite

number of host species the parasite will attack

host range

feed on 1 or a few closely related

monophagous

feed on many species

polyphagous

viruses

microparasites

large body size like ticks, tapeworms, and roundworms

macroparasites

live on outer surface of host

ectoparasites

live on inside of host

endoparasites

benefit both species in relationship