Counseling Theories

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

Oldest major form of therapy

Personality Theory AND form of treatment

Inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality

structural theory

Work with Breur led to basis of psychoanalysis

Three ego states: the id, ego, superego

(hypothetical constructs used to explain the function of the personality)

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis

Inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form personality

Major criticism= aspects of theory are difficult to test from scientific standpoint

Worked with Adler and Jung

The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900- most influential work

Criticism= theories not based on research or observations of children

the Id

Freud's first ego state

Strives for immediate satisfaction

Ego

Freud's second ego state

Controls the tension and relieves anxiety utilizing ego defense mechanisms

the Superego

Freud's final ego state

Ego Ideal

Strives for perfect/ideal self (what person judges self against)

Composed of values, morals, ideals

Will punish the ego for via guilt is id is allowed to act of impulses

Developed by successful resolution of the Oedipus complex

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies, which distort reality and are based on self-deception to prot

Repression

Freud= kingpin of Ego Defense Mechanisms

Serves to protect the person and help them through a difficult time

Can cause emotional problems

Psychoanalysts try to recall repressed memories and make it conscious so it can be dealt with (insight)

Alfred Adler

Father of individual psychology

worked with Freud

Emphasized drive for superiority/perfection, feeling of belonging

Founded child-guidance clinics

Sibling interactions have more impact than parent/child interaction

Stresses birth order

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler

"Striving for Superiority" or a thirst for perfection motivates behavior

Long for a feeling of belonging

Teaching mentality, and use homework assignments

"What would life be like if you were functioning in an ideal manner?"

"Act as if you do not have the problem

Carl Jung

Formed analytic psychology

worked with Freud

Joseph Breuer

Viennese neurologist

Taught Freud value of talking cure

Termed catharsis

A.A. Brill

Impact of Freudian theory on career choice

Rollo May

Existential counseling

Eric Berne

Transactional Analysis (TA)

Eric Berne

structural theory, empty chair technique and contracting

Identified healthy communication transactions

Three ego states: the Child, the Adult, the Parent

(hypothetical constructs used to explain the function of the personality)

Complementary Transactions

Berne, Transactional Analysis

Healthy form of communication when you get an appropriate, predicted response

Occurs where two vectors of communication run parallel

Crossed Transactions

Berne, Transactional Analysis

Occurs where vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel

Unhealthy for of communication that results in a deadlock of communication or host of hurtful feelings

the Child ego state or Archaeppsyche

Berne's first ego state

Similar to Freud's id

Natural Child= Naturally spontaneous, impulsive, untrained

Little Professor= Creative, intuitive, acts on hunches without necessary info

Adapted Child= learns to comply to avoid parent's discipline

the Adult ego state or Neopsyche

Berne's second ego state

similar to Freud's ego

Rational, logical, doesn't focus on feelings

the Parent ego state or Exteropsyche

Berne's final ego state

similar to Freud's superego

Nurturing Parent= nonjudgmental, protective, caring, & sympathetic qualities

Critical Parent= Master of shoulds, oughts, musts

Prejudicial Parent= Opinionated with biases not based on facts

Wooden Leg

Berne

Topographic Theory

Freud's mapping of the mind

Our mind has depth like an iceberg

Unconscious, preconscious, conscious

Oedipus Complex/ Electra Complex

Freudian term- most controversial

The child's libido or sex energy is directed toward the parent of the opposite sex, retaliation would result if he/she would act on these impulses, so child strives for identification with the parent of the same sex

Transference

Psychoanalytic term

The client displaces emotion felt toward a parent/significant other onto the counselor

Form of projection, displacement, reception

Eros

Greek God of the love of life

Freudians= self-preservation, intuition

Thanatos

Greek for death

Freudians= death wish or death instinct

(thanatologists specialize/study death)

Free association

Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind

Directive Counseling

Client is asked to discuss certain material

Paraphrasing

Whenever a counselor restates a client's message in their own words

John Wolpe

Behavior Therapy

Developed a paradigm known as "systematic desensitization"

Systematic Desensitization

John Wolpe

Behavior technique to weaken client's response to an anxiety-producing stimuli

Popular treatment of choice for phobias and high anxiety situations

Steps: Relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination (Interposition), in vivo desensitization

Subjective units of Distress (SUDs)

Freudian Dreams

Road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind

Composed of surface meaning (manifest content) and hidden meaning (latent content)

Decipher the hidden meaning (symbolism) so individual can be aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires, conflicts

Insight

Gestalt term

Wolfgang Kohler

process of making a client aware of something which was previously unknown

Increases self-knowledge

"A-ha now I understand" moment

Resistance

psychoanalysts= a client who is reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind

nonanalysts= clients who are fighting the process in any manner

Little Albert

Case of John Broadus Watson

American behaviorism

Conditioned at 11 mos. to be afraid of furry objects (rat paired with loud noise)

Showed that fears are learned, not an unconscious process)

Anna O.

1880's- first psychoanalytic patient

Patient of Joseph Breuer

Suffered from symptoms without an organic basis (hysteria)

Under hypnosis, she would remember painful events that she was unable to recall while awake

Talking about these events brought relief= talking cure or catharsis

Hysteria

Symptoms without an organic basis

Catharsis or Abreaction

Talking cure

A sense of relief from traumatic events or

Purging the mind of emotion when the repressed emotional outburst is powerful and violent

Freud and Breuer- highly charged, repressed emotion. any technique that could produce it was highly therapeutic

Little Hans

Psychoanalysis reflection of Freud's paper "...phobia of a 5-yr-old boy"

contrasted with behavior therapy (Little Albert)

Child is fearful of going into the streets and having a horse bite him

explained using Oedipus complex and castration anxiety

Daniel Paul Schreber

"Most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry"

Memoirs of a Mental Patient, 1903

Major delusion was he would be transformed into a woman, become God's mate, and produce a healthier race

Basis for Freud's paper "Psychoanalytical notes upon an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia",- felt he was struggling with unconscious issues of homosexuality

Psychodynamic Counseling

Use analytic principles (unconscious mind) but rely on fewer session a week to make it more practical

Sit face to face with no couch

Psychoanalytic Counseling

Very lengthy at 3-5 sessions a week for several years

Expensive at well over $100,000

Clients lie on a couch to enhance free association process

Accurate Empathy

Counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing

Reflection of Emotional Content

Accomplished when the counselor restates the client's verbalization in such a manner that the client becomes more aware of their emotions

Introspection

Any process in which a client attempts to describe his/her own internal thoughts, feelings, ideas

Slips of the Tongue/ Parapraxis

Freud's concept

"The psychopathology of everyday life"

Unconscious Mind

Freud's concept- most important

Composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from client

Preconscious Mind

Freud's concept

Capable of bringing ideas, images, thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty

Can access information from conscious and unconscious mind

Conscious Mind

Freud's concept

Aware of immediate environment

Reaction Formation

Ego Defense Mechanism

When a person cannot accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner

Acting the opposite of how you actually feel

Denial or Suppression

Ego Defense Mechanism

A conscious act to forget an incident

Sublimation

Ego Defense Mechanism

Person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way

Example: an aggressive individual pursuing a career as a boxer, wrestler, etc.

Rationalization

Ego Defense Mechanism

Intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings

Person tends to interrupt his thoughts or feelings in a positive or favorable manner

Sour grapes- "I didn't really want it anyway" (underestimates the reward)

Sweet lemon- Person tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is (overrates a reward)

Displacement

Ego Defense Mechanism

When an impulse is unleashed at a safe target

Example: a man angry with his boss comes home and kicks his dog

Subliminal Perception

Occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior

APA takes the position that it is not effective

Wilson Bryan Key points out that advertisers rely on this key

Introjection

Ego defense mechanism

When a child accepts a parent's, caretaker's or significant other's values as his or her own

Example: a sexually abused child may attempt to sexually abuse others

Identification

Ego defense mechanism

When a person identifies with a cause or successful person with the unconscious hope that they will be perceived as worthwhile.

Also may serve to lower the fear of anxiety toward the other person

Type II error OR Beta error

Statistical term

Researcher has accepted a null hypothesis (no difference between experimental group and control group) when it is false

Organ inferiority

Alfred Adler and individual psychology

Projection

Ego Defense Mechanism

A person attributes unacceptable qualities of them to others

Compensation

An individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for limitations (perceived inferiority)

Hopes others will focus on positives rather than negatives

Resistance

A client who refuses to follow a counselor's directives

Totem

Freud term

An object that represents a family or group

Interpretation

Purpose is to make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors

When counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding the client's situation

Highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities

The time of Interpretation- must build rapport/trust before client can accept

Wolfgang Kohler

Gestalt Psychologist

Studied chimpanzees and apes on Canary islands, 1913-1919

Chimp, named Sultan, put two sticks together to reach food outside cage and stacked boxes to reach banana on ceiling

The Mentality of Apes, 1925 took research to therapy room

Types of Learning

Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)

Association (classical conditioning)

Insight

Logos

C.J. Jung term

Logic

Transference Neurosis

Freudian Term

The client is attached to the counselor as if he is a substitute parent

Counter-transference

When a counselor's strong feelings or attachment to the client are strong enough to hinder the treatment process

Example: falling in love with client, or feeling extreme anger

Mandalas

Carl Jung

Drawings balanced around a center point

Used to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams,

Eidetic Imagery

"Photographic memory"

The ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time

Usually disappears by adolescence

Constructivist Theory

Stress it is imperative that we are helpers understand the client's view (constructs)to explain their behavior

Examples: Brief Therapy, Narrative Therapy

Brief Therapy

Examines what worked for a client in the past

Narrative Therapy

Looks at the stories in the client's life and attempts to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary

Neo-Freudians

Adler, Horney, Erikson, Stack, Sullivan, Fromm

Stress importance of cultural (social) issues and interpersonal (social) relations

Behavioral Psychologists

Ellis, Glasser

Grew out of the philosophy of assocationism

Believe the environment controls behavior

Put little emphasis on transference

Baseline

Behaviorist term

The frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in the absence of treatment

Unconditional Positive Regard

Carl Rogers

The counselor must care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with the client's position

The counselor accepts the client just the way they are without any stipulations

Introversion

Carl Jung

Turning in of the libido

Introverted individual is their own source of pleasure, will shy away from social situations

Extroversion

Carl Jung

Tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people

Extroverted individual seeks external rewards

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Carl Jung

Most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions

Ages 12+

Yields a four letter code/type based on four bipolar scales:

extroversion/introversion

sensing(current perception)/intuition(future abstractions and possibilities)

thinking/feeling

judging(organizing and controlling outside world)/perceiving(observing events)

Rudolph Dreikurs

Student of Alfred Adler

Introduced Adlerian principles to treatment of children in school setting

First to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

Thematic Appreception Test (TAT)

Introduced by Henry Murray in Exploration in Personality, 1938

Projective test in which client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story

Andrew Salter

Noted Freud hater

Behavior Therapy led to assertiveness training

The Case Against Psychoanalysis

Conditioned Reflex Therapy, 1949

Conditioned Reflex Therapy

Andrew Salter

Social Connectedness

Adlerian Theory

We need one another, we wish to belong

Collective Unconscious

Jungian term

Implies that all humans have "collected" universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns

Made up of archetypes

Paradoxical Technique

Victor Frankl (logotherapy)

Existential treatment

The client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior

Paradoxical intention- exaggerate dysfunctional behavior in your imagination

The direct antithesis of common sense

Technique popular with family therapists

Anima and Animus (Self)

Jung archetype

AniMA- feminine side

AniMUS- masculine side

Archetypes

Primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to men and women

Have appeared in fables, myths, dreams, religious writings for ages

Persona

Animus, anima, self

Shadow

Persona

Jung archetype

The mask or role we all present to others to hide our true self

Shadow

Jung Archetype

The mask behind the persona, the dark side of the personality

Encompasses everything a an individual refuses to acknowledge

Unconscious opposite of the individual's conscious expression

Dreams are the basic nature of the shadow

Projection will decrease and individuation will increase as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious

Confrontation

To illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation

Summarization

Whenever a counselor brings together the ideas discussed during a period of dialogue

Also used to make sure client has actually grasped the meaning of an exchange

Symptom substitution

Psychoanalytic concept

If you merely deal with a symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind

Eclectic Counselor

Uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention

50% of therapists claim to be eclectic, and that number is increasing

Term eclectic Frederick Thorne

Cognitive Dissonance

Humans will feel quite uncomfortable if they have two incompatible or inconsistent beliefs and thus the person will be motivated to reduce dissonance

Birth Order

Adlerian concept, criticized by Wayne Dyer

Firstborn=pleases parents

Second Child= competes with firstborn and surpasses firstborn's performance

Middle Child(ren)=Believe treated unfairly, manipulative

Youngest= spoiled, excel through modeling/imitating older children

Existentialial Counseling

Based on philosophy: Plato, Epictetus

Therapists: Yalom, May

Humanistic form of helping, rejects analysis and behaviorism

Counselor helps client discover meaning in life through a deed, experiencing a value, or suffering.

Stresses growth and self-actualization, "what can i ultimately become?"

Focuses on perception in the here-and now, key to change is determination

Criticized for being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

Death is seen as what gives life meaning

Logotherapy

Psychotherapy that grew out of the philosophy of existentialism

Now a behavioristic technique

Healing through meaning

Noogenic neurosis- frustration of the will to meaning

Associationism

Philosophy

Locke, Hume, Mill, Hartley

Ideas are held together by associations

Reinforcers

Raise the probability that an antecedent (prior) behavior will occur

STRENGTHEN THE BEHAVIOR

Behavior Modifiers preference

Positive=something added following an operant (behavior)

Negative=Something is taken away after the behavior occurs (not punishment)

Secondary=neutral stimulus, which becomes reinforcing by association (token)

Back-up= item or activity which can be purchased using tokens (unconditioned)

Punishment

Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur

Effects are temporary

Teaches aggression

Law of Effect or Trial and Error Learning

Edward Thorndike

Responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out

Practice does not yield effective learning without an award

Arnold Lazarus

Multimodal (holistic) approach

Seven key modalities/areas of client functioning: BASIC ID

Behavior-acts, habits, reactions

Affective responses-emotions, feelings, mood

Sensations- five senses

Images-way we perceive ourselves, dreams, memories

Cognitions-thoughts, insights, philosophy of life

Interpersonal relationships- how we interact with others

Drugs

Ivan Pavlov

Respondent/Classical Conditioning involves reflexes

BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Conditioned=learned

Unconditioned=unlearned (innate)

In the US, we eat a lot of meat = meat is unconditioned stimulus

E.G. Williamson

Father of Minnesota viewpoint or "trait factor"

This approach attempts to match the client's traits with a career

Acquisition period

the time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior

B.F. SkInner

Reinforcement Theory

BEHAVIOR MODIFICAITON

Operant Conditioning

Instrumental Learning

Extinction- reinforcement is withheld and eventually behavior is eliminated

Delay Conditioning

When CS is delayed until US occurs

The most effective time interval between the CS and US is 1/2 a second

Trace Conditioning

The CS terminates before the occurrence of the US

Backward Conditioning

Putting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus

Typically does not work

Stimulus Generalization

"Second order conditioning"

When a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction

Example: Little Albert fearing all fuzzy animals (not just rat)

Stimulus Discrimination or Stimulus Differentiation

Learning process is "fine tunes" to respond to only a specific stimulus

Experimental Neurosis

When the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are too identical, the "dog" will show signs of emotional disturbance

Extinction

When the CS is not reinforced via the US

Believed that the CR is suppressed or inhibited

Behavior most likely to get worse before eliminated

Spontaneous Recovery- if animal is given rest, the CR will reappear, though weaker

Miller and Banuazizi

Study showed that by utilizing rewards rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions

Prior to this experiment autonomic processes could not be controlled

Autonomic

Automatic reflexes of the body

Example: heart rate, intestinal contractions, blood pressure

Biofeedback is used to control these responses

Mary Cover Jones

Learning could serve as a treatment for phobic reactions

Cure

Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)

John Grinder and John Bandler

Observed helping professionals to see what they actually did, opposed to what they say they did, claimed to cure longstanding phobias in less time than a typical counseling session using refraining and anchoring

Reframing

NLP, Grinder and

Anchoring

NLP, Grinder and Bandler

a desirable emotional state

Depth Psychology

Analytic Psychology

Based on Freud's typographic hypothesis

Something is assumed to be wrong deep below the level of awareness

Counseling Paradigm

Treatment model

Nondirective Approach

Carl Rogers

CLIENT-CENTERED or PERSON-CENTERED

Counselor allows the client to explore thoughts and feelings with minimum direction

Directive Approach

Active Therapy or Active-Directive Therapy

Counselor leads the client to discuss certain topics and provides direct suggestions about how the client should think, act, or behave.

A directive made by a counselor is a suggestion

Concreteness or Specificity

An attempt to eliminate vague language

Parroting

A misuse of paraphrasing

Repeating back the client's message verbatim

Biofeedback

Provides the client and helper with biological information

Example: scale, mirror

Used to teach clients to relax or control autonomic processes

Robert Carkhuff

Created a 5-point scale intended to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect

Scale of measurement rating from 1-5

EMPATHY is most important factor of counseling relationship

With Satir- created program to teach accurate empathy

Operant

B.F. Skinner

Any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulus

Most behaviors

Respondent

B.F. Skinner

The consequence of a known stimulus

Higher Order Conditioning

Pavlov

When a new stimulus is associated or paired with the CS and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS

Token

A plastic coin that can be exchanged for the primary reinforcer

Tokens can buy back-up reinforcers

Menninger Clinic

Discovered that individuals could ward off migraines via raising the temperature in their hand

This form of biofeedback is called temperature training

Electromyogram (EMG)

Measures muscle tension

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Monitors brain waves

Electrical devices can confound the results

Edmond Jacobson

physiologist

Developed a relaxation technique (Jacobson Method) in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation

Behavior Therapy Movement

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Biofeedback- unpopular

Provides electrical skin resistance

Premack Principle

Any high-probability behavior (HPB) can be used as a reinforcer for any low-probability behavior (LPB)

Continuous Reinforcement

You continue to provide the reinforcement each time the target behavior occurs

Not most practical or most effective

Intermittent Reinforcement or Partial Reinforcement or Thinning

The target behavior is reinforced only after the behavior manifests itself several times for a given time interval

Behavior is only reinforced a portion of the time

Two classes: ratio (fixed) and interval (variable)

Fixed Ratio or Fixed Interval

Intermittent reinforcement

The reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number or responses

Fixed interval is most ineffective

Variable Ratio or Variable Interval

Intermittent reinforcement

An average number of responses or times may be used

Variable ratio is most difficult

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance

Covert vs. Overt

Covert=A behavior is not observable, or a client's thoughts, imagination, or visualizations

Overt= An observable behavior

Averse Conditioning

Pair a behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction

Example: Antabuse to induce vomiting after drinking

In vivo treatment

Systematic Desensitization

direct treatment of an overt behavior, client actually expose themselves to the scary situations in the hierarchy (not until client has completed 75% of items)

In vivo aversive- not performed in the imagination

Interposition

Systematic Desensitization

desensitization in the imagination

One items conceals or

Fixed Role Play

George A. Kelly

"psychology of personal constructs"

The client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role, instructed to read script at least 3x/day and to act, think and verbalize like the person in the script

Behavioral Rehearsal

Assertiveness Training

Counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive

Sensate Focus

William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson

Behavior Sex Therapy, reliant on counterconditioning

Couple told to engage in touching and caressing to lower anxiety levels on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible

Wilhelm Reich

Classical Vegotherapy- Repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies

Orgone Box Therapy- box client could sit in to increase orgone life energy

Desensitize vs. Sensitize

Desensitize= to make one less sensitive

Sensitize= made more sensitive to a stimulus

Flooding

In vivo procedure

"Deliberate exposure with response prevention"

Client would be exposed to anxious event for an hour without experiencing the greatest point of fear (not getting bite by a snake)

Extremely effective cases of agoraphobia and OCD

Believes that avoiding fear intensifies it

Implosive Therapy

T.G. Stampfl

Conducted using the Imagination and sometimes relies on symbolism

Believes that avoiding fear intensifies it

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Francine Shapiro

Eye movements back and forth can trigger disturbing memories

I-Thou Relationship

A horizontal relationship

Assumes equality between persons

Rollo May

Introduced existential therapy to U.S.

Irvin Yalom

Existentialist, Group Therapy

Fritz Perls

Father of Gestalt Therapy

Arthur Janov

Primal Scream Therapy

Aaron Beck

Cognitive Therapy

Resembles REBT

Umwelt

Existentialist term

Physical and biological world

Mitwelt

Existentialist term

Relationships

Interpersonal world

Eigenwelt

Existentialist term

Identity

Viktor Frankl

Prisoner in German concentration camps

You cannot control your the environment, but you can control your responses

Suffering can be transformed into achievement and creativity

Phenomenology

Existential term

Client's internal personal experience of events

Ontology

Existential term

The philosophy of being and existing

Medical study of life experiences

William Glasser

Reality Therapy

Schools without failures- popularized theory among education

Individual controls the environment

Rejects the traditional medical model of disease- diagnoses give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible

Responsible people have a success identity

IDENTITY is most important psychological need--client is encouraged to assume their own happiness

Rational-Emotive Imagery

Technique used by REBT

Client imagines that they are in a situation which traditionally has caused emotional disturbance, client then imagines changing the feelings via rational, logical, scientific thought.

Rational Behavior Therapy (Rational Self-counseling)

Maxie Maultsby

Relies on REBT

Client performs a written SELF-ANALYSIS

Works well with multicultural clients or group therapy

Leader is teacher and highly directive- clients are taught to apply technique to their own lives

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis

A client's emotional disturbances is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas

Client is taught to change cognitions through self-talk and internal-verbalizations (talk sense to yourself)

When you change your thinking, you can change your life- You ALWAYS have the power to improve intense feelings of despair, anxiety, and hostility

ABC Theory

Reality Therapy (BCP)

William Glasser

Incorporated Choice/Control Theory

Present moment, here-and-now

A plan is created to help client master target behaviors

Counselor makes friends with the client

8-steps

Postive Addiction

William Glasser

People can be addicted to positive behavio

Rolfing

A deep muscle massage that is thought to have an impact on a person's emotional state

Contracting

Behavioral Therapy

Verbal or written contract

Nosology

Formal diagnostic process

Guidelines for diagnosing clients are provided by:

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Assoc. (DSM)

The International Classification of Disease (ICD)

ABC Theory

REBT, Albert Ellis

A=activating event

B=belief system

C=emotional consequence

Interventions (D leads to E):

D=disputing the irrational behavior in belief system

E=New emotional consequence/ effective new philosophy on life

Irrational Thinking

REBT, Albert Ellis

Absolutely necessary 2 be loved by every significant person in ur life

Must be thoroughly competent in all areas of life 2 be considered worthwhile

People who are bad & wicked must be punished for their actions

It's catastrophic when things are not going the way u want

Unhappiness is caused externally by other things & people

An individual's past determines their happiness

It's terrible if perfect solution 2 every problem cant be found

U need someone stronger than u 2 lean on

Bibliotherapy

Albert Ellis?

The use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement

Albert Ellis

A Guide to Rational Living (with Harper)

How to Stubbornly Refuse to Make Yourself Miserable about Anything

Believes only human thinks in declarations

Musturbation or Absolutist Thinking

Albert Ellis term

When a client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his thinking

Awfulizations or Catastrophizing

REBT term, stage B

Telling yourself how difficult, terrible, horrendous a given situation really is

Cognitive Restructuring

Donald Meichenbaum, similar to REBT

When client begins thinking in a healthy new way using different internal dialogue or self-talk

Internal Verbalizations

Ellis term

Self-Talk

Tom Harris

I'm OK, You're OK- Illuminates healthy life position

Life Positions

Tom Harris

Tells a counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes of recognition:

I'm not OK- You're not OK= most pessimistic, may result is schizoid behavior (murder-suicide)

I'm OK- You're not OK= adolescent delinquents and adult criminals, feel victimized and often paranoid

I'm Not OK-You're OK= self-abusive (suicide)

I'm OK-You're OK= Successful winners

Karpman's Triangle

Only three roles are necessary for manipulative drama:

1. Persecutor

2. Rescuer

3. Victim

T.A.'s Game

Berne

A transaction with a concealed motive that prevents honest, true intimate discussions

One player is always left with negative feelings

Has a predictable outcome due to Ulterior Transactions

First-Degree- hurt is innocent

Karpman's Drama

Similar to "TA's Game"

Has greater number of events and the person switches roles during the course of the interaction

Game Analysis

T.A., Berne

Looking at the consequences of T.A.'s games

Ulterior Transactions

TA, Berne

Occurs when a disguised message is sent

Degrees of T.A.'s Game

1st Degree- Hurt is harmless

2nd Deree- Hurt is more serious

3rd Degree- Hurt can be permanent or deadly

Rackets

T.A., Berne

When a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling

"Collecting Trading Stamps"

T.A.

Experience of trying to secure a childhood feeling from a "racket"

(Life) Scripts

Claude Steiner

A person's ongoing drama which dictates how a person will live his or her life

3 Unhealthy Scripts

1. No love

2. No mind

3. No Joy

Cycle of Violence

Leonore Walker

1. Tension building phase= arguments erupt easily (Walking on eggshells)

2. Battering/Acute incident phase= fight, abuse occurs

3. Make- Up Phase= apologies, promises, gifts (honeymoon)

*couples cycle through phases more rapidly until phase 3 no longer exists

Script Analysis

To bring to light a client's script

Life Script Categories

Never Script= person doesn't believe they'll succeed

Always Script= person will always remain a certain way

After Script= how person believes they will behave after certain event

Open Ended Script= person has no direction or plan

Until Script= can't feel good until reach a certain accomplishment or event

Desirable/less desirable Script=

Top Dog

Perls, Gestalt Therapy

Critic parent portion of the personality, which is authoritarian and uses shoulds, musts, and outghts

Underdog

Perls, Gestalt

Weak, powerless, passive, full of excuses

Gestalt Therapy

Founded by F. Perls

HeRe-and-now

Emphasizes experience (experiments and exercises) rather than interpretation, cognitions

Increases psychological and body awareness

Eliminate "it" talk and replace it with "I satatements"

"Playing the Projection"

Gestalt therapist will ask client to act like the person they dislike

Exaggeration Experiment

Perls, Gestalt

Exaggerate the present verbal and nonverbal behavior in the here-and-now

*resembles paradox

Successive Approximation or Shaping

Operant behavior modifier

Behavior is gradually accomplished by reinforcing "successive steps" until target behavior is reached

Psychodrama

J. L. Moreno

Incorporates role-play into treatment process

Retroflection

Gestalt, Perls

the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else

Gestalt

A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

Perl's 5 layers of neurosis

Gestalt

1. Phony layer

2. Phobic layer

3. Impasse layer

4. Implosive layer

5. Explosive layer

"Unfinished Business"

Gestalt,

When an unexpressed emotion interferes with present situations and causes difficulties

Gestalt Psychology

Max Wertheimer

"Whole is greater than its parts"

3 Principles of Gestalt Psychology

Wertheimer

1. Insight Learning

2. Zeigarnik Effect= motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks and thus recall unfinished activities better

3. Phi-Phenomenom- illusion of movement can be achieved via 2+ stimuli which are not moving

Gestalt Dialogue expeiment

Perls

Top Dog

Under Dog

Empty Chair Technique

Gestalt Rehearsal Experiment

Perls

Client has internally rehearsed a situation and is worried that they won't live up to expectations. This gets in the way of spontaneity and healthy personal experimentation

Carl Rogers

Person-Centered Counseling, Existential, Humanistic Approach

Person-Centered Counseling

Rogers

Reflection-based, counselor rarely gives advice

Do not follow formal process of diagnosis or assessment

Conditions of growth:

1. Genuineness

2. Unconditional Positive Regard

3. Empathetic Understanding

Rogers (Person-Center) View of Man

Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization

Positive when developed in warm, accepting, trusting environment

Berne (Transactional Analysis) View of Man

Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change the script

Freud (Psychoanalysis) View of Man

Deterministic

Controlled by biological instincts, are unsocialized, irrational, driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression

Ellis (REBT) View of Man

Has a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use capacity to react differently

Glasser (Reality) View of Man

they strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs

Perls (Gestalt) View of Man

Are not bad or good.

Have the capacity to govern life effectively as a whole

Are part of their environment and must be viewed as such

Adler (Individual) View of Man

Basically good

Much of behavior is determined by birth order

Jung (Analytic) View of Man

Man strives for individuation or sense of self-fulfillment

Skinner (Behavior Mod) View of Man

Humans are like animals- mechanistic and controlled by environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies

Not good or bad, no self-determination or freedom

Bandura (Neobehavior) View of Man

Person produces and is a product of conditioning

Frankl (logotherapy) View of Man

Existential view that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice

Williamson (Trait-factor) View of Man

Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Born with potential for good or evil. Other are needed to help unleash positive potential.

Rational, not intuitive

Congruence

Rogers

Most important element of a counselor

Having the ability to be "real" in a relationship

Being very aware of feelings and accurately expressing them

Consultants

Can target organization concerns or service delivery

Generally do not adhere to one single theory

Genuineness and respect trumps empathy

Caplan's Psychodynamic Mental Health Consultation Model

Consultant advises only the counselor/consultee, however is ethically and legally responsible for the client's wellbeing and treatment.

Behavioral Consultation Model

Social Learning Theory, Bandura

Consultant designs behavioral change programs for the counselor/consultee to implement.

Process Consultation Model

Edgar Shein

Doctor-patient model

Consultant is paid to diagnose the problem and prescribe a solution. With the focus on an agency or organization, not the client. Focus is not on CONTENT of problem, but PROCESS used to solve it.

Expertise Model

Edgar Shein

Consultee knows what is wrong, consultant finds a solution

Triadic Consultation

Consultant works with a mediator to provide services to a client

Verbal Tracking

Verbal attending behavior of a counselor

Social Power or Social Influence Core

Related to the counselor's expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness (EAT)

Is impacted by competence, power, and intimacy

Gerard Egan

Clients are more open and expressive with counselors who seem genuine

The Skilled Helper

Allen E. Ivey

Three types of Empathy:

1. Basic Empathy

2. Subtractive Empathy

3. Additive Empathy

Basic Empathy

Ivey

Counselor's response is on the same level as the client's

Subtractive Empathy

Ivey

The counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated

Additive Empathy

Ivey

Adds to the client's understanding and awareness

*most desirable

Counseling Theories

Counseling Psychology Gen 501 with Steadman at Immaculata University

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