- StudyBlue
- Ohio
- Ohio State University - All Campuses
- Biology
- Biology 101
- Cogan
- Biology Final
Biology Final
Biology 101 with Cogan at Ohio State University - All Campuses
About this deck
Textbook:
What is Life? A Guide to Biology with Physiology: w/ Prep-U Access CardCreated: 2010-11-30
Size: 342 flashcards
Views: 1913
About StudyBlue
Naj
Sign up (free) to study this.
people should collect data before making judgments
Francis Bacon, who is often credited with the scientific method, believed…
data driven, scientific method, and by trial and error
Three ways in which science is done in the modern world are…
good science matches its results to its conclusions
One way to tell good science from bad science is:
the cell
The fundamental unit of living things is:
homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant and moderate internal environment by living things is called:
the emergent properties of life.
Properties of life that appear from the arrangement of single molecules to higher and higher levels of
organization demonstrate:
from the bottom up
Emergence occurs:
the parts and the local rules of how they interact
Emergence is dependent on two factors:
is a way of attaching long-term meaning to sensory information
A belief:
Assumptions that underlie the scientific worldview are:
is backed by a comprehensive amount of studies
In science, the word “theory” is used differently than the common use of the word because a scientific
theory:
to test our beliefs and make the world more predictable
According to class discussion, the two primary reasons why we as humans do science are:
if it is formed under highly emotional circumstances, and/or reinforced repeatedly
Two conditions that are highly associated with strongly held beliefs are
selective attention bias
The inability to perceive features when an individual is not paying attention to them is called
Francis Bacon
The sixteenth century scientist/philosopher who promoted using inductive rather than deductive reasoning to
decipher truth was:
at all levels
In biology, structure and function are correlated:
randomization is important in studies
flower - a structure evolutionarily derived to increase reproduction of plants by insect pollination
Which of the following definitions represent an “ultimate” explanation (definition) for a flower?
The type of bias discussed in class that tends to make people pre-disposed to choose outcomes most suited
to their existing world view is called
Statistics showed that more people were killed on 9/11 than from other health risks that year.
Following the attacks on the World Trade Center towers on Sept 11, 2001, scientists urged the media to
stop playing tapes of the incident over and over to avoid the risk of people developing irrational fears and
beliefs. Which of the following is not a potential reason we may overestimate the risks from terrorism after
viewing such repeated images?
autopoiesis
The cells that make up the human liver are completely replaced with new liver cells within about 3 months
time. This self-renewal or self-maintenance is called
both the organism and the mechanism of reproduction.
Genetic continuity means when organisms reproduce they reproduce
the parts cannot function outside the whole
Irreducible complexity like that seen in a constructed bicycle means
the earth acts as one living organism to maintain homeostasis
The Gaia hypothesis is a hypothesis that
vitalistic
The belief that a force exists in the universe to make something living and when that force is absent that
something is not alive is called
ants
Which of the following would be expected to have the most similar DNA (and protein) sequences to wasps?
they are always moving around and they are sticky
Self-assembly at the molecular level is possible because of which two properties of molecules?
ACT TAT GAG
DNA sequences of the collagen gene were compared between humans and several other species, dog, fish,
turtle and frog. Which of them is most likely to be from the dog?
ACT CAT GAG (human)
a bicycle, consisting of a bike pedals, a bike seat, handlebars, and a gear shift.
Which of the following system best represents an irreducibly complex system? Choose the system whose
parts are not useful outside of the whole system.
oxygen
Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?
have a strong pull towards other atoms’ electrons
Atoms like oxygen that are highly electronegative:
scurvy
Collagen structure is dependent on a modified amino acid, hydroxyproline, which is formed in the body using
Vitamin C. The disease associated with Vitamin C deficiency and faulty collagen is called:
Double -stranded and deoxy-ribose sugar
Which properties are characteristic of DNA?
UGACGAAU
Which of the following sequences would be transcribed from the DNA sequence below according to basepairing
rules?
ACTGCTTA
branched or folded
In biology, when surface area is favored over volume, structures are:
the phosphate group
Energy from ATP, a nucleotide, comes from:
proteins
Enzymes (biological catalysts) come primarily from which branch of macromolecules?
ATP
The energy currency of the cell is:
expressing more myoglobin
Aquatic mammals like seals and walruses stay underwater by:
hemoglobin, one nucleotide
Sickle cell disease is caused by a ______ mutation that changes the gene sequence by ______.
tighter than adult hemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen:
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which of he following organelles is thought to have an endosymbiotic origin?
amino acids
Proteins are polymers made up of:
three
It takes ________ nucleotide(s) to code for one amino acid.
the fluid nature of the cell membrane and the many proteins imbedded in the cell membrane
The fluid mosaic model refers to:
more solid
Cholesterol and saturated fats imbedded into lipid rafts in the cell membrane make that portion of the
membrane:
archae are most similar to eukaryotes
The tree of life, which orders organisms based on their relatedness, confirms that:
starch monomers are all facing the same direction, cellulose monomers are not
The difference between starch and cellulose is:
cellulose
The most abundant macromolecule on earth is:
archae
The domain of cellular life also known as “extremophiles” are the:
llama
Hemoglobin binds most tightly in the:
mitochondria have their own DNA
One piece of evidence that suggests mitochondria are endosymbionts is that:
Saturated, increased packing
Fatty acids that are more _______________ tend to be solid at room temperature because of
_______________.
lipids (fats)
Which of the following “molecules of life” form the most effective barrier to water and other polar
molecules?
The polarity of water allows it to bond to lipids
Which of the following is not a property of water that allows it to support life?
animals
Collagen is a protein exclusively found in:
collagen
Pineapple contains a protein-degrading enzyme that prevents it from being used when making gelatin (Jello)
products. Another word for gelatin, an animal bi-product is most likely to be:
they express the lactase enzyme into adulthood
Lactose intolerance, a condition common to many ethnic groups and most adult mammals throughout the
world is not a problem to some humans because:
a. building macromolecules
b. moving materials
c. making gradients through transport
*d. all of the answers listed
Cells use energy for:
an electrochemical gradient
The spatial variation of chemical concentrations and charges across a membrane is known as:
a carrier and ATP
Active transport requires:
air
The dry weight of a tree comes mostly from:
a channel is open from one side of the membrane to the other
Which of the following descriptions best fit a channel in the membrane?
a. chemical
b. gradient
c. movement
*d. all of the above
Cell energy comes in the following forms:
branched or folded
In biology, when surface area is favored over volume, structures are:
proteins
Enzymes (biological catalysts) come primarily from which branch of macromolecules?
passive
In __________ transport, molecules are moved across a membrane with their gradient.
a late product and an early enzyme
Feedback inhibition involves:
active
In __________ transport, molecules are moved across a membrane against their gradient with the addition of
energy in the form of ATP.
an early substrate and a late enzyme
Feed forward activation involves:
ATP
The energy currency of the cell is:
Electrons stripped from chlorophyll are replaced in the light reactions by electrons from:
One result of the light reactions of photosynthesis is:
a proton gradient passing through the ATPase motor
ATP is made in the light reactions of photosynthesis by:
works with accessory pigments in the photo part of photosynthesis
chlorophyll after sunlight hits it
As discussed in class, the most electronegative molecule known to biology, ie the one with the strongest
affinity for electrons, strong enough to actually split a water molecule is:
the absorbance spectrum (profile) of chlorophyll matched with oxygen production by algae
Engelman’s experiments demonstrated that:
plants restore a “purity” factor to air (now known to be oxygen)
Priestly’s studies on animals confirmed:
contains chlorophyll, highly folded
The inner chloroplast membrane _________ and is ________.
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which of he following organelles is thought to have an endosymbiotic origin?
incorporation of mitochondria as an endosymbiont
Which event occurred first in the history of life on earth?
a. make a proton gradient for energy
b. make energy from sunlight
c. carry a pigment which is excited by light
*d. all of the above
Purple halophile bacteria use the protein bacteriorhodopsin to:
light
Oxygen is produced in the __________ reactions of photosynthesis?
Use proton gradients to make ATP
Photosynthesis and respiration are similar because they both:
Proton gradient
Respiration relies most directly on what energy source to make ATP (from the ATPase motor protein)?
a. is at the end of the electron transport chain in mitochondria
b. is a product of photosynthesis after water is split
c. is not available when lactic acid (lactate) is made in muscle
*d. all three answers are correct
Oxygen:
are metabolic pathways going in opposite directions
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis:
produced when there is too little oxygen
Lactic acid produced by muscle is:
small, uncharged, non polar
Diffusion through membranes depends on certain characteristics of the molecules. The molecules most able
to pass through the membrane are:
more unsaturated fatty acids
In organisms like wood frogs, as the weather get colder, the membranes in their cells carry phospholipids
with:
carbon dioxide, a small non-polar molecule
Which of the following molecules would have the easiest time crossing the phospholipids bilayer without a
channel or pore?
a. pore
b. channel
c. carrier
*d. one of the above
If a molecule is too polar or too large to traverse the membrane, it must go through a __________ to get
from one side to the other.
the phosphate group
Energy from ATP, a nucleotide, comes from:
the fluid nature of the cell membrane and the many proteins imbedded in the cell membrane
The fluid mosaic model refers to:
more solid
Saturated fats imbedded in the cell membrane make that portion of the membrane:
archae are most similar to eukaryotes
The tree of life, which orders organisms based on their relatedness, confirms that:
ATP to move sodium and potassium
The sodium-potassium ATPase uses:
a carrier changes shape and cycles from one side of the membrane to the other
The difference between a channel and a carrier is that:
an extension of the nuclear envelope
The endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell is:
archae
The domain of cellular life also known as “extremophiles” are the:
amino acids
According to the video “Origins” shown in class Stanley Miller’s experiments simulating the formation of
life produced:
lipid vesicles
Large contents are moved along tracks in the cell from one membrane organelle in the endomembrane
system to another by:
a. the nuclear envelope
b. the endoplasmic reticulum
c. the Golgi apparatus
*d. all of the above
The endomembrane system includes:
volume increases more than surface area
As size of an enclosed vessel (like a cell) grows:
cells could live inside one another in a mutually dependent way and become necessary for each other’s
survival (die upon separation)
The experiments of Kwang Jeon demonstrated that:
all of the answers listed are correct
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both:
all cells contain the same genes
Genomic equivalence for an organism with many cells means that:
growing in crowds of other cells
As discussed in class, cells from multi-cellular organisms grown in tissue culture do all of the following
except:
some proteins important for mitosis cycle in their abundance
Studies using sea urchin embryos talked about in class demonstrated:
both internal and external factors
The cell cycle is controlled by:
DNA is replicated in S phase and divided in M phase
In the cell cycle:
reducing genetic content
Which of the following is not a reason for mitotic cell division (cell division through mitosis) in organisms?
the shortening of telomeres (ends of DNA)
The “telomere problem” in biology is:
the same as
After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is ______ the parent cell’s.
coleoptile tip
In some plants, which part of the growing plant is most important for phototropism (growth and bending of
the plant towards light)?
auxin
An example of a plant hormone that signals specialized plant tissue for growth is called:
cell division can be controlled internally by diffusible factors
Experiments in the 1980s with cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) that were artificially fused with cells
in a resting state (not dividing) demonstrated that:
Hayflick limit
The finite number of cell divisions of many eukaryotic cells is called the:
apoptosis factors, which lead to cell suicide
Which of the following is not a target for MPF (mitosis promoting factor)?
damage to cellular DNA
All cancers have in common:
involve multiple genetic changes (mutations)
Cancer is a disease that is thought to:
senescence
According to class discussion, the general decline in memory tests for older adults can be attributed to:
Selection for delayed senescence in human populations
The development of weaponry and the expansion of organized social communities have allowed humans to
rise to the top of the food chain with no natural predators. According to class discussion and excluding all other
complicating factors these changes would most likely result over time in :
Antagonistic pleiotropy
For some species of spiders, their first meal upon hatching from their eggs is their own mother (yes, they eat
their own mother). The concept of getting a benefit on the early development of an organism, even one that
could have a great cost to those individuals at later stages in development is called:
annuals invest in seeds, perennials invest in carryover of root stocks or existing tissue
As discussed in class, the difference between annual and perennial plants is that the two types take different
evolutionary aging strategies in the face of seasonal changes. Specifically:
both r and K selection
Semelparous organisms breed only once in their lifetime. There are many examples of semelparous organisms living a long time in a non-hazardous, non-reproductive stage but only a short time in a more hazardous reproductive stage. Mayflies, for example, live underground without predators for several years before emerging for a few short hours to mate (or be eaten). The life histories of a semelparous organism like the Mayfly therefore demonstrates:
disposable soma theory
Queen bees, queen ants and other queens of social insects are genetically identical to bees and ants of other castes in the colonies However, despite their genetic similarity (same genes), the queens, whose primary role in the hive is reproduction, can sometimes outlive the individuals in other castes by
as much as 25 fold. This phenomenon is similar to a theory relating to how reproductive cells live long. Others w/ same genes don't. Theory is called:
reduced extrinsic mortality
An animal species colonizing an island with no natural predators is predicted to evolve a longer life span
due to the fact that the pressure to breed quickly would be lessened. This prediction is based on:
separate a working genome (macronucleus) from a genome involved in sex (micronucleus)
Paramecium:
Senescence (gradual decline) is programmed by genes in some organisms
In yeast, single gene mutations can affect lifespan greatly. One gene, called SIR2 (sirtuin), allows the yeast
cell to sense scarce food sources and develop into long-lived cells called spores. According to our class
discussion on a similar gene in roundworms, the yeast SIR2 gene is further evidence that:
Damage to a cell’s DNA from repeated exposure to environmental toxins randomly accumulates
One explanation for senescence of organisms is that it reflects senescence within an organism’s cells
(cellular theory). According to class discussion, all of the following support a cellular cause for senescence
except:
have limited doublings
Cells that obey the Hayflick limit:
calorie restricted diets
The only one treatment that has been shown to increase the lifespan of every species of animal so far tested
is:
Body size and metabolic rate
In mammals and birds, there is generally an inverse relationship (meaning as one goes up, the other goes
down) between:
body size and lifespan
In mammals and birds, there is generally a direct correlation (both go up together) between
damage produced in the mitochondria
The rate of living theory of aging is due mostly due to:
mitochondria, electron flow
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in animal ________ as a result of ________.
Birds have an easier time avoiding predators (reduced extrinsic mortality)
Consistent with class discussion on aging, one potential reason birds may have longer lifespans than
mammals is that:
both telomeres and mitochondria
Resveratrol, the chemical compound in red wine, has been associated with increased lifespan possibly
because it activates sirtuin genes. Sirtuin genes have been shown to sense energy level in cells and work
downstream on:
can change dramatically in periods of months or years
According to modern studies on Darwin’s finches, the length of bird beaks in a population:
beak length is determined by how intensely a gene for beak length is expressed
According to modern research one could best explain the variety of beak length in various species of finches
by saying:
differences in the timing of growth in the two due to small genetic differences
The difference between the domesticated plants broccoli and cauliflower, could be best described as:
organisms are always perfectly adapted due to evolution
All of the following statements are true concerning evolution except:
organisms are not perfectly designed, just good enough to take hold in a niche
The Panda principle essentially means that:
meteors from outer space
Evidence for Darwinian evolution comes from all of the following except:
Darwin’s ideas put into question the place of humans in the world
Darwin’s ideas posed a threat to existing world views and continue to cause controversy because:
common ancestry
The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of:
grow exponentially
According to Darwin natural selection is a two-step process, development of variation within a population and selection based on fitness. Considering Darwin’s explanation of natural selection discussed in class, if
resources were not limited, populations would most likely:
vestigial structures
Leg bones in whales would be best described as an example of:
An example of convergent evolution and the structures are analogous
Structures that appear to be similar are found in species that do not appear to be related (e.g. the wings of birds and butterflies). The evolution of different structures that have the same function is:
simple prokaryotic bacteria have survived the longest of any known organism
Which piece of evidence argues strongly against the philosophical idea of finalism?
Essentialism
Darwin’s theory of evolution is most at odds with:
No two individuals are the same
which of Darwin’ s explanations of natural selection?
a) their ancestral way of swimming
b) transitional forms from modern whales to wolf-like ancestors
c) transitional forms showing the migration of nostrils from the front to the top of the body
*d) all of the above
According to the class video “Great Transformations” whales demonstrate their evolutionary origin in:
genetic drift (bottleneck effect or founder effect)
The likelihood of inbred dogs having the same negative alleles (gene types) is due to:
stabilizing selection
In a particular bird species, individuals with average-sized wings survive severe storms more successfully
than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. This illustrates:
a population that has the potential to successfully interbreed
According to the biological definition, a species is:
Reproductive success
Darwinian fitness measures:
decreased due to the founder effect
A small population of birds, finding food scarce among a large population of its kind on the mainland, colonizes a nearby island. Ten years later, scientists decide to test their genetic variety by analyzing the island birds DNA. As compared to the mainland birds, you would expect the genetic variety (the number of gene variations) in the island birds to be:
gene flow is stopped
Organisms exposed to diversifying selection pressure have the potential to develop into new species over
time if:
Is caused by a small number of genes that are common to most mammals
Paedomorphosis is commonly seen in domestic animals selected for tameability. Some common features include regionally spotted coats, wider than natural skulls and submissive behavior. Because these identical
traits are is seen among many mammals in domestication and developed in only a few generations of breeding we can conclude that paedomorposis:
increased
Following a bottleneck event in a population, the likelihood of two individuals having the same negative alleles (gene types) is:
dogs evolved from wolves by feeding near to and off of human waste
Concerning dog evolution and according to class information most scientists believe:
selection for tameness brings out many unexpected traits
The farm fox experiment showed that:
1 phenotype
If you were to perform a hybrid cross between two true breeding organisms of different phenotypes, in their offspring you should expect to see:
flies with one red-eyed allele and one white-eyed allele
In a fruit fly population, the red eye trait is fully dominant to the white eye trait. True-breeding red eyed male is mated with a true-breeding white-eyed female. What will be the genotype of the flies resulting from this mating?
Particulate and equally contributed by both parents
Mendel concluded that the hereditary material was:
whether it or another allele determines the phenotype when both are present
Whether an allele is dominant or recessive depends on:
epistatic
deposited in the hair. The relationship of the second gene to the first in this case is considered:
recessive phenotypes
Heterozygous individuals would also be all of the following except:
Pp and Pp
You decide to replicate Mendel’s pea plant experiments involving inheritance of pea flower color in your garden this summer. You take two purple flowered plants and cross-fertilize them and find that the offspring are composed of 3 purple flowered plants and 1 white flowered plant. You then conclude that the purple flowered parents must have been of which of the following genotypes?
(lower shells filled first)
consist of polymers
major components of the cell membrane
•Consist of hydrophobic “tails”
and a hydrophilic “head”
bilayer structure
is an oxygen binding protein
is part of a protein family
Phosphate
Nitrogen-containing bases
the primary component in chromosomes
stores genetic information in its sequence
3 coiled chains (each 1050 amino acids) form fibersFound exclusively in animals
a single change in the amino acid sequence
leads to aggregation of hemoglobin and formation of rods
Results in altered red blood cell shape
2. Control Flow in and out
3. Recognize changes in environment
4. Transmit signals to the inside of the cell
Site of cell membrane production
Two distinct regions (rough and smooth)
Ribosomes dock On rough part
energy station in cell
highly folded membranes
the set of reactions in an organism that collectively
1. transport molecules across membranes
2. move of molecules through cell
3. build large molecules needed in cells
ATP - an energy currency
2. Electrochemical gradients - spatial variation of both electrical potential and chemical Concentration across a membrane
process by which a eukaryotic cell separates its chromosomes into two identical sets (Chromosome number maintained)
Used for:
Growth
Repair
Asexual Reproduction
organisms invest energy in reproductive mechanisms over an infinite soma.
Organisms must budget energy priorities, including metabolism, growth, activity and reproduction
decreased threat of loss of life imposed from external environment
Delayed reproduction
speed at which you live inversely proportional to the length of your life
1.5 billion heart beats
Population thinking - variation within populations
Gradualism - changes occur and accumulate over long time
2. Selection based on Survival/Reproduction
2. mate assistance hypothesis
3. female-forced monogamy
more variance in male fitness
leads to intra-sexual conflict and evolution
strong selection for male courtship & mating ability
Females
less variance in female fitness
leads to inter-sexual conflict and evolution
strong selection for female resistance to male“charms” and mechanisms of female choice
2. Cost of occupying fertilized eggs and caring for young
3. Time lost to new mating opportunities
2. Allow adaptation to changes in environment
males have only one X from mother
females have two X: one from mother, one from father
About this deck
Textbook:
What is Life? A Guide to Biology with Physiology: w/ Prep-U Access CardCreated: 2010-11-30
Size: 342 flashcards
Views: 1913
About StudyBlue
Naj