Biology Final

The fundamental unit of living things is:

Maintenance of a constant and moderate internal environment by living things is called:

Properties of life that appear from the arrangement of single molecules to higher and higher levels of

organization demonstrate:

Emergence occurs:

Emergence is dependent on two factors:

A belief:

Assumptions that underlie the scientific worldview are:

In science, the word “theory” is used differently than the common use of the word because a scientific

theory:

According to class discussion, the two primary reasons why we as humans do science are:

Two conditions that are highly associated with strongly held beliefs are

The inability to perceive features when an individual is not paying attention to them is called

The sixteenth century scientist/philosopher who promoted using inductive rather than deductive reasoning to

decipher truth was:

In biology, structure and function are correlated:

Which of the following definitions represent an “ultimate” explanation (definition) for a flower?

Following the attacks on the World Trade Center towers on Sept 11, 2001, scientists urged the media to

stop playing tapes of the incident over and over to avoid the risk of people developing irrational fears and

beliefs. Which of the following is not a potential reason we may overestimate the risks from terrorism after

viewing such repeated images?

The cells that make up the human liver are completely replaced with new liver cells within about 3 months

time. This self-renewal or self-maintenance is called

Genetic continuity means when organisms reproduce they reproduce

Irreducible complexity like that seen in a constructed bicycle means

The Gaia hypothesis is a hypothesis that

The belief that a force exists in the universe to make something living and when that force is absent that

something is not alive is called

Which of the following would be expected to have the most similar DNA (and protein) sequences to wasps?

Self-assembly at the molecular level is possible because of which two properties of molecules?

DNA sequences of the collagen gene were compared between humans and several other species, dog, fish,

turtle and frog. Which of them is most likely to be from the dog?

ACT CAT GAG (human)

Which of the following system best represents an irreducibly complex system? Choose the system whose

parts are not useful outside of the whole system.

Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?

Atoms like oxygen that are highly electronegative:

Collagen structure is dependent on a modified amino acid, hydroxyproline, which is formed in the body using

Vitamin C. The disease associated with Vitamin C deficiency and faulty collagen is called:

Which properties are characteristic of DNA?

Which of the following sequences would be transcribed from the DNA sequence below according to basepairing

rules?

ACTGCTTA

In biology, when surface area is favored over volume, structures are:

Energy from ATP, a nucleotide, comes from:

Enzymes (biological catalysts) come primarily from which branch of macromolecules?

The energy currency of the cell is:

Aquatic mammals like seals and walruses stay underwater by:

Sickle cell disease is caused by a ______ mutation that changes the gene sequence by ______.

Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen:

Which of he following organelles is thought to have an endosymbiotic origin?

Proteins are polymers made up of:

It takes ________ nucleotide(s) to code for one amino acid.

The fluid mosaic model refers to:

Cholesterol and saturated fats imbedded into lipid rafts in the cell membrane make that portion of the

membrane:

The tree of life, which orders organisms based on their relatedness, confirms that:

The difference between starch and cellulose is:

The most abundant macromolecule on earth is:

The domain of cellular life also known as “extremophiles” are the:

One piece of evidence that suggests mitochondria are endosymbionts is that:

Fatty acids that are more _______________ tend to be solid at room temperature because of

_______________.

Which of the following “molecules of life” form the most effective barrier to water and other polar

molecules?

Which of the following is not a property of water that allows it to support life?

Collagen is a protein exclusively found in:

Pineapple contains a protein-degrading enzyme that prevents it from being used when making gelatin (Jello)

products. Another word for gelatin, an animal bi-product is most likely to be:

Lactose intolerance, a condition common to many ethnic groups and most adult mammals throughout the

world is not a problem to some humans because:

Cells use energy for:

The spatial variation of chemical concentrations and charges across a membrane is known as:

Active transport requires:

The dry weight of a tree comes mostly from:

Which of the following descriptions best fit a channel in the membrane?

Cell energy comes in the following forms:

In biology, when surface area is favored over volume, structures are:

Enzymes (biological catalysts) come primarily from which branch of macromolecules?

In __________ transport, molecules are moved across a membrane with their gradient.

Feedback inhibition involves:

In __________ transport, molecules are moved across a membrane against their gradient with the addition of

energy in the form of ATP.

Feed forward activation involves:

The energy currency of the cell is:

Electrons stripped from chlorophyll are replaced in the light reactions by electrons from:

One result of the light reactions of photosynthesis is:

ATP is made in the light reactions of photosynthesis by:

As discussed in class, the most electronegative molecule known to biology, ie the one with the strongest

affinity for electrons, strong enough to actually split a water molecule is:

Priestly’s studies on animals confirmed:

The inner chloroplast membrane _________ and is ________.

Which of he following organelles is thought to have an endosymbiotic origin?

Which event occurred first in the history of life on earth?

Purple halophile bacteria use the protein bacteriorhodopsin to:

Oxygen is produced in the __________ reactions of photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis and respiration are similar because they both:

Respiration relies most directly on what energy source to make ATP (from the ATPase motor protein)?

Oxygen:

Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis:

Lactic acid produced by muscle is:

Diffusion through membranes depends on certain characteristics of the molecules. The molecules most able

to pass through the membrane are:

In organisms like wood frogs, as the weather get colder, the membranes in their cells carry phospholipids

with:

Which of the following molecules would have the easiest time crossing the phospholipids bilayer without a

channel or pore?

If a molecule is too polar or too large to traverse the membrane, it must go through a __________ to get

from one side to the other.

Energy from ATP, a nucleotide, comes from:

The fluid mosaic model refers to:

Saturated fats imbedded in the cell membrane make that portion of the membrane:

The tree of life, which orders organisms based on their relatedness, confirms that:

The sodium-potassium ATPase uses:

The difference between a channel and a carrier is that:

The endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell is:

The domain of cellular life also known as “extremophiles” are the:

According to the video “Origins” shown in class Stanley Miller’s experiments simulating the formation of

life produced:

Large contents are moved along tracks in the cell from one membrane organelle in the endomembrane

system to another by:

The endomembrane system includes:

As size of an enclosed vessel (like a cell) grows:

The experiments of Kwang Jeon demonstrated that:

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both:

Genomic equivalence for an organism with many cells means that:

As discussed in class, cells from multi-cellular organisms grown in tissue culture do all of the following

except:

Studies using sea urchin embryos talked about in class demonstrated:

The cell cycle is controlled by:

In the cell cycle:

Which of the following is not a reason for mitotic cell division (cell division through mitosis) in organisms?

The “telomere problem” in biology is:

After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is ______ the parent cell’s.

In some plants, which part of the growing plant is most important for phototropism (growth and bending of

the plant towards light)?

An example of a plant hormone that signals specialized plant tissue for growth is called:

Experiments in the 1980s with cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) that were artificially fused with cells

in a resting state (not dividing) demonstrated that:

The finite number of cell divisions of many eukaryotic cells is called the:

Which of the following is not a target for MPF (mitosis promoting factor)?

All cancers have in common:

Cancer is a disease that is thought to:

According to class discussion, the general decline in memory tests for older adults can be attributed to:

The development of weaponry and the expansion of organized social communities have allowed humans to

rise to the top of the food chain with no natural predators. According to class discussion and excluding all other

complicating factors these changes would most likely result over time in :

For some species of spiders, their first meal upon hatching from their eggs is their own mother (yes, they eat

their own mother). The concept of getting a benefit on the early development of an organism, even one that

could have a great cost to those individuals at later stages in development is called:

As discussed in class, the difference between annual and perennial plants is that the two types take different

evolutionary aging strategies in the face of seasonal changes. Specifically:

Semelparous organisms breed only once in their lifetime. There are many examples of semelparous organisms living a long time in a non-hazardous, non-reproductive stage but only a short time in a more hazardous reproductive stage. Mayflies, for example, live underground without predators for several years before emerging for a few short hours to mate (or be eaten). The life histories of a semelparous organism like the Mayfly therefore demonstrates:

Queen bees, queen ants and other queens of social insects are genetically identical to bees and ants of other castes in the colonies However, despite their genetic similarity (same genes), the queens, whose primary role in the hive is reproduction, can sometimes outlive the individuals in other castes by

An animal species colonizing an island with no natural predators is predicted to evolve a longer life span

due to the fact that the pressure to breed quickly would be lessened. This prediction is based on:

Paramecium:

In yeast, single gene mutations can affect lifespan greatly. One gene, called SIR2 (sirtuin), allows the yeast

cell to sense scarce food sources and develop into long-lived cells called spores. According to our class

discussion on a similar gene in roundworms, the yeast SIR2 gene is further evidence that:

One explanation for senescence of organisms is that it reflects senescence within an organism’s cells

(cellular theory). According to class discussion, all of the following support a cellular cause for senescence

except:

Cells that obey the Hayflick limit:

The only one treatment that has been shown to increase the lifespan of every species of animal so far tested

is:

In mammals and birds, there is generally an inverse relationship (meaning as one goes up, the other goes

down) between:

In mammals and birds, there is generally a direct correlation (both go up together) between

The rate of living theory of aging is due mostly due to:

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in animal ________ as a result of ________.

Consistent with class discussion on aging, one potential reason birds may have longer lifespans than

mammals is that:

Resveratrol, the chemical compound in red wine, has been associated with increased lifespan possibly

because it activates sirtuin genes. Sirtuin genes have been shown to sense energy level in cells and work

downstream on:

According to modern studies on Darwin’s finches, the length of bird beaks in a population:

According to modern research one could best explain the variety of beak length in various species of finches

by saying:

The difference between the domesticated plants broccoli and cauliflower, could be best described as:

All of the following statements are true concerning evolution except:

The Panda principle essentially means that:

Evidence for Darwinian evolution comes from all of the following except:

Darwin’s ideas posed a threat to existing world views and continue to cause controversy because:

The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of:

According to Darwin natural selection is a two-step process, development of variation within a population and selection based on fitness. Considering Darwin’s explanation of natural selection discussed in class, if

resources were not limited, populations would most likely:

Leg bones in whales would be best described as an example of:

Structures that appear to be similar are found in species that do not appear to be related (e.g. the wings of birds and butterflies). The evolution of different structures that have the same function is:

Which piece of evidence argues strongly against the philosophical idea of finalism?

Darwin’s theory of evolution is most at odds with:

According to the class video “Great Transformations” whales demonstrate their evolutionary origin in:

The likelihood of inbred dogs having the same negative alleles (gene types) is due to:

In a particular bird species, individuals with average-sized wings survive severe storms more successfully

than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. This illustrates:

According to the biological definition, a species is:

Darwinian fitness measures:

A small population of birds, finding food scarce among a large population of its kind on the mainland, colonizes a nearby island. Ten years later, scientists decide to test their genetic variety by analyzing the island birds DNA. As compared to the mainland birds, you would expect the genetic variety (the number of gene variations) in the island birds to be:

Organisms exposed to diversifying selection pressure have the potential to develop into new species over

time if:

Paedomorphosis is commonly seen in domestic animals selected for tameability. Some common features include regionally spotted coats, wider than natural skulls and submissive behavior. Because these identical

traits are is seen among many mammals in domestication and developed in only a few generations of breeding we can conclude that paedomorposis:

Following a bottleneck event in a population, the likelihood of two individuals having the same negative alleles (gene types) is:

Concerning dog evolution and according to class information most scientists believe:

The farm fox experiment showed that:

If you were to perform a hybrid cross between two true breeding organisms of different phenotypes, in their offspring you should expect to see:

In a fruit fly population, the red eye trait is fully dominant to the white eye trait. True-breeding red eyed male is mated with a true-breeding white-eyed female. What will be the genotype of the flies resulting from this mating?

Mendel concluded that the hereditary material was:

Whether an allele is dominant or recessive depends on:

Heterozygous individuals would also be all of the following except:

You decide to replicate Mendel’s pea plant experiments involving inheritance of pea flower color in your garden this summer. You take two purple flowered plants and cross-fertilize them and find that the offspring are composed of 3 purple flowered plants and 1 white flowered plant. You then conclude that the purple flowered parents must have been of which of the following genotypes?