History 1001 > Dietz > Flashcards > 1

The Greek word kosmetikos means:

skilled in the use of cosmetics

Haircutting and hairstyling have been practiced since:

the glacial age

The first people to use cosmetics were the:

Egyptians

Henna is a dye extracted from:

the leaves of an ornamental shrub

Nail care was first practiced before 3000 B.S. in:

Egypt and China

Women in ancient Rome used hair color to indicate:

their class in society

When monks and priests were forbidden by Pope Alexander III to shed blood, they enlisted the help of:

barbers

The barber pole, symbol of the barber-surgeon, has its roots in the early practice of:

bloodletting

In 1875 the technique of using irons for waving and curling the hair was developed by:

Marcel Grateau

The first permanent wave technique that did not require the use of a machine was invented by:

Evans and McDonough

An important pioneer of the modern black hair-care and cosmetics industry was:

Madam C. J. Walker

An entry-level cosmetologist may be expected to perform a variety of duties, except for:

paying bills

The first job a new cosmetology graduate is usually offered is:

salon stylist

A client desiring a new wave pattern will require the services of a:

texture service specialist

Working with cancer patients who have suffered hair loss is a gratifying experience for a:

wig specialist

An esthetician can choose from many employment possibilities, including:

consultant for a cosmetic company

To create a new image for a client, a makeup artist:

uses cosmetics to blend and shade

A day spa offers the client:

A full range of services

To be a successful salon manager, is it important to have:

the ability to supervise people

Product educators selling to professionals and salon owners often provide:

product knowledge classes

A design team works together to present:

fashion and runway shows

The salon industry has grown tremendously and annually grosses:

$50 billion

Government regulatory agencies are involved in providing:

standards for the industry

To develop your career to the maximum, it's important to:

continue your education

There has been a huge growth in day spas, which offer many specialized treatments including all the following except:

botox treatments

A set of tools and guidelines for successful living is also known as:

life skills

Building self-esteem is important because it:

is vital to success

When you build a game plan you are:

consciously planning your life

We can achieve greater control over our mental activity when we:

compartmentalize

Motivation is an important factor in learning and usually comes from:

interest in the subject matter

When we feel self-love and acceptance, we have satisfied:

emotional needs

Looking inward for new ways of thinking and doing is an example of:

creativity

Writing a mission statement helps to establish:

values and goals

If a goal seems overwhelming, you can deal with it constructively by:

dividing it into short-term goals

When we practice time management, we can use a variety of methods, except for:

procrastination

One key to organizing time, a to-do list, can help you:

prioritize tasks and activities

Identifying your learning style helps you to:

develop appropriate study habits

To stay focused on studying, it helps to:

keep your goals in mind

The moral principles we live and work by are:

ethics

A sense of integrity would prevent you from:

stealing clients

The code of ethics for the cosmetology profession is set by:

state boards

The following are all characteristics of good ethical standards except:

punctuality

One trait that is essential to reaching the heights of professionalism is:

commitment

Your attitude is a reflection of:

what you believe and think

A healthy, good attitude includes many qualities except:

perfectionism

Emotional stability allows us to:

express emotions appropriately

If we understand the needs and motives of others, we are better able to:

act professionally

An effective way to stay calm under stress is to:

take deep breaths

The best method when dealing with difficult clients is to agree with them and:

offer to remedy the situation

As a cosmetologist you are perceived as a kind of caregiver, so it is important to:

take care of yourself

As a cosmetologist, your professional image consists of:

outward appearance and conduct

The Old English work hal means:

whole

The key to a happy and productive life is:

achieving balance

Maintaining cleanliness and healthfulness every day is called:

personal hygiene

One of the basics of personal hygiene is:

daily bathing

The body's largest organ is the:

skin

In order to look well groomed at all times, the hair requires:

regular shampooing

The foundation of good personal grooming includes:

clean and cared-for clothing

When choosing clothes to wear on the job, you must consider:

the dress code of the salon

When applying makeup to go to work, it is best:

accentuate your best features

When choosing your own hairstyle on the job, always take into consideration:

your hair texture and wave pattern

As a beauty professional you are subject to many stresses, including all the following except:

24-hour coverage

Establishing a routine for sleep, meals, and other daily requirements is:

helpful in reducing stress

In order to feel refreshed an eager to face the workday, it's important to:

renew yourself with relaxation

Good, nutritious food has many effects, including:

preventing a variety of illnesses

Physical exercise has many positive effects on our bodies, including:

proper functioning of organs

Aerobic exercise, which improves heart function, includes all the following except:

yoga

Physical presentation is an important aspect of professional image and includes all the following except:

an optimistic attitude

Among the guidelines for good posture while standing is to:

keep the neck elongated

As a cosmetologist spending a great deal of time on your feet, proper foot care will help you:

maintain good posture

To increase blood circulation to the feet, try:

foot massage

The science of "fitting the job to the person" is called:

ergonomics

In order to avoid strain on your body when standing for long periods, consider:

placing one foot on a stool

Among the recent ergonomic improvements to the salon workplace are:

free-standing shampoo bowls

To prevent physical strain, a good practice is to:

swivel the client's chair

Transmitting information through symbols, gestures, or behaviors is called:

communication

When you communicate, you engage in all the following processes except:

meditation

An important first step in communicating with you client is:

clarification

Repeating back to the client in your own words what you think she is telling you is called:

reflective listening

To determine the results your client is looking for, set aside time at the beginning of each appointment for a:

client consultation

During the client consultation, be prepared with certain items, including:

styling books

A person who prefers elegant, sophisticated clothing is categorized as having:

a classic style

A client with young children who is not working outside the home will most likely choose:

a low-maintenance style

Keeping thorough, accurate consultation cards for your clients helps:

build good client

When scheduling a new client:

allow extra time for a consultation

Ideally, a special space should be set up for a consultation area and equipped with:

hair color swatches

If you learn during the consultation that your client does her own color services at home:

ask how often and with what products she colors

One of the most important aids to use in your consultation is:

a mirror

The best way to maintain the information gained during a consultation is by:

recording it on a consultation card

The personal skills that will contribute to your success do not include:

always having the right answer

If your client arrives past the limit for lateness, generally the best policy is to:

ask them reschedule

The ultimate goal when dealing with an unhappy client is to:

get her to pay for the service and return

One of the guidelines for dealing with a dissatisfied client is to:

find out specifics

Calling on your manager for help with a client is:

useful when all else has failed

In addition to developing good personal skills with your clients, it is important to:

build relationships with coworkers

Guidelines for personal interaction with your coworkers include all the following except:

sharing personal problems

Being objective with your coworkers:

cuts down on disagreement

One of the responsibilities of the salon manager is:

keeping the business running smoothly

When having a problem with a coworker, approach your manager:

for help in solving the problem

To prepare for an employee evaluation:

do a self-evaluation

One-celled microorganisms with both plant and animal characteristics are known as:

bacteria

A type of pathogenic bacteria is the:

parasite

Harmful bacteria are referred to as:

pathogenic

Pathogenic bacteria produce:

disease

A type of bacteria that lives on dead matter is:

saprophytes

Syphilis and Lyme disease are caused by:

spirilla

Cocci are bacteria with a:

round shape

Bacilli are bacteria with a:

rod shape

Bacteria that are arranged like a string of beads and cause strep throat and blood poisoning are:

streptococci

Spirilla are bacteria with a:

corkscrew shape

The bacteria that caused concern in 2000 in the pedicure industry was:

Mycobacterium fortuitum furunculosis

The bacteria that rarely show active motility,or self-movement, are the:

cocci

The slender, hair like extensions with which certain bacteria move about are called:

flagella

Bacteria cells reproduce by simply dividing into two new cells in a process called:

mitosis

During their inactive stage, certain bacteria, such as the anthrax and tetanus bacilli, form:

spores

A communicable disease is:

transmitted from one person to another

A general infection, such as ___, affects the whole body.

syphilis

Pus is a sign of:

infection

Viruses cause:

measles and hepatitis

One difference between viruses and bacteria is that bacteria:

can live on their own

Hepatitis is a disease marked by inflammation of the:

liver

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) breaks down the body's:

immune system

AIDS is caused by:

the HIV virus

The HIV virus can be transmitted by:

sharp implements

Bacteria and viruses can enter the body through:

broken skin

Molds, mildews, and yeasts are all:

fungi

In a cosmetology school or a salon, clients with contagious diseases and conditions should be:

referred to a physician

Resistance to infection is known as:

immunity

Surfaces of tools or other objects that are not free from dirt, oils, and microbes are:

contaminated

Removing pathogens and other substances from tools or surfaces is called:

decontamination

Sterilization is the only level of decontamination that kills:

bacterial spores

Sterilization is used by:

surgeons

Surfaces that may be disinfected are:

nonporous surfaces

Disinfectants should never be used on human skin, hair, or skin because:

damage can result

All disinfectants must be approved by each state and the:

EPA

Every product used in the cosmetology school or salon should have an:

MSDS

Important information found on an MSDS includes:

storage requirements

OSHA was created to regulate and enforce:

safety and health standards

A disinfectant that is "Formulated for Hospitals and Health Care Facilities" must be pseudomonacidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and:

virucidal

A salon implement that comes into contact with blood or body fluids should be cleaned and immersed in an EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant or one that kills the:

HBV and HIV virus

Any item that is used on a client must be disinfected or:

discarded

Implements can be removed from disinfectants with any of these except:

bare fingers

The solution used in a wet sanitizer should be changed:

once a day

When mixing disinfectants, always:

add disinfectants to water

Properly disinfected implements should be stored in a:

disinfected and covered container

Ultraviolet (UV) sanitizers are useful for:

storing disinfected implements

Lines and capes or drapes should be used once and then laundered with:

bleach

Those parts of tools such as hair clippers that cannot be immersed in liquid:

should be disinfected

Foot spas should be disinfected with an EPA-registered disinfectant with bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal efficacy:

after each client

Every two weeks, foot spas should be filled with __ that should be left to sit overnight.

a 5% bleach solution

When disposing of contaminated wipes or cotton balls from a blood spill, they should be:

double-bagged before disposing

The third, or lowest, level of decontamination is:

sanitation

Washing your hands is an example of:

sanitation

Rather than using bar soaps, which can grow bacteria, you should provide:

pump-type liquid soap

In the salon, it is generally considered sufficient to was the hands with:

soap and warm water

The product known as antiseptics:

can safely be applied to skin

The guidelines and controls that require employer and employee to assume that all human blood and specified body fluids are infectious for HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens is called:

Universal Precautions

The study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye is called:

anatomy

Living plant and animal cells are enclosed by the:

cell membrane

The substance of which all living cells are composed is called:

protoplasm

Food materials for cellular growth and self-repair are found in the:

cytoplasm

The process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones is called:

anabolism

A tissue is a group of ___ that perform a specific function.

cells

The brain and spinal cord are examples of:

nerve tissue

The tissue that serves as a protective covering on body surfaces is called:

epithelial tissue

The heart, lungs, kidneys, stomach, and intestines are body:

organs

The circulatory system includes these organs:

heart and blood vessels

The body system that serves as the physical foundation of the body is the:

skeletal system

The scientific study of the anatomy, structure, and functions of bones is called:

osteology

The portion of the skull that protects the brain is the:

cranium

An important function of bones is:

producing red and white blood cells

The two bones that form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium are called the:

parietal bones

The U-shaped bone that is commonly called the "Adam's apple" is the:

hyoid

The bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other organs is the:

thorax

The cheekbones are also called the:

zygomatic bones

The largest and strongest bone of the face is the:

mandible

The place where two or more bones connect is called a:

joint

The temporal bones form the:

sides of the head

The bones of the forearm are the:

ulna and radius

The 14 bones in the fingers of each hand are the:

phalanges

The bridge of the nose is formed by the:

nasal bones

The place of attachment of a muscle to an immovable section of the skeleton is called the:

origin

The study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscles is called:

myology

The muscles that are attached to the bones and are controlled by the will are the:

striated muscles

The muscle that covers the top of the skull is the:

epicranius

The muscle that rings the eye socket is the:

orbicularis oculi

The muscles of chewing or mastication are the:

masseter and temporalis muscles

One of the muscles that contaol the swinging movements of the arm is the:

trapezius

The muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head is the:

sternocleidomastoideus

The muscles that draw the fingers together are the:

adductors

The brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves make up the:

central nervous system

The largest and most complex nerve tissue in the body is the:

brain

The sensation of touch, cold, heat, sight, and hearing are carried to the brain by:

sensory nerves

The part of the nerve cell, or neuron, that sends impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles is the:

axon

A branch of the fifth cranial nerve affecting the external ear and skin above the temple is the:

auriculotemporal nerve

The point and lower side of the nose are affected by the:

nasal nerve

The largest cranial nerve is the:

fifth cranial nerve

The skin of the forehead and eyebrows is affected by the:

supraorbital nerve

The chief motor nerve of the face is the:

seventh cranial nerve

The nerve that affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek is the:

temporal nerve

The muscles of the mouth are affected by the:

buccal nerve

The nerves that originate at the spinal cord are the:

cervical nerves

The cervical nerve that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone is the:

cervical cutaneous nerve

The sensory motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand is the:

radial nerve

One of four principal nerves of the arm and hand that supplies the fingers is the:

digital nerve

The steady circulation of blood through the body is controlled by the:

circulatory system

The blood-vascular system comprised the heart, arteries, veins, and:

capillaries

The upper heart chambers are called the:

atria

The interior of the heart contains the atria and the:

ventricles

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called:

arteries

Vessels that carry blood to the heart are called:

veins

The clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymphatics of the body is the:

lymph

The membrane that encloses the heart is the:

pericardium

Blood is composed of red and white corpuscles, platelets, plasma and:

hemoglobin

The human body has eight to ten pints of the nutritive fluid called:

blood

The fluid part of blood in which platelets and blood cells flow is:

plasma

Cells that contribute to the blood-clotting process are

platelets

Hemoglobin, which gives blood its bright red color, is found in the

red blood cells

One of the critical functions blood performs is

carrying nutritive substances to all body cells

Lymph is circulated through the lymphatic vessels and filtered by the

lymph nodes

The brain, eyes, eyelids, and nose are supplied blood by the

internal carotid artery

The artery that supplies blood to the upper lip and nose region is the

superior labial artery

The external maxillary artery is also known as the:

facial artery

The artery that supplies blood to the temples is the

middle temporal artery

Two branches of the internal carotid that are important to known are the

supraorbital and infraorbital

The two arteries that are the main supply of blood to the arms and hands are called the

ulnar and radial

The group of specialized glands affecting development and sexual activities is the

endocrine system

The sweat and oil glands of the skin are

duct glands

Insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen are all examples of

hormones

The digestive system is also called the

gastrointestinal system

The body system that enables breathing is the

respiratory system

The skin plays an important role in the excretory system because it eliminates

perspiration

Organic chemistry is the study of substances containing

carbon

Examples of organic substances include

pesticides

Matter is any substance that

occupies space

The particles from which all matter is composed are

atoms

Two or more atoms of the same element that united chemically form an

elemental molecule

When water boils, it is changing from one state of matter to another, from

liquid to gas

When a physical change occurs in a substance, there is

a change in physical properties

The action of permanent haircolor is an example of a

chemical change

Water is an example of a chemical compound

Salt water and fruit salad are examples of a physical mixture

A blended mixture of two or more solids, liquids, or gases is a

solution

Liquids that can be mixed together in any proportion without separating are

miscible

A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution, with no change in chemical composition, is a

solvent

A mixture that must be shaken or mixed well before using is a

suspension

Most of the emulsions used in a salon

are oil-in-water emulsions

Emulsions are mixtures of two or more

immiscible substances

The head of a surfactant molecule is water-loving, or

hydrophilic

Substances that are often used instead of ammonia in hair products because their odor is not as strong are

alkanolamines

A colorless gas with a strong odor, composed of hydrogen and nitrogen, is

ammonia

In pure water, some of the molecules naturally ionize into hydrogen ions and

hydroxide ions

pH is only possible because of the ionization of

water

The pH scale measures

acidity and alkalinity

Solutions with a pH below 7 are

acidic

Alkalis have a pH above 7 and

soften and swell the hair

The average pH of hair and skin is

five

When a substance is combines with oxygen, the process is called

oxidation

The chemical reaction in which hydrogen is added to a substance

reduction

A substance that readily transmits electricity is a

conductor

Rubber and silk are good

insulators

A constant electrical current traveling in one direction only is called

direct current

A nit of electrical pressure is referred to as

volt

An ampere (amp) is a unit of electrical:

strength

The amount of electrical energy that is being used in one second is measured in

watts

A device that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit in the event of overload is the

circuit breaker

Electronic facial treatments are known as

electrotherapy

The positive electrode of an electrotherapy device is called

anode

In electrotherapy, the cathode is

the negative electrode

A constant and direct current used to produce chemical effects on the tissues and fluids of the body is the

galvanic current

An alternating and interrupted current used to cause muscular contractions is the

faradic current

An electrical current used for its heat-producing effects is the

high-frequency current

The anode (positive electrode) of a galvanic device

contracts blood vessels

The cathode (negative electrode) of a galvanic device

stimulates the nerves

The process of softening and emulsifying oil deposits and blackheads in the follicles is

desincrustation

Visible light makes up __% of natural sunlight

35

Ultraviolet (UV) rays, also called cold rays or actinic ray, have short wavelengths and

are the least penetrating rays

The invisible rays that produce that most heat are the

infrared rays

It is estimated that ___ Americans will develop skin cancer

1 in five

"Combination light" is also known as

white light

The average distance you should place an infrared lamp from the skin is about

30"

A safety precaution you should always follow with electrical equipment is to

use only one plug per outlet

The scientific study of the hair, its diseases, and its care is called

trichology

The two main divisions of the hair are the hair root ant the

hair shaft

The three main structures associated with the hair root are the follicle, the bulb, and the

dermal papilla

The hair root is contained in a tube-like depression, or pocket, in the skin known as the

follicle

The club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root is the

hair bulb

The blood and nerve supply that provides nutrients needed for hair growth are contained in the

dermal papilla

The tiny involuntary muscle in the skin that contracts an causes "goose bumps" is the

arrector pili

The oily substance called sebum is secreted by the

sebaceous glands

The three layers of the hair shaft are the cuticle, cortex, and

medulla

The layer of the hair shaft that protects it from penetration and damage is the

cuticle

Generally, only thick, coarse hair contains a

medulla

About 90% of the total weight of hair comes from the

cortex

Liquids can penetrate the hair only when the ___ is raised

cuticle

In order to penetrate the cuticle layer and reach the cortex, oxidation haircolors, perm solutions, and chemical relaxers must have

an alkaline pH

The changes that take place in the hair during permanent waving, chemical relaxing, and oxidation hair coloring occur in the

cortex

As living cells of the hair mature, they fill up with a protein called

keratin

The elements that make up the amino acids in hair are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and what?

oxygen and sulfur

Of the five elements in human hair, the element that makes up the highest percentage is

carbon

The chemical bonds that join amino acids to each other are called

peptide bonds

The bonds that account for the strength and elasticity of hair are the

side bonds

There are three different types of side bonds in the cortex

hydrogen, salt, and di-sulfide bonds

The strongest side bonds in the cortex are the

disulfide bonds

A disulfide bond joins the ___ atoms of two neighboring cysteine amino acids to create cystine

sulfur

Disulfide bonds can be broken by

perms and relaxers

A hydrogen bond is a physical side bond that is easily broken by

water or heat

All natural hair color is based on the ratio of

eumelanin to pheomelanin

The pigment that provides natural hair colors from red and ginger to yellow/blond is

pheomelanin

All natural hair color is the result of the pigment located within the

cortex

The amount of movement in the hair strand is referred to as its

wave pattern

A cross section of a wavy hair strand is usually

oval

Extremely curly hair that forms coils usually

has a fine texture

The four most important factors to consider in a hair analysis include all the following except

length

Hair texture is defined as the hair's

diameter

The hair's ability to absorb moisture is its

porosity

___ hair has the largest diameter

coarse

The hair texture that is most susceptible to damage from chemical services is

fine

The number of individual hair strands on 1 square inch of scalp is referred to as

density

The number of hairs on the head generally varies with the

color of the hair

The thicket hair (highest density) is generally found among people with

blonde hair

Hair with low porosity is considered

ideal

Hair with high porosity is generally the result of

overprocessing

Wet hair with normal elasticity will stretch up to ___ of its original length and return to that same length without breaking

50%

Hair flowing in the same direction is called a

hair stream

Dry hair and scalp are caused by

inactive sebaceous glands

All the following characteristics apply to vellus hair except

more abundant to men

Hormonal changes during puberty cause some areas of vellus hair to be replaced with

terminal hair

The three phases of hair growth are anagen, catagen, and

telogen

The growth phase of the hair growth cycle is known as

anagen

The follicle canal shrinks and detaches from the dermal papilla during the

catagen phase

About ___ of scalp hair is growing in the anagen phase at any one time

90%

The phase of hair growth that lasts the shortest time is the

catagen phase

The resting phase of the hair growth cycle is known as

telogen

About ___ of the hair is in the resting phase at any one time

10%

One common hair myth is

scalp massage increases hair growth

Gray hair is exactly the same as pigmented hair except that it

lacks melanin

A loss of 35 to 40 hairs a day is considered

normal

Abnormal hair loss is called

alopecia

A client's hair must be __ before any service

analyzed

By age 35, almost __ percent of men and women show some degree of hair loss

40

1

History 1001 with Dietz at Louisiana State University

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