Juvenile Justice Midterm review

Criminal Justice 322 with Szeijner at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway

About this deck

By: Danielle Moldrup
Textbook:

Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law
Created: 2011-03-07
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 371

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy

Sign up (free) to study this.

Ego Identity

According to erik ericson, ego identiy is formed when a person develeops a firm sense of who he is and what he stands for. (siegel)

Role Diffusion

Erikson- when youths spread themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves. (siegel)

At Risk Youth

Young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality. (siegel)

Aging out Process (desistance or Spontaneous remission)

The tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age; aging out is thought to occur amoung all groups of offenders(siegel)

Persistence

the process by which juvenile offenders persist in their delinquent careers rather than aging out.(siegel)

Paternalistic family

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters an exercises complete control over his wife and children. (siegel)

Primogeniure

during middle ages, the right of firstborn son to inherit lands and titles, leaving their brothers the option of a military or religious career.(siegel)

Parens Patriae

Power of the state to act on hehalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent(siegel)

Child Savers

Nineteenth century refromers who developed programs for troubled youths and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than with their welfare. (siegel)

Waiver (bindover or removal)

Transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecution(siegel)

Status offense

Conduct that is illegal only because the child is under age. Example: drinking, gambling. (siegel)

History of Status offenses

-early history common practice to place disobedient or runaway youths in orphan asylums, residential homes, or houses of frefuge

(siegel)

Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law 1646

if a child was out of control, the parents could bring the child to court and testify that he would not obey, if the judge found child to be unrepentant and incapable of control, the child would be sentenced to death.(siegel)

Wayward Minors

Early legal designation of youths who violate the law because of thier minority status; now refferd to as a status offense.(siegel)

The Juvenile status offender

-smokes/drinks -use profanity

-disobey parents

-violate curfew

-participate in sex or immoral conduct

-run away

-have bad companions

-skip school, disobey teachers

(siegel)

Status offense Catagories

-CHINS-Children

-MINS-minors

-PINS-persons

-YINS-youths

-JINS-juveniles

(siegel)

UCR-Uniform Crime Reports

-Compiled by the FBI, the UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics. (siegel)

Part 1 Crimes

Offenses including:

-homicide

-non-neglegent homicide

-forcible rape

-robbery

-agravated assault

-burglary

-larceny

-arson

-motorvehicle theft

*these crime are tallied quarterly and sent to the FBI for the UCR. (siegel)

Part 2 Crimes

All crimes other than part 1 crimes recorded by local PD. arrests for these crimes are tallied quarterly and sent to FBI for the UCR. (siegel)

Self Report survey

questionnaire or survey tech. that asks subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts. (siegel)

National Crime Vicimization Survey (NCVS)

the ongoing vicimization study conducted jointly by the justice department and the us census bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violation.

(siegel)

Gender and delinquency

-Males are significantly more delinquent than females

-Girls are more likely than boys to be runaways

(siegel)

Race and Delinquency

-African american youths are more likely to be arrested for crimes

-this shows there is discrimination in the juvenile justice system

(siegel)

Racial Threat Theory

As the size of the black population increases, the perceived threat to the white populatoin increases, resulting in a greater amount of social control imposed against blacks.(siegel)

Age of onset

-age at which youths begin their delinquent careers; early onset is believed to be linked with chronic offending patterns. (siegel)

Choice theory

youths will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequenses and benifits of their actions, (siegel)

Trait theory

holds that youths engage in delinquent or criminal behavior due to aberrant physical or psychological traits that govern behavioral choices; delinquent actions are impulsive or instinctual rather than rational choices. (siegle)

Utilitarians

Those who believe that people weigh the benifiets and consequences of their future actions before deciding on a course of behavior. (siegle)

Routive Activities Theory

View that crime is a "normal" function of the routine activities of modern living; offensis can be expected if there is a motiviated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians. (siegle)

General Deterrence

Crime control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties, such as long prison senteces for violent crimes; the aim is to convince law violators that the pain outweighs the benefit of criminal activity.(siegle)

Specific Deterrence

sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convice offenders not to repeat their criminal activity. (siegle)

Situational crime prevention

Crime prevention method that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by;

a. making them more difficult to perform

b. reducing their reward

c. increasing their risks (siegle)

Criminal Activism

The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution. (siegle)

Arousal theorists

delinquency experts who believe that aggression is a function of the level of an individuals need for stimulation or arousal from the environment. Those who requre more stimulation may act in an aggressive manner.(siegle)

Evolutionary theory

Explaining the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution; these traits allowed their bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which has had an effect on the human gene pool. (siegle)

psychodynamic thoery

Branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood.(siegle)

Social learning theory

the view that behavior is modeled through observation either directly through intimate contact with others or indirectly through media; interactions that are rewarded are copied whereas those that are punished are avoided. (siegle)

Cognitive theory

the branch of psychology that studies the perception of reality and the mental processes required to understand the world we live in. (siegle)

Nature theory

holds that low intelligence is genetically determined and inherited

nurture theory

holds that intelligence is partly biological but mostly sociological; negative environmental factors encourage delinquent behavior and depress intelligece scores for many youths. (siegle)

Social structure theories

explain delinquency using socioeconomic condition and cultural values. (siegle)

Social disorganization theory

the inability of a community to exert social control allows youths the freedom to engage in illegal behavior. (siegle)

Strain theory

links delinquncy to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustraiton that lead to delinquent acts.(siegle)

Cultural deviance theory

a unique lower class culture develops in disorganized neighborhoods whos unique set of values and beliefs pust residents in conflict with conventional social norms. (siegle)

Cultural transmission

cutrual norms and values that are passed down from one generation to the next. (siegle)

3 branches of social structure theory:

1. Social disorganization theory-focuses on conditions in the environment

2.Strain theory-focuses on conflict between goals and means.

3. Cultural deviance theory-combines the other two.(siegle)

Social control

ability of social institutions to influence human behavior; the justice system is the primary agency of formal social control.(siegle)

Anomie

normlessness produced by rapidly shifting moral values; according to merton anomie occurs when personal goals cannot be achieved using available means.(siegle)

General strain theory (GST)

according to Agnew, the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individuals emotional traits and reponses to produce crininality. (siegle)

Social learning theory

hypothesizes that delinquency is learned through close relationships with others asserts that children are born "good" and learn to be bad from others.(siegle)

Social control theory

- delinquncy results from a weakened commitment to the major social instituions (family, school, Peers) lack of such commitment allows youths to exercise antisocial behavioral choices.(siegle)

Differential Association theory

criminal behavior is learned primarily within interpersonal groups and that youths will become delinquent if definitions they have learned favorable to violationg the law exceed defifnitions favorable to obeying the law within that group.(siegle)

Drift

Idea that youths move in and out of delinqucy and that their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values. (siegle)

Social reaction theory-labeling theory

society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate or label certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing youths and encouraging them to accept this negative perosonal identity. (siegle)

Retrospective reading

the reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label.(siegle)

Primary deviance

norm violations that have very little influence on the actor and can be queickly forgotten and or overlooked. (siegle)

Secondary deviance

deviant acts that define the actor and create a new identity (siegle)

Restorative justice

using humanistic nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony. (siegle)

Reintegrative shaming

Technique used to allow offenders to understand and recognize thier wrongdoing and shame themselves to be reintegrative, shaming must be breif and controlled and then followed by ceremonies of forgiveness, apology, and repentance.(siegle)

Sentencing circle

a peacemaking tech. in which offenders victims and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all. (siegle)

Life course theory

theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course; developmental theory.

latent trait

A stable feature, charecteristic, property or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, that make some people delinquency-prone over the life course.

problem behavior syndrome (PBS)

a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfuction, substance abuse smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnacy, educaitonal underacheivement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking and unemployment as well as delinquency (siegle)

authority conflict pathway

pathway to delinquent deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.(siegle)

covert pathway

pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud. (siegle)

overt pathway

Pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting and eventually escalates to violent delinquecy. (siegle)

life course persisters

Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood.(siegle)

social capital

Positive relations with individuals and institutions, as in a successful marriage or a successful career that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior.(siegle)

Masculinity hypothesis

View that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men. (siegle)

gender-schema theory

Developmental theory- children internalize gender scripts that reflect the gender-related social practices of the culture. once internalized, these gender scripts predispose the kids to construct a self-identity that is consistent with them.(siegle)

chivalry hypothesis aka Paternalism hypothesis

the view that low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders.(siegle)

liberla feminism

females are less delinquent than males, because their social roles provide them with fewer opportunities to commit crimes; as the roles of girls and women become more similar to those of boys and men, so too will their crime patterns (siegle)

critical feminists

gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the susequent exploitation of women by men, the cause of female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremecy and the efforts of males to control females' sexuality(siegle)

Nuclear Family

a family unit composed of parents and their children; this smaller family structure is subject to great stress due to the intese close contact between parents and children.(siegel)

Intrafamily violence

an environment of discord and conflict within the family; children who grow up in dysfunctional homes often exhibit delinquent behaviors, having learned at a young age that aggression pays off.(siegel)

Child abuse

any physical, emotional or sexual trauma to a child, including neglecting to give proper care and attention, for which no reasonable expanatoin can be found.(siegel)

Neglect

Passive neglect by a parent or guardian, depriving children of food, shelter, health care, and love.(siegel)

abandonment

Parents physically leave their children with the intention of completely severing the parent-child relationship.(siegel)

balancing-of the interests approach

Efforts of the courts to balance the parents natural right to raise a child with the childs right to grow into adulthood free from physical abuse or emotional harm.

About this deck

By: Danielle Moldrup
Textbook:

Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law
Created: 2011-03-07
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 371

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy