Psychology 313 Exam 1

Psychology 313 with Torello at Ohio State University - All Campuses

About this deck

By: Linda K
Textbook:

Discovering Biological Psychology
Created: 2009-04-08
Size: 112 flashcards
Views: 229

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trepanation

where you drill a hole in the head to "let the demons out", etc

descartes' dualism between mind and body

thought they were two separate entities, modern belief is monism

histology

take slice of brain and stain it (ex, golgi stain)

functional imaging techniques

EEG, PET, fMRI

structural imaging techniques

CT scan, MRI

CT scan

essentially an X-ray.
cheap, fast, and shows the bone.
subject is exposed to much radiation

MRI

clearer image than CT scan
uses an extremely powerful magnet
hydrogen in water we are made of effected, lines them up, causes them to vibrate and listens for relaxation times
does not image bone

EEG

electroencephelogram
can use this technique for other parts of body
measures brain electrical activity
electrode acts as detector, amplifies and filters output

average brain evoked potential

take multiple EEGs and average the waves

PET scan

shows what part of the brain are using glucose

fMRI

same thing as MRI but shows activity (??)

creating a new anti depressant

feed to rats at various toxicity levels (LD50), lethal dose that will kill 50%
give pills to rhesus monkeys to see side effects
take pills to prisons (phase 1 clinical trails), can understand subtle cognitive effects
phase ii clinical trails w/ codename (double blind)

somatic peripheral nervous system

can control it

autonomic peripheral nervous system

do not have control over it (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

conserve energy after eating

efferent nerve

motor

afferent nerve

sensory

syphillus

develop flu like symptoms
years later creates pocket of pus in brain from bacteria

get demensia, general paresis

could also end up in spinal cord, destroys sensory input from feet

tertiary syphilus
tabus dorsdis

from prolonged exposure to the bacteria

meninges (layers and order)

muscle/bone
dura mater (hard)
arachnoid (blood vessels)
pia mater (VERY thin)
brain

directions of the brain (say them)

dorsal
^
anterior<------------------>posterior
v
ventral

saggital

down the middle of your face vertically (mid saggital if its in the middle)

horizontal (axial)

chop the top of your head off.
left and right are switched
more traditional

coronal

like chopping the front of your face off

medulla

hit first after spinal cord
first to be mature
responsible for vital functions

cerebellum

brain in itself
tactile input, motor memories (procedural)
the smoothing out of motor movements

tremors

resting: masked when you touch something
intention tremor: fine until you try something

pons

part of brainstem
motor neurons descend thru it
initiation of dream sleep

locked in syndrome

stroke (lesion to pons?)
can feel things but not react
example of mom and stranger
amygdala for mom

brainstem

central core
develops early
medulla, cerebellum, pons

limbic system

regulation of higher order behavior
feeding, fighting, fleeing, sexual behavoir

kluver bucy syndrom

damaged limbic. indiscriminant hyper sexuality (towards man, woman, animal, etc)

cerebral cortex

tons of folds
lobes
gyrus
sulcus

occipital lobe

back of brain
posseses visual information (visual cortex)

parietal lobe

tactile information (touch)
somatosensory cortex (very front behind central sulcus)

interhemispheric fissure

gap between two hemispheres

central sulcus

between motor (pre central gyrus) and somatosensory strip (post central gyrus)

lateral fissure

between parietal and frontal

temporal lobe

auditory cortex

frontal lobe

motor cortex is very back strip

ventricles

cerebrospinal fluid filled areas inside the brain
exert pressure on internal structure

olfactory bulb

smell
tiny area ventral to frontal lobe
humans is smaller

explain example of the premotor response (pressing a button)

when someone is going to press a button (like to shoot a missile or something), a machine measures the pre-motor response and shoots in then (so there is no delay)

how many neurons are there?

10^10

explain the anatomy of the neuron

dendrites
dendritic spines
soma (grey matter)
axon
synaptic cleft
mylen fatty sheath (white matter)
10-50 supportive cells

collection of axons

cns: tract
pns: nerve

collection of soma

cns: nucleus
pns: ganglion

LGN

has 12 functionally segregated nuclei
groups of soma
one of them is laterla geniculate nucleus (LGN)
tract from LGN to primare visual cortex, thalamal cortical tract.

potential energy of neuron at rest

70 mV (Na+, K+, Cl-)
movement of ions thru channels sets up energy to expel stuff

what happens when you eat a puffer fish?

tetrodotoxin, plugs sodium channels
neuron will not function

explain life of neurotransmitter

synthesized in cell body (over 200 kinds)
transported down axon from soma in microtubules
deposited at the end into synaptic vesicles in axon terminal

synapse

space between axon terminal and dendrite (SMALL)

serotonin receptor

serotonergic receptor

presynaptic

axon terminal

postsynaptic

receptor

ESPS

excitatory post synaptic response (dopamine, glutamate)

ISPS

inhibitory post synaptic response (GABA)

what can happen to neurotransmitters when they are expelled?

reuptake- taken back up to presynaptic side
enzymatic degredation
go to receptor

SSRI

selectively inhibits reuptake of seratonin so more works (prozac)

seratonin is monoamine
monoamine oxydase breaks down seratonin (MAO)
MAOI inhibits enymatic degredation (parnate)

substantia nigra

deep black in midbrain
rich dopamine producer
if it goes away--> parkinsons
treatable with L Dopa, precursor to dopamine
dopamine beta hydroxilase converts to dopamine, levels restored
too much dopamine, hallucinate & go psycho (cocaine)

action potential

firing of neuron
all or none
refractory period

absolute refractory period

1 ms will not go at all

relative refractory period

4 ms can go with overstimluation

neurons communicate with:

other neurons, muscle (acetylcholine)
enzyme ACHase stops firing to muscle

VX nerve gas

destroys ACHase. muscles cannot relax, die.

Olds & Milner experiment

1957, electrode touching "brain reward pathway" (ventral tegmental area)
rat presses a bar
positive response: increas probability
will choose stimulation over food/water

cociane

increases dopamine levels, inhibits reuptake. dopamine AGONIST

agonist

increase or act like nuerotransmitters
block reuptake
break down enzyme that causes breakdown of NT
put chemical that has same structure as NT
increase synthesis of NT

antagonist

block neurotransmitter
increase enzyme
block receptor

psychotropic drug result in:

behavior or cognative change

ecstacy

affects seratonin
break down seratonin receptors
pscyhological feeling is diminshed after one time because seratonin cant bind to anything, needs to rebuild

categories of neurotransmitters

small molecule NT (amino acids & amines)
neuropeptides (chains of amino acids)
gaseous neurotransmitters (nictric oxide (NO))
(some synthesized in terminal, most in soma)

cross tolerance

when you become tolerant to all drugs in the same class
see example from notes (4/10/09)

margin of safety

should be huge

absorption time of a drug

depends on method of injection
snort>inject>smoke>eat

half life

5 half lives to be 97% gone

what determines psychotropic effects?

how it is administered
low doses: expectations, environment, experience
high doses: properties of drugs
can have individual differences

stimulants

caffine, cociane, amphetamine (increase release & inhibit reuptake of dopamine)

beta blocker

lowers blood pressure (can faint)
stop tremors (inderol)

psychosis

cocaine and amphetamines can induce it
disordered thinking, hallucinations
word salad

nicotine

acetylcholine agonist
effective at enhancing memory, alertness
stimulus affect on dopamine

GHB

sedative
date rape drug
memory impairment + alcohol like intoxiaction

opiates

milk of poppy pod (opium)
morphine (heroine derived from this, vicadin, percaset)
codine (cough suppressant)
thebaine
bind to opiate receptor (receptors for endorphin, dynorphin, B lipotropin)

marijuana

hallucinogen

THC

an anandamide agonist (increases activity of it), brain makes anand. naturally
THC binds to its receptor
used for pain reduction & stimulate appetite, glycoma (marinol)

peote

button on tiny cactus, eat 4
vomit brains out, get high

mescaline

psychoactive substance in peote
acts on seratonin

mushrooms

sylociben is chemical

LSD

albert hoffman developed version one
25th version, 150 mg. (BIG)

PCP

agonist at NMDA glutamate receptor
causes physiological flashbacks
stays in fat in system, can be released months later
schizophrenic like behavior, out of control anger

PTSD

high levels of cortisol shrinks hippocampus and impairs memory
same physical system gives rise to different subjective experiences. how? dunno.

explain the placebo thing

DO IT.

cholinergic neuron

uses acetylcholine (ACh)
acetylcholinesterase breaks it down

nicotinic receptor

binds to nicotine and ACh

muscarinic receptor

binds to muscarine and ACh

botulism

fatal condition produced by bacterio in spiled food, prevents release of ACh (paralysis and death)

curare

substance derived from amazonian plants that causes paralysis by blocking nicotinic Ach receptor

benzodiazepine

class of traquelizers that acts as gaba agonist

barbiturate

drug that produces strong sedation by acting as GABA agonist

area postrema

brainstem area, in which blood brain barrier is more permeable, triggers vomiting in response to circulating toxins

tolerance

more drug is needed to produce same effect

nucleus accumbens

dopaminergic structure believed to participate in reward and addiction

caffine

acts as adenosine agonist

St. John's Wort

herb used to self treat mild depression

golgi silver stain

observe single neurons

nissl stain

view populations of cell bodies

horseradish peroxidase

used to trace axon pathways from terminals to origin

magnetoencephalography

records magnetic output of brain

patch clamp

technique that involves sealing and isolating small areas of tissue used to investigate single ion channels

ablation

surgical removal of tissue

microdialysis

assess chemical composition of very small area of brain

knockout genes

genes that take place of normal genes but fail to produce specific protein produced by the normal genes

About this deck

By: Linda K
Textbook:

Discovering Biological Psychology
Created: 2009-04-08
Size: 112 flashcards
Views: 229

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj