Russian 125 Midterm

- incorporating enterprises (accounting reform and bankruptcy laws)

- reduce inflation by reducing government subsidies

- company law - bankruptcy law - privatization legislation - securities law - banking law - law of mortgages and other security interests - land code - civil code - criminal code - criminal procedure code - civil procedure code - housing legislation

the study of how shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and other stakeholders such as consumers, the community and the environment interact with one another under the internal rules of the firm. the four defining characteristics of the modern company are 1) separate legal personality of the corporation 2) limited liability of the shareholders 3) shares 4) delegated management

established in 1935. originally controlled by NKVD (public and secret police of USSR that directly ruled executed the rule of the Soviets). used prison laborers from Gulag. world's leading producer of nickel and palladium. before 1993, it was owned by the state. in 1993, it became a joint stock company (state retained 38% of shares and 51% of voting shares). Uneximbank was the winning bidder in auction to purchase Norilsk Nickel from state (but gov had appointed Uneximbank to manage auction)

Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Slovenia. These countries are grouped together predominately because they are either Catholic or Protestant (Western Christianity). 

Romania, Bulgaria, and Russia. These countries are grouped together because they are predominantly Orthodox (Eastern Christianity). 

countries that are predominately catholic or protestant have shown to be economically more prosperous and stable than countries that are predominately Orthodox or Muslim. Possible reasons: west is more willing to trade with like-minded countries, etc...

Bush confused Slovakia with Slovenia during his presidential campaign. USA Today printed a map of Eastern Europe when they published a story on the Bush-Putin Summit of 2005 that incorrectly labeled Slovakia as Slovenia. 

multitude of

- bulgaria - czech republic- estonia- hungary- latvia- lithuania- poland- romania- slovakia- slovenia

- albania- bulgaria- croatia- czech republic- estonia- hungary- latvia- lithuania- poland- - romania - slovakia- slovenia- turkey

as a cultural region lying between Central Europe and Western Asia, with main characteristics consisting in Byzantine, Orthodox and minor and limited Ottoman influences OR the formerly Communist European states outside the Soviet Union

• central Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia
• Eastern Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine
• Southeastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Turkey
• Russia is defined as a transcontinental country.

- Cold War: division among NATO and Warsaw pact states. eastern europe = eastern bloc

estonia, latvia, and lithuania. The Baltic states were occupied by the Soviet Union and are currently EU members. They can be included in definitions of Eastern Europe in the former political sense, due to their Soviet past and Northern Europe due to geographic, cultural, historical reasons.

- Roman Republic expanded - division between Greek-speaking eastern provinces (Hellenistic) and the latin language-speaking western territories.

- 1915 - romania, bulgaria and serbia declared independence

- poland

- romania

ways of perceiving spaces and places, and the relationships between them, in order to convey broad characterizations surrounding culture, politics, and economies. can often lead to the politicization of global space. can shape national identity and international policy

west: civilized, advanced, modern, progress, liberty, europe, weakens national culture, homogenization,

goal of the Visegrad group. when the former Warsaw Pact states vied for EU and NATO membership, adherence to western-style government and economics, membership in Western institutions, return to european values, history and culture. 

revival in late 1980s and 1990s (largely Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary which were called the Visegrad states - no Germany) distinct from the east. conceptual shift towards the west. unite in common goals to disband Warsaw and Comecon, revive economic relations, solicit aid from west, withdrawal of soviet troops. idea did not stick with the public. more pressing efforts to join EU. alienated states from both west and orient. 

the iron curtain no longer stands. however, east-west dichotomy still exists. east-central europe is simultaneously in europe, but not european. on the margin. eastern outpost of west. caused by both e. and w. reluctance. EU members accused of seeking fast-track security and economic growth. 

- undermine cold war era division of Europe

- hierarchical structure of authority and centralized planning

all natural resources, all reproducible capital (buildings, machinery, equipment, and inventories), conducts all mining, construction, transportation, communications, health, research, and education activities. small-scale agriculture, arts and crafts, and some professional services are allowed in the private sector.

strengths: mobilizing scarce resources, concentrating on a few clear goals that can be measured in quantitative terms, monitoring, planning

- no loyalties anymore

- economic crisis - citizens questioned "possession of the Truth" and goal of improving individuals' economic standing