Sport Management Test 1

Memberships

loyalty to sport clubs was developed by...?

England

the jockey club concept originated in which nation?

Fred Corcoran

Who is recognized as the architect of the professional golf tournament?

Harness Racing

What was the first sport to use sport management principles in the United States?

Walter O'Malley

What baseball industry professional was involved with the initial discussions of developing sport management as an academic field?

William Hulbert; 1876

Who founded the National league and in what year?

James Mason

The academic who first discussed the concept of offering sport management programs at colleges and universities was...?

Jockey Clubs

Sport management originated in thoroughbred racing in the form of ...?

Broad Social Change

Sport management structures evolve in response to...?

Ohio University

What university had the first sport management academic program?

Cincinnati Reds

Who was the first professional baseball team?

Brooklyn Dodgers

What sport organization did Walter O'Malley work for?

Honesty and Inclusion

What two theme's run through chapter one's examination of sport organizations?

What is not a sport management structure?

Municipality

1896

When were the First Modern Olympic games held?

Diversity

The under representation of women, minorities, and people with disabilities in the sport industry is an important issue for sport managers who value _____ in the workplace

Scientific management and human relations movement

Two of the earlier phases used in the development of management theory are...?

Products, services, and entities

Sports marketing includes the marketing of _____ , ______, and _____ .

Organizing

The manager determines which types of jobs need to be performed and who will be responsible for doing these jobs during the ________ function.

Managers' Concert with the human component of employees

current management theory stresses the concepts of employee involvement, employee empowerment, and _______ ?

Ambush marketing

By turning a parking garage in proximity to the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Village into a mini-nike town, Nike was engaged in ... ?

Values, policy, and strategy

What is NOT a common element used to define management?

People

Keeping the financial scope of the sport industry in mind, it is important to note that sport managers need to be able to organize and work with _____ , the most important asset in their organization.

Marketing mix

the controllable variables the company puts together to satisfy a target group are referred to as ... ?

Evaluating

_____ involves measuring and ensuring progress toward organizational objectives.

Target market

the group of consumers to whom a product is marketed is the ... ?

Relationship marketing

______ has the aim of building mutually satisfying long-term relationships with key parties --- customers, suppliers, distributors --- in order to earn and retain their business.

Human relations

the ______ movement is significant in that it changes management thinking to focus on the behavior of people and the human components in the workplace rather than on the scientific approach to performing a task.

Planning

_____ is a continuous process that involves establishing organizational mission statements, goals, objectives, tactics, roles, and evaluation.

University of Notre Dame Athletic Department

All of these are examples of publicly traded sport companies except ... ?

Antitrust Law

What area of law has left an indelible mark on the structure and nature of labor relations in professional sport leagues?

Profits

In a basic sense, the financial success of an organization is ultimately dependent on ... ?

Assets

____ is/are anything that an organization owns that can be used to generate future revenues

Using the scheduling system to give teams with poorer records easier schedules

Which is a "non-financial" mechanisms for altering competitive balance?

Reverse-Order Draft

All of the following are examples of "financial" mechanisms for altering competitive balance EXCEPT ____ ?

The principal, interest

When organizations borrow, they are legally obligated to pay back _____, plus _____.

The contract between the players and the owners in professional sport

What is a collective bargaining agreement?

MLB & NBA

Which two leagues utilize a form of luxury tax?

Value-Added

The concept of _____ is probably the best single measure of an industry's impact

England

Where was the birthplace of modern sport & sport management?

18th Century

When was the development of sport clubs with limited membership?

19th Century

Continued club evolution with standardizing of rules, settling disputes, and organizing schedules was in what century?

Rail System 1830's

What allowed horses to compete nationally and what year did this begin?

Pierre de Coubertin

Who introduced the concept of amateur Olympic Games every 4 years?

Lack of aristocratic tradition & prohibition against gambling

Why did the European club system not suit the US?

1871

When was the Creation of National Association of Professional Baseball Players?

Baseball

What sport was the first to adopt the league system?

Golf Tournaments

What was a medium through which celebrity, politician, manufacturer, charity, town, or product gained exposure?

Para mutual wagering

Idea that you aren't just betting on the winning horse, but the horses or combination of horses that will finish 1st, 2nd, and 3rd

Management

meeting goals or objectives to be achieved; within limited resources; with and through people

to get workers to do what the manager wants in an efficient & cost-effective manner

What is the goal of sport managers?

Taylorism

workers shouldn't be doing the same job different ways, but instead in the "one best way" (most efficient way);

Economic rewards

how can a manager get workers to perform their job the "best way"?

Hawthorne Studies

Western Electric plant in Chicago analyzed how changes in working conditions affected output and found that both job satisfaction & output depended more on cooperation and feeling of worth than physical working conditions

Mary Parker Follett

effective, motivational management existed in partnership and cooperation; HR movement focused on behavior of people and human components rather than task focus

Organizational Behavior

Concerned with human side of management & organizations; managers restructure organizations to improve productivity; currently theory includes employee involvement & employee empowerment; managerial role moved from manager as dictator to manager as facilitator

Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Evaluating

What are the functional areas included in a sport managers job?

Planning

short-term and long-term; defining organizational goals & determining the appropriate means by which to achieve these desired goals

Organizing

putting plans into action; develop organization chart; develop position descriptions; develop position qualifications; staffing

Leading

"action" part of management process; delegations; handle conflicts, stimulate creativity, motive employees

Evaluating

measuring & ensuring progress toward organizational objectives; establish reporting systems, develop performance standards, compare employee performance to set standards, and design reward systems

People

Sport management industry is a " ______ - intensive" industry

Recruitment, screening, selection, retention, promotion, and ending employment

steps of the employment process

age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, education, and social background

differences included in diversity

Participative decision making

employees or members of the organization participate in the actual decision-making process

more ideas need to be generated, great deal of info to share, fairness of decision is highly valued

when should group decision making be used?

Coalitions, outside experts, links/networks, controlling information

What are the 4 types of political tactics used in sport management?

Athletic director

what's an example of a formal leader?

coach

what's an example of an informal leader?

Motivation

what are the following theories for: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two factor ideas, Vroom's expectancy theory, and Adam's equity theory?

Katzell & Thomson

appropriate motives & values; attractive & consistent jobs; defined work goals; appropriate resources & supportive environments; performance reinforced; harmony

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory; motivation; hygiene

asked 2 questions: 1. think of a time when you felt especially good about your job. Why did you feel that way? 2. Think of a time when you felt especially bad about your job. Why did you feel that way? from these he developed theory that there are 2 dimensions to job satisfaction, ________ & __________.

hygienes (environmental)

can't motivate employees but can minimize dissatisfaction if handled properly, can only dissatisfy if they are absent or mishandled, ex. company policies, supervision, salary, interpersonal relation & working conditions

Motivators

create satisfaction by fulfilling individuals' needs for meaning & personal growth, issues such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility & advancement

Diversity, managing technology, international sport management, and new management theories

current issues

activities designed to meet the needs & wants of sport consumers through exchange processes

what is sport marketing?

marketing of sport productes & services directly to consumers or sport; marketing of other consumer & industrial products or services through the use of sport promotions

what are the 2 major thrusts of sport marketing?

create demand; obtain the best possible understanding of what consumers want

what are the 2 main goals of sport marketing?

products, services, and entities

what are the 3 things sport marketing markets?

Product, price, place, promotion, personal selling

what are the 5 p's/controllable variables that a company puts together to satisfy a target group?

segmentation

products can be differential in order to appeal to a different part of the target market. identifying subgroups of overall marketplace based on age, income level, ethnicity, geography, and/or lifestyle

product supplements

anything that makes the event more enjoyable or increases value to the consumer

product extension

extends the life of the product beyond the event or season

MLB Rockies in 1998

what was the first team to use variable pricing?

variable pricing

different prices for day/night, weekend/weekday, hot games

Rick Burton, executive director of Oregon's Warsaw sports

who warns that "variable pricing can diminish value. Fans become more discriminating when they're told this game is more important than that game"?

Promotion

the communication of activities that inform, persuade & motivate consumers to purchase the product

giveaways, fireworks, autograph signing sessions, concerts

what are some non-price promotions?

demographic, geographic, and psychographic

what are 3 types of segmentation?

discounted tickets, free children's admission, family packages; used when demand isn't strong or customer base is price-sensitive

what are some examples of price promotions and when are they mostly used?

cherry picker

somebody who only goes to discounted games

75-80%

how many entry-level jobs are in ticket sales?

loyal fan gift rewards, special access to players, & special access to information

what are some examples of customer relationship marketing?

Finance

how an organization generates the funds that flow into that organization; how these funds are allocated & spent once they're in the organization

financial inflows (revenues) - outflows (expenses)

profits/income = ... ? (formula)

income statement

summary of profit & loss during a certain period

cash flow statement

sources & uses of cash over a period of time, supplements the information provided in the income statement

owner's equity, debt, budgetary transfers since college sports are nonprofit

what are 3 ways teams can fund or "finance" assets?

balance sheet

snapshot of the financial condition of an organization at a point in time; divided into assets, liabilities, & owner's equity

assets = liabilities + owner's equity

assets formula

MLB - Yankees, NFL - Redskins, NBA - Knicks, NHL - Toronto

which franchises have the greatest annual revenues in each of the major leagues from 2008?

alabama, texas, osu, florida, tennessee

which colleges & universities generated the greatest revenue in 2008?

return on investment

expected dollar-value return on each alternative investment

risk

future benefits of investment can't be known at time of investment; owners must decide how much they'll finance with their own money & how much with borrowed money

sport leagues

what are the only legal monopolies in the United States?

no direct competition; greater bargaining power with stakeholders; earn higher profits

what advantages does the sport industry have by being a monopoly?

popularity, premium ticketing, broadcast contracts, sponsorship sales, stadium naming rights

why has the spectator sport industry had tremendous revenue growth in the past 15 years?

luxury tax

NBA & MLB have this type of tax that bases tax amount over a preset threshold minimal effect

benefits them

in the spectator sport industry, what does the existence of one franchise do to the others?

reverse order draft, schedule imbalance

name 2 non-financial mechanisms for increasing competitive balance

salary cap, revenue sharing, luxury tax

what are the 3 financial mechanisms for increasing competitive balance?

sport law

the application of existing law to the sport setting

both the governing body & the participants

when a dispute arises over interpretation of a rule or regulation, sport lawyers often represent whom?

lawyers draft sport organizations rules and regulations, thus, they need lawyers to interpret them

why does involvement of sport lawyers occur?

Boston College Law School in 1972

when was the 1st sport law course offerend and at which university?

Develop, implement, & manage risk

DIM process stands for what 3 stages?

when plaintiff challenges a rule in a sport organization & court determines whether it should review the decision

when does judicial review occur?

decline to overturn them unless certain conditions exist

historically, what do courts do with the rules of voluntary athletic organizations?

keep the rule from applying or to force athletic association to apply it differently

what is the plaintiff's interest in a case?

injunction

an order from the court to do or not do particular action

violates/misapplies its own rule, violates a statute, violates public policy, violates constitutional law & it's a state actor, acts arbitrarily or in a capricious manner, exceeds the scope of its authority

court will intervene if an athletic organization ... ?

tort

an injury or wrong suffered as the direct result of another's improper conduct

monetary damages

tort law proves ________ ________ to compensate an injured person (plaintiff)

Intentional torts

________ __________ occur when a person purposefully causes harm to another or engages in activity that is substantially certain to cause harm

negligence

what is the most uncommon torn that sport managers encounter? Also an unintentional tort

that a defendant owed plaintiff a duty of care and breached it; DAMAGES MUST OCCUR

what must a plaintiff show?

legal instrument

Comparative negligence is not a defense but a ______ __________?

comparative negligence

when the court attempts to put percentages of blame or fault or negligence on different parties for a single act

vicarious liability

allows plaintiff to sue superior for the negligent acts of a subordinate; employer need not be negligent to be liable

employee wasn't negligent, employee wasn't acting within scope of employment, employee was an independent contractor

what are the 3 defenses available for employers?

agency law

describes a relationship in which 1 party agrees to act for and under the direction of another

to establish duties that principles and agents owe each other

what is the purpose of agency law?

comply with contract if exists, compensate agent for his/her service, reimburse agent for expenses incurred while acting on principal's behalf

principal's fiduciary duties include ... ?

to obey, remain loyal, exercise reasonable care, notify, account for information and finances

agent's fiduciary duties include ... ?

contract

written or oral agreement between 2 or more parties; creates legal obligation to fulfill the promises

offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, legality

a valid contract must have the following elements ... ?

due process, equal protection, the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, invasion of privacy

what are the 4 constitutional challenges that arise in sports?

when a private entity is so enmeshed with the public that courts apply constitution; then it is a state actor

what is the exception that the US constitution and State constitutions would apply to private entities?

due process: the right to notice & a hearing before life, liberty, or property may be taken away

what do the 5th and 14th amendments say?

no person shall be discriminated against unless a constitutionally permissible reason for discrimination exists

14th amendment says what about equal protection?

strict scrutiny

on the basis of race, religion, or national origin

legitimate interest

on the basis of gender ...

reasonable basis

discrimination on any other status or classification

people have the right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures

4th amendment

NO

is drug testing of high school athletes an invasion of privacy according to the US Supreme Court as of 1995?

Title IX

comprehensive statute aimed at eliminating sex discrimination in educational institutions that receive federal funding

proportionate scholarship distribution, equal treatment, benefits, & opportunities given in specific program areas, degree to which educational institution has equally & effectively accommodated the interests & abilities of male and female students

what 3 areas does title IX focus on in athletics?

promote competition in the free market; break up business trusts & monopolies & prohibit anticompetitive activity by businesses

What was the goal of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

establishes procedures for union certification and decertification and rights and obligations of union and management once a union is in place

strike

if players strike

lockout

if owners strike

antitrust

application of ______ laws left indelible mark on structure and nature of labor-management relations

1922 Supreme Court Federal baseball decision

why is the MLB exempt from antitrust laws

Curt Flood Act 1998

legislative response to Federal baseball and dozens of unsuccessful congressional acts; allows MLB players to sue their employers under the Sherman Act, but exempts the business of baseball (including minor leagues)

sport broadcasting act of 1961

exempts leagues from antitrust laws when pooling rights to enter into national broadcasting rights

labor exemption

restrictive practices are exempt from antitrust law when those practices have been negotiated in a collective bargaining agreement by labor & management

equal pay act 1963

prohibits employer from paying 1 employee less than another on basis of sex when performing jobs of equal skill, effort, and responsibility; only applies to sex-based discrimination on basis of compensation

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

federal law prohibiting discrimination in many settings, including housing, education, and public accomodations

age discrimination in Employment Act 1967

prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of age

americans with disabilities act (1990)

prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of disability, applicant or employee must be able to perform all essential functions of the job

trademark

word, name, or symbol used by a manufacturer or merchant to identify and distinguish its goods from those manufactured and sold by others

service mark

used to identify the source of an intangible service

lanham act

governs trademarks and service marks, gives protection to the owner of a name or logo, keeps others from selling goods as the goods of the original source

ethics

the systematic study of the values guiding our decision making; reflect how we believe people should behave and how we want the world to operate

ethical dilemma

practical conflict involving equally compelling values or social obligations; solved when we articulate which commonly held values we admire most

morality

the list of those actions people ought to do or refrain from doing

ethical considerations

decisions that affect diverse groups of people with conflicting interests

code of conduct

______ ________ ________ outlines and explains the principles under which an organization or profession operates; should be clear and straightforward and encourage employees to understand the goals they are trying to accomplish

absolutism

moral precepts are universal - applicable to all circumstances

relativism

what is moral depends on the situation

commercial moral rules

rules of the marketplace guide activities such as sales & marketing

noncommercial moral rules

occupations demand loyalty to an oath of office or professional standards to guard against selling out

corruption

_____ usually occurs when people hop from 1 set of moral precepts to another; systematic

self-examination

an effective tool to remind people of ethical actions and express institutional concern for ethical issues is ______.

meaningful; enforceable

discipline must be ______ and _______.

Sport Management Test 1

Sport Administration 201 with Packy at Ohio University

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