Midterm 2 Buildings

pantheon, rome, 118-128 CE

• built by the romans
• octastyle, corinthian temple to all the gods - round shape so all niches have physical equality
• coffering
• perfectly proportional
• lettering on frieze instead of pattern
• based on arcuated forms - large dome w/occulus

pantheon, rome, 118-128 CE

• built by romans under Hadrian
• octastyle, corinthian
• cosmic theme: temple to all the gods, symbolized heavens - round shape so all niches have physical equality
• political: Hadrian held judicial court in rotunda; comparison of empire & cosmos (structure of many units but one pervading unity)
• coffering
• perfectly proportional
• lettering on frieze instead of pattern
• based on arcuated forms - large dome w/occulus

colosseum, rome, 80 CE

• built by romans
• ovaloid amphitheatre composed of 2 semi-circular theatres
• tuscan bottom, then ionic, then corinthian top
• long, thin bricks & mortar; travertine marble veneer
• subterranean holding pens, hydraulic floor-lifts
• annular vault around outside (bent tunnel vault)
• arches around outside - vaults extend inward to support tiered seating

colosseum, rome, 80 CE

• built by romans
• ovaloid amphitheatre composed of 2 semi-circular theatres
• tuscan bottom, then ionic, then corinthian top
• long, thin bricks & mortar; travertine marble veneer
• subterranean holding pens, hydraulic floor-lifts
• annular vault around outside (bent tunnel vault)
• arches around outside - vaults extend inward to support tiered seating

baths of caracalla, rome, 298-306 CE

• built by romans
• huge complex
• large open palaestrum - open space surrounding bath
• surrounding walls with shops, taverns
• intricate mosaics
• baths under vaulted roofs

baths of caracalla, rome, 298-306 CE

• built by romans
• huge complex
• large open palaestrum - open space surrounding bath
• surrounding walls with shops, taverns
• intricate mosaics
• baths under vaulted roofs

trajan's forum, rome, 98-112 CE

• built by successful emperor trajan's romans
  
• part of roman civic center - forum romanum (roman "downtown")
  
• temples, basilica, trajan's column, shopping mall
  
• features multiple peristyles, trabeation, barrel vaults, square columns, clerestories
  
• exedra - semi-circular/rectangular recess
  

palace of diocletian, spalato, croatia; 300CE

• built by romans under emperor diocletian
  
• huge villa on coast of Adriatic
  
• castrum (fort)/roman army camp
• bisected with axis
  
• two perpendicular colonnaded streets
• features hexagonal temples, groin vaults
  
• niches: arches set into walls, framed by columns that are completely decorative now
  

nazcan lines, peru, 400 - 800 CE

machu picchu, peru, 1438-1471 CE

• built by incas
  
• burial site, place of sun-god ceremonies
  
• remarkably adapted to landscape
  
• artificial mountains mirror real ones
  
• agricultural terraces
  
• built densely and uniformly
  
• contains both rubble and high prestige masonry
  
• unique for its high prestige masonry, trapezoidal walls, canchas?
  

pyramid of the moon, teotihuacan, mexico; 200 CE

pyramid of the sun, teotihuacan, mexico; 150 CE

• unknown builders, aztecs arrived at the abandoned site in 1200 CE
  
• center of site, south of moon pyramid
  

• series of 4 platforms
  
• each level = series of earth-filled rooms
  
• juxtaposed layers of divinity: geometric platform, pyramid, mountain

pyramid of the sun, teotihuacan, mexico; 150 CE

• unknown builders, aztecs arrived at the abandoned site in 1200 CE
  
• center of site, south of moon pyramid
  

• series of 4 platforms
  
• each level = series of earth-filled rooms
  
• juxtaposed layers of divinity: geometric platform, pyramid, mountain

pyramid of the sun, teotihuacan, mexico; 150 CE

• unknown builders, aztecs arrived at the abandoned site in 1200 CE
  
• center of site, south of moon pyramid
  

• series of 4 platforms
  
• each level = series of earth-filled rooms
  
• juxtaposed layers of divinity: geometric platform, pyramid, mountain

pyramid of the sun, teotihuacan, mexico; 150 CE

• unknown builders, aztecs arrived at the abandoned site in 1200 CE
  
• center of site, south of moon pyramid
  

• series of 4 platforms
  
• each level = series of earth-filled rooms
  
• juxtaposed layers of divinity: geometric platform, pyramid, mountain

governor's palace, uxmal, mexico; (no date given)

governor's palace, uxmal, mexico; (no date given)

chichen itza, el castillo, mexico; 900-1521 CE

ajanta, india, 200-100 BCE

kailasantha temple, ellora, india; 750-950 CE

great stupa, borobudur, indonesia; 800 CE

angkor vat, cambodia, 800-1400 CE

• built by indian hindus - khmer empire
  
• example of late hindu arches (lack of tech & ability)
  
• rulers devoted the spaces to hindu gods and THEMSELVES
  
• pyramidal stone shrines in quincunx plan - 5-pt. geometrical pattern
  
• represented a cambodian god
  
• 5 sikharas = 5 mountain peaks
  
• walls = mountain ranges
  
• moat = ocean
  
• cosmic associations - sun hits diff pts during diff pts of yr
  
• monumentality, ritualistic importance thru repetition & layering of elements
  
• laid out bkwrds
  

great wall, china, 221-210 BCE (redone during 15th/16th centuries)

• built for emperor Qin Shihung-ti
  
• multiple indv. walls joined
  
• protection from marauding warriors
  
• forced labor
  
• rammed earth faced w/stone
  
• crenellation (saw-toothed battlements) (crennels, merlons)
  
• serpentines along mountain peaks
  

tombs, qin shihung-ti, china, 260-210 BCE

• built by the chinese
  
• example of monumental structure
  
• huge mound with miniature city inside
  
• terra-cotta army adjacent to it in the fields - huge scale trenches w/lgr than life clay figures of individuals warriors, horses, court members, wagons
  

altar and temple of heaven, beijing, 1420 CE

• built by the chinese
  
• prayer complex for emperor (good fortune & harvests)
  
• arranged on grid, aligned w/cardinal points
  
• altar = round w/ blue roof, columns in the round
  
• temple = series of ambulatories (places for walking) (similar to stupa at sanchi)
  
• carved & painted columns
  
• bracketing layer supports roof
  
• interaction of circles & lines
  

gate of heavenly peace, beijing, 1406-1470 CE

• built by the chinese
  
• part of the forbidden city
  
• yellow roofs - reserved for important government buildings
  
• axial arrangement
  
• built by unpaid labor as taxation (corvee system)
  

hall of supreme harmony, beijing, 1406-1420 CE

• built by the chinese
  
• throne room (gov business conducted here)
• part of the forbidden city
• yellow roofs - reserved for important government buildings
• axial arrangement
• built by unpaid labor as taxation (corvee system)

Ise Shrine, japan, 400s CE

horyu-ji temple (complex), nara, 607 CE

• built by the japanese
  
• pagoda (principal shrine), prayer hall, gate
  
• dougong bracket system, sweeping roofs
  
• far-extending, cantilevering roofs
  
• little interior space - individual worship
  
• repetition of geometric forms to achieve monumentality
  

horyu-ji temple (complex), nara, 607 CE

• built by the japanese
  
• pagoda (principal shrine), prayer hall, gate
  
• dougong bracket system, sweeping roofs
  
• far-extending, cantilevering roofs
  
• little interior space - individual worship
  
• repetition of geometric forms to achieve monumentality

todai-ji temple (complex), nara, 730 CE

• built by the japanese
  
• enormous scale
  
• bays - spaces between 2 large uprights
  
• dougong bracket system
  
• mostly unpainted (painted portions indicate chinese influence)
  

katsura palace, kyoto, 1620 CE

• built by the japanese
  
• juxtaposition of geometric forms
  
• ex. of architectural purity & complexity
  
• simplicity & natural materiality
  
• reduced color palate, little ornament
  
• freely flowing space through inside & outside
  
• picturesque massing & composition
  
• use of grids on walls, floors
  

st. peter's, rome, 319-330 CE

• built by the romans
  
• wooden roof system - triangular trusses
  
• shed roof over aisles
  
• roman brick, clay tiles
  
• ornament is on INTERIOR, unlike a roman temple (christians worship on the inside)
  

santa costanza, rome, 350 CE

• built by romans under constantine
  
• martyium dedicated to daughter of constantine
  
• centrally-planned
  
• cross of intersecting axes superimposed on circular 12-part plan
• twice-vaulted (double-shelled dome in middle, barrel/annular vault around outside)
  
• composite order domes,columns, tiny entablatures
  
• center well-lit, ambulatory dim
• emergence of showing christ's story in images
  
• mosaics
• cosmic symbolism - (problems of life & death) + christian redemption & eternal life

santa costanza, rome, 350 CE

• built by romans under constantine
  
• martyium dedicated to daughter of constantine
  
• centrally-planned
  
• cross of intersecting axes superimposed on circular 12-part plan
• twice-vaulted (double-shelled dome in middle, barrel/annular vault around outside)
  
• composite order domes,columns, tiny entablatures
  
• center well-lit, ambulatory dim
• emergence of showing christ's story in images
  
• mosaics
• cosmic symbolism - (problems of life & death) + christian redemption & eternal life

tomb of king theodore, ravenna, italy; 526 CE

• built by the romans
  
• dome over centrally-planned space
  
• burial space inside
  
• quality ashlar masonry
  
• notched voussoirs in arches by imported workers
  
• massive walls lack lightness of earlier roman bdgs - shows emph on volume being lost
  
• dome is single stone in rotated arch form = losing ability to construct complex vaulting
  

• Architects: Anthemius of Tralles, Isidore of Miletus
  
• christ as holy wisdom
• greek-cross-in-square
  
• congregational basilica+vaulted superstructure
• dome on pendentives w/clerestory windows, christ mosaic
  
• E&W 1/2 domes
• interiorized - no exterior ornament
  
• huge, open, unencumbered interior
  
• lower interior - stone veneer (revetment)
  
• upper interior - mosaics
  
• shafts of light=sense of mystery
• smbl ideal universe
• rich, deeply carved column ornamentation
  

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey), 532-537

• Architects: Anthemius of Tralles, Isidore of Miletus
  
• christ as holy wisdom
• greek-cross-in-square
  
• congregational basilica+vaulted superstructure
• dome on pendentives w/clerestory windows, christ mosaic
  
• E&W 1/2 domes
• interiorized - no exterior ornament
  
• huge, open, unencumbered interior
  
• lower interior - stone veneer (revetment)
  
• upper interior - mosaics
  
• shafts of light=sense of mystery
• smbl ideal universe
• rich, deeply carved column ornamentation

San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-548 CE

church of the intercession, vladimir, russia; 1166 CE

• built by the russians
• greek-cross-in-square w/onion dome center
  
• compression of space forces one to look UP into heaven
  

st. sophia, kiev, ukraine; 1200 CE

• built by ukranians
  
• quincunx, kind of greek-cross-in-square plan
  
• replication of standardized-size elements
  
• large center, but otherwise compressed
  
• views always linear in one-direction
  
• anti-classicism
  

st. sophia, kiev, ukraine; 1200 CE

• built by ukranians
  
• quincunx, kind of greek-cross-in-square plan
  
• replication of standardized-size elements
  
• large center, but otherwise compressed
  
• views always linear in one-direction
  
• anti-classicism

• martyrium - where muhammad ascended to heaven
  
• interior resembles byzantine
  
• interior revetment (stone veneer)
  
• martyrium (domed center, vestibule aisles around center)
  
• based on centrally-planned church
  
• striking articulation on exterior
  
• rich palate of applied ornament
  
• lower = stone revetment
  
• upper = fired clay tiles (majolica)
  
• more heavily ornamented on exterior than christian buildings
  

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 691-92

• martyrium - where muhammad ascended to heaven
  
• interior resembles byzantine
  
• interior revetment (stone veneer)
  
• martyrium (domed center, vestibule aisles around center)
  
• based on centrally-planned church
  
• striking articulation on exterior
  
• rich palate of applied ornament
  
• lower = stone revetment
  
• upper = fired clay tiles (majolica)
  
• more heavily ornamented on exterior than christian buildings

Great Mosque, Damascus (Syria), 705-15

Great Mosque, Damascus (Syria), 705-15

Great Mosque, Damascus (Syria), 705-15

Great Mosque at Samarra (Iraq), 848-52

• free-standing, spiraled minaret
  
• separate from mosque itself
  

Alhambra, Granada, 13th and 14th centuries

• fortress on a hill
  
• robust, plain exterior
• pleasure palace - artists
• complex series of buildings & courtyards
• peristyle courtyards
• rooms like a roman house

Court of Lions

Alhambra, Granada, 13th and 14th centuries

• decorative columns, muqarna stalactites
  
• ornamental language reliant on geometry
  
• arabic calligraphic quranic inscriptions
• deeply cut in stone
• high level of craftsmanship

Muquarnas (stalactite vaults)

Alhambra, Granada, 13th and 14th centuries

• decorative device in traditional islamic architecture
  
• small pointed niches arranged in tiers
  

Alhambra, Granada, 13th and 14th centuries

• fortress on a hill
  
• robust, plain exterior
• pleasure palace - artists
• complex series of buildings & courtyards
• peristyle courtyards
• rooms like a roman house