Drugs and Justice Final Guide Dec 9th
Criminal Justice 222 with Henderson at Arizona State University - Tempe
About this deck
By: Brandon Wight
Textbook:
Drugs, Society, and Criminal Justice (2nd Edition)
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 251
Textbook:
Drugs, Society, and Criminal Justice (2nd Edition)Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 251
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What is President Jimmy Carter's Recommendation?
"Penalties against possession of drugs should not be more damaging to an individual that the use of the drug itself; and where they are, they should be changed."
Where did Jimmy Carter deliver his recommendation/message?
to congress on August 2nd 1977
What is Criminogenesis?
New Laws create crime and criminals
What is a Violent Crime?
- The impulse to hit, stab, or shoot someone, to hurt, humiliate, threaten, or inflict damage to another human being, to force someone physically to do something against his or her will.
- Robbery
- Forcible Rape
- Aggravated (or serious) assault
- Criminal homicide (or murder)
What is a Property Crime
- the impulse to steal someone's money or property
- Burglary
- larceny (or simple theft)
- motor vehicle theft
- and arson
Difference between offenders of Property crimes and violent crimes?
Most offenders who commit property crimes do not commit serious crimes of violence (although most violent offenders also commit properly crimes.
What are drug-defined offenses?
It is the violation of laws that prohibit the possession, use, distribution, manufacture of illegal drugs.
What are Drug related offenses?
Offenses in which a drug contributes to the commission of a crime.
What are 2 retail drug distribution models?
Freelance vs. Balance
What is a Freelance Model
- A model of retail drug distribution in which dealers and buyers transact their business with relative anonymity, outside of the structure of a large-scale drug organization.
- Cash Only
- Marijuana
- Hallucinogens (LSD, MDMA)
What is a Business Model?
- A model of retail drug distribution in which drug transactions are conducted within a hierarchically structured organization.
- Gang may be involved
- Fronting” and “runners”
- Heroin
- Cocaine and Crack
- Methamphetamine
- Marijuana
- PCP
What is "Fronting"?
- Getting the drugs from the smuggler without paying first.
- Credit, basically the smuggler was paid after the dealer unloaded the drugs, often 24 hours within the deal
Causes of Pharmacological crime?
the drug itself made the user violent or agitated, or irritable.
Causes Economic crime?
Criminal acts that are committed by the drug abuser to secure money to buy drugs.
Causes Systemic crime?
- Acts of violence committed by aggressive behaviors within a network of illicit drug trafficking and distribution.
- For example, violence associated with the business of drugs.
- No legal recourse to transactional disputes
Alcohol specific drugs and crime?
Nationally, internationally and cross-culturally, alcohol is by far the one most likely to be implicated in violent crimes.
More individuals who commit violent offenses are under the influence of alcohol than is true for any other single drug.
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in America
The more violent the crime the greater likelihood that the offender was under the influence of alcohol while committing it.
2 ways in which alcohol can act on a violent pulse?
Disinhibition or heightening of the aggressive centers of the brain.
What drug is highly correlated with drug related homicides
Cocaine, primarily crack
-more than heroine
Crack distribution?
The world of selling cocaine is highly violent and extremely dangerous.
Few users who do not sell cocaine get involved in drug related criminal homicides unless they become entangled in a dispute with a dealer.
It is the cocaine seller and the world of cocaine distribution from which the majority of cocaine related violence stems
Does cocaine promote crime?
Yes, it heavily accelerates predatory crime; it makes crime such as robbery and burglary more likely.
What does heavy chronic use of cocaine promote?
It doesn't not generate predatory criminal behavior where non existed before
Four reasons for violence?
- The intrinsically violent nature of illegal drug distribution
- The social and economic structure of crack specifically
- The nature of the personnel- the characteristics of the individuals who engage in crack selling
- The character of the neighborhoods in which this activity is located
What kind of climate is heroine bought and sold in?
it is built in a climate of fear, suspicion, mistrust, and paranoia, with each party trying to take the advantage of the other.
Agression and violence are never remote from the enterprise of street heroin dealing.
What are the frequent periods of withdrawal from addicts like?
irritability, discomfort, and the strong craving for a fix- a condition which make violence a potential (typically violent robbery)
What are frequent crime rates of heroine addicts?
they are equal or higher than drug users who do not abuse heroine
they include aggregated assault, sexual assault, and homicide
Common theme found in heroin addicts
Heroine did not cause addicts to engage in predatory criminal behavior to being with
By the time they became addicts they had already established a criminal way of life.
(Opiate use intensifies an already existing criminal career
PCP
It is made in liquid form and sprayed or sprinkled on material like tobacco, marijuana, mint etc. and then rolled into a joint
Who controls PCP?
It is controlled by african american criminal groups
Who is a major source of Methamphetamine?
Mexicans have large superlabs and mom and pop labs
who is a major source for Marijuana
mexico is a major source
Hallucinogens (LSD, Ecstasy, Ketamine)
Ketamine is animal anesthetics, it causes less confusion and violence then PCP
What are some temptations that lead to corruption?
Money, drugs, abuse of power
PCP
THe drug itself causes extremely erratic behavior and users cannot feel any pain which will cause theme to commit extremely violent crimes.
Methamphetamines
Users feel 10 feet tall and bullet proof
What atmosphere is conductive of corruption?
the police officers ability to intervene or not, coupled with the low visibility and lack of supervision in communities and within agencies.
When Institutionalization of corruption is evident?
when corrupt officers are protected by the code of secrecy within their ranks as well as by their own supervisors and may be less willing to report any wrong doing.
Erosion of our constitutional values
Money laundering
Current trends of money laundering?
bulk movement
use of financial institution
use of commercial businesses
movement through the underground banking system
What is money laundering
drug money to be concealed and converted into funds that appear to have a legitimate source
Us Foreign policy and the drug war?
The Monroe Doctrine
Threat of communism "rollback"
revision of the posse Comitatus law
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
a us doctrine which on december 2, 1823 proclaimed that european powers were to no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of Americas.
What is a rollback?
threat of communism
What was the campaign to depose Noriega?
He had been on US intelligence payroll since 1964
He remained on Us intelligence payroll long after his involvement with drug trafficking and money laundering was known by administration
In 1988 US invoked economic sanctions against panama in an attempt to oust Noriega because he knew about the Reagan administration involvement in the drug business.
What was the intent of the invasion of Panama?
to shut Noriega up
What is the relationship between the US and Panama?
In 1989 US invaded Panama and arrested Manuel Noriega for violating federal drug trafficking laws
Military involvement in drug war led to increased funding for waning US military
What is the revision of posse comitatus law?
it allows the military to; lend equipment to civilian police, train law enforcement personnel, directly assist in some aspects of interdiction efforts.
Stopped short of giving the military ersonal arrest or search and seizure powers
Posse Comitatus
Prohibit military from engaging in civilian law enforcement activity
what is the Bennet amendment
gave the military full law enforcement powers outside the United States and would put them at forefront of interdiction efforts
How did the United states assist other nations?
assisted police and military forces in destroying cocaine production
Military economic aid and military hardware, green beret, navy seal, and other military advisors ostensibly used for training and transportation purposes.
Intelligence gathering capabilities including the use of radar on naval ships and aircrafts.
Zero Tolerance?
interdiction targeted at the user level
the goal was to make casual use more costly and painful
How was war used?
It was used as a metaphor
What was the purpose of the metaphor
helps us to make sense of confusing and complex phenomenon by associating that phenomenon with something we can easily relate to and comprehend – provides a framework: War
- describes out government’s actions as “warlike”
What are the characteristics of the war metaphor (militarization)?
Imagine the battle as a military battle rather than a civil battle
- the use of armies for aggression
- Rambo
- The good guys vs the enemy
What is asset forfeiture?
The process by which the government seizes cash, cars, homes, and other property that it claims are the result of criminal
activity
Erosion of constitutional values?
- Abandonment in the criminal justice of the Constitutional values that gave reason to the founding of the nation
Source control?
elimination cultivation of drugs
What are the three ways of source control?
1.Crop eradication- plants are destroyed by firer or chemicals ect.
2. Monitoring pre-cursor chemicals
3. Certification
Interdiction
attempts prevent drugs from being smuggled into US. Drug profiling*
Certification
cooperation of foreign countries in counter-drug efforts
Certified
those fully compliant
Decertified?
those not compliant
those not compliant but certified based on US National interests
Drug sniffing Dogs
Which drugs are the dogs trained to alert on? Marijuana, cocaine, heroin, meth
Searches in traffic stops: What can the dogs search and what can’t they?Can only search around the vehicle unless they alert, while walking around the outside of the vehicle. That is called PROBABLE CAUSE TO SEARCH
Blunts?
marijuana rolled in cigar papers or joint papers
Speedballs
combination of injected cocaine and heroin
Where does cocaine come from?
columbia, South America, and Mexico
What are the logistics of smuggling
ground
air
water
Where does heroine come from
Golden Triangle(Thailand, Burma or Myanmmar, laos, Vietnam) Golden Cresent (Pakistan, Afganistan, turkey and iran)
WHere does meth come from
Mexico California
WHere do Hallucinogens come from
Mexico California
WHere does LSD come from
labs in North california
WHere does MDMA come from?
Europe (mainly Netherlands then Belgium), Israel, Russia
Where does PCP come from
street gangs in california
Where does ketamine come from?
veterinary facilities
Mules?
people who take in bags of drugs through their bodies
Stash buckets
hiding drugs in compartments of car
Stash houses
normal people have drugs in basement
Techniques for avoiding detection?
AIR: switch kind of aircraft used, varied take off and landing sites, shift between daytime and nighttime flying, used various means to “jump the border”, fly piggy back, send planes in a cluster, fly “on deck” (skimming the ground to avoid radars). meet at hotel
Middling
that person is the connection. Buy from one person then have another person buy it. Take some of the drug out for personal use. Middling drives up the price of the drug because there is extra steps the process. Beginner drug dealers just starting up and just getting out of business
Cutting the drug
means putting other products in cocaine.
- Manitol- laxative
- Sorbitol sugar
- Inositol- b complex vitamin
- Procaine- analgesic
- Quinine
Fronting?
getting the drug from the smuggler or wholesaler without paying first
About this deck
By: Brandon Wight
Textbook: Drugs, Society, and Criminal Justice (2nd Edition)
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 251
Textbook:
Drugs, Society, and Criminal Justice (2nd Edition)Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 251
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis