Exam 1 Crim Justice

one who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice

one who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights

the principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity

an ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong

the civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action. civil justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation's civil courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong

the criminal penal law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law. criminal justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation's criminal courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong

the performance of any of the following activities: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehab of accused persons or criminal offenders

the aggregate of all operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. the basic divisions of the operational aspects of criminal justice are law enforcement, courts, and corrections

a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice

a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components function primarily to serve their own interests. according to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of cooperation among component agencies

a writ issued by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or she performs it

a law enforcment of correctional administrative process officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority

the money or property pledged to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody

a proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters must be decided 1. whether a crime was committed 2. wheterh the crime occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, and 3. whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime

a set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed a specific crime. Also reasonable grounds to make or believe an accusation

a formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specific offense

a formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony

a group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to trial, to investigate criminal activity generally, or to investigate the conduct of a public agency

strictly, the hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case in which the identity of the defendant is informed of the charge and of his or her rights, and the defendant is required to enter a plea.

in criminal proceedings, the examination in court of the issues of fact and relevant law in a case for the purpose of convicting or acquitting the defendant

sentence done after another one ends

sentence done along with another

5th, 6th and 14th amendment- in criminal proceedings, due process of law is generally understood to include the following basic elements: a law creating and defining the offense, an impartial tribunal having jurisdictional authority over the case, accusation in proper form, notice and opportunity to defend, trial according to established procedure, and discharge from all restraints or obligations unless convicted

a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders

a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing

the use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behaivor of individual members of that group

the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders

crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research

the existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger society's legal and political systems

a statistical reporting program run by the FBI's criminal justice information services division. publishes Crime in the United States, which provides an annual summation of the incidence and rate of reported crimes throughout the US

an annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extent of criminal victimization

a US department of justice agency responsible for the collection of criminal justice data, including the annual national crime victimization survey

a UCR/NIBRS summary offense category that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault

A UCR/NIBRS summary offense category that includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

a traditional measure of investigative effectiveness that compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means

murder, rape/forcible rape, sexual battery, date rape, robbery, assault, aggravated assault, burglary, identity theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

simple assaults, forgery/counterfeiting, fraud, vandalism,, gambling, disorderly conduct, public drunkenness, curfew violation/loitering

a criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for at least one year

an offense punishable by incarceration, usually in a local confinement facility, for a period whose upper limit is prescribed by statute in a given jurisdiction, typically one year or less

the body of rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of punishments for offenses of a public nature or fro wrongs committed against the state or society. also called penal law

the branch of modern law that governs relationships between parties

the written or codified law; the "law of the books", as enacted by a government body or agency having the power to make laws

the body of regulations that governments create to control the activities of industries, businesses, and individuals. Tax laws, heath codes, restrictions on pollution and waste disposal, vehicle registration laws, and building codes are examples

the state of mind that accompanies a criminal act. Also, a guilty mind

an act in violation of the law. Also, a guilty act

a minor violation of the law that demoralizes community residents and businesspeople. involve acts that create physical disorder ie. excessive noise or vandalism or prostitution.

an area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively and that is based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve

a style of policing marked by a strict concern with enforcing the precise letter of the law.

a style of policing marked by a concern with helping rather than strict enforcement

a style of policing marked by a concern for order maintenance. watchmen policing is characteristic of lower class communities where informal police intervention in the residents is employed in the service of keeping the peace

fourth amendment- declares that people must be secure in their homes and in their persons against unreasonable searches and seizures

made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the state level. they got evidence from mapp illegally because it had nothing to do with what they were going after in their warrant

quarles was convicted of rape and when the officer saw there was no gun in his holster they asked where the gun was. he wanted the gun to be thrown out as evidence because he wasnt given his miranda right but they didnt need to give them to him because they were trying to stop further harm from occuring

all aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized into the police subculture. the characteristics often extend into personal lives

the court established the standard of "objective reasonableness" under which an officer's use of deadly force could be assessed in terms of "reasonableness at the moment"

a committee that investigated police corruption in NYC in the early 1970s.

to ensure a persons presence in court using monetary punishment if the person does not show up

substitute other items of value in place of cash

an alternative form of cash bond. places the court in the role of bail bondsman, allowing the defendant to post a percentage of the full bail with the court

a set of requirements on the defendant that might include participation in a drug treatment program

bail bond that assigns custody of the defendant to an individual or agency that promises to ensure his or her later appearance in court

based on a court determined dollar amount of bail. no bail up front but if person does not show up then has to put up money to the court