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- Physiopsych final exam flashcards
Physiopsych final exam flashcards
Psychology 313 with West at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
About this deck
By: Andrew Hoydich
Created: 2010-12-19
Size: 202 flashcards
Views: 398
Created: 2010-12-19
Size: 202 flashcards
Views: 398
About StudyBlue
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emotion
refers to positive or negative feelings that are produced by particular situations; is a behavior
3 components of emotional responses
1. behavioral
2. autonomic
3. hormonal
2. autonomic
3. hormonal
behavioral emotional response
consists of muscular movements that are appropriate to the situation that elicits them; ex. dog defending its territory growls, shows teeth, then attacks
Autonomic emotional response
facilitate the behaviors and provide quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement; ex. activity of sympathetic branch inc. while parasympathetic dec.; dog's heart rate inc. + blood moves from digestive organs towards muscles
Hormonal emotional response
reinforce the autonomic responses. the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla-epinephrine and norepinephrine- further increase blood flow to the muscles and cause nutrients stored in the muscles to be converted into glucose
amygdala
plays a special role in physio and behav reactions to objects and situations that have biological sig.: warn of pain or other unpleasant consequences or signify the presence of food, water, salt, potential mates or rivals or infants in need of care
three major regions of the amygdala
1. lateral nucleus
2. basal nucleus
3. central nucleus
2. basal nucleus
3. central nucleus
Lateral nucleus
receives info from all regions of the neocortex. also sends info to the basal nucleus and to other parts of the brain including the ventral striatum and the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
regions of the neocortex the lateral nucleus receives information from
-ventromedial prefrontal cortex
-thalamus
-hippocampal formation
-thalamus
-hippocampal formation
ventral striatum
region involved in the effects of reinforcing stimuli on learning
lateral and basal nuclei
send info to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the central nucleus
central nucleus (cn)
region that receives info from the basal, lateral, and accessory basal nuclei and sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain; involved in emotional responses
when the CN in an animal they no longer show...
signs of fear; they act very tamely, blood levels of stress hormones are lower, and less likely to develop ulcers and other stress-induced illnesses
conditioned emotional response
a classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus; fears can be learned
freezing
animals act as if they were expecting to receive a shock
the physical changes responsible for classical conditioning take place in the...
lateral nucleus of the amygdala
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
plays an important role in controlling the expression of emotional responses; involved in the process of extinction
extinction
not forgetting; the animal learns that the CS is no longer followed by an aversive stimulus, and as a result of this learning, the expression of the CR is inhibited; the memory for the association between the CS and the aversive stimulus is not erased
most human fears are acquired _____, not through firsthand experience with painful stimuli
socially
damage to the amygdala interferes with the effects of...
emotions on memory
lesions of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala...
disrupt acquisition of conditional emotional responses that involve a simple auditory stimulus as a CS and a shock to the feet as a US; the two types of info converge in the LN
learning
refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior; we refer to these changes as memories
four basic forms of learning
1. perceptual
2. stimulus-response
3. motor
4. relational
2. stimulus-response
3. motor
4. relational
perceptual learning
the ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before
perceptual learning appears to be accomplished primarily by changes in the ______ ___________ ________
sensory association cortex
stimulus-response learning
ability to learn to perform a particular behavior when a particular stimulus is present; two categories of S-R learning: classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
form of learning in which an unimportant stimulus acquires the properties of an important one; involves an association between two stimuli
Hebb rule
if a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires, changes will take place in the structure or chemistry of the synapse that will strengthen it; "cells that fire together wire together"
instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning)
a learning procedure whereby the effects to a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of behavior; involves an an association between a response and a stimulus
reinforcing stimuli
an appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior more frequent; ex. a response that enables a hungry organism to find food
punishing stimuli
an aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent; ex. a response that causes pain
motor learning
learning to make a new response; guided by sensory stimuli, form of S-R learning
relational learning
learning the relationships among individual stimuli; includes the ability to learn through the combination of spatial and episodic learning
spatial learning
perception of spatial location; involves learning about the relationships among many stimuli
episodic learning
remembering sequences of events (episodes) that we witness- requires us to keep track of an remember not only individual events but also the order in which they occur
synaptic plasticity
changes in the structure of biochemistry of synapses that alter their effects of postsynaptic neurons
long-term potential (lpt)
a long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input
hippocampal formation
forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (ammon's horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum
long-term potentiation procedure (can happen in many places in the brain)
ex. entorhinal cortex receives information from neocortex - axons of EC in perforant path form synapses w/ dentate gyrus - stimulating electrode is placed in PP and recording electrode in dentate gyrus
associative long-term potentiation
a LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones; pg 448 figure 13.10
NMDA receptor
specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor found in the hippocampal formation that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in LTP; NT and voltage dependent ion channel
AP5
a drug that blocks NMDA receptors prevents Ca ions from entering the dendritic spines and thus blocks the establishment of LTP
dendritic spike
action potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells; threshold is rather high
AMPA receptor
an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when open it produces EPSP's
CaM-KII
type II calcium- calmodulin kinases, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium: may play a role in the establishment of LTP
-found in dendritic spines
-inactive until a calcium ion binds with it and activates it
-found in dendritic spines
-inactive until a calcium ion binds with it and activates it
2 major pathways between sensory association cortex and motor association cortex
1. direct transcortical connections
2. connections via the basal ganglia and thalamus
2. connections via the basal ganglia and thalamus
transcortical connections
connections from one area of the cerebral cortex to another; involved in the acquisition of episodic memories and acquisition of complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction
ventral tegmental area
a group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays a critical role in reinforcement
nucleus accumbens
a nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum; receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the ventral tegmental area and is thought to be involved in reinforcement and attention
microdialysis
enables an investigator to analyze contents of the interstitial fluid within a specific region of the brain
two functions of the reinforcement system
1. detect the presence of a reinforcing stimulus
2. strengthen the connections between the neurons that detect the discriminative stimulus and the neurons that produce the instrumental response
2. strengthen the connections between the neurons that detect the discriminative stimulus and the neurons that produce the instrumental response
reinforcement occurs when...
neural circuits detect a reinforcing stimulus and cause the activation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area
3 elements involved in instrumental conditioning:
1. discriminative stimulus (sight of lever)
2. a response (pressing the lever)
3. and a reinforcing stimulus (food, secretion of dopamine)
2. a response (pressing the lever)
3. and a reinforcing stimulus (food, secretion of dopamine)
several studies show that ___ is essential for IC (instrumental conditioning)
LTP
several studies show that ___ is an essential ingredient in long-lasting LTP
dopamine
___ found that the presence of __ and the activation of __ receptors in the nucleus accumbens both appear to be necessary for IC to take place
Smith-Roe and Kelley; presence of dopamine and the activation of NMDA receptors
anterograde amnesia
-difficulty in learning new info
-inability to remember events that happen after the damage occurs
-produced by hippocampal lesions
-all other forms of learning are intact
-inability to remember events that happen after the damage occurs
-produced by hippocampal lesions
-all other forms of learning are intact
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember events that happened before the brain damage
declarative (explicit) memory
memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person's past; "explicitly available to conscious recollection as facts, events, or specific stimuli"
nondeclarative (implicit) memory
memory whose formation doesn't depend on the hippocampal formation; collective term for perceptual, S-R, and motor memory
perirhinal cortex
region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation, along with the parahippocampal cortex, relays info between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain
parahippocampal cortex
a region of the limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the perirhinal cortex, relays info between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain
CA1 (Cornu Ammonis area 1)
area of the hippocampus that's sensitive to anoxia cuz it is rich in NMDA receptors; metabolic disturbances cause glutamatergic terminal buttons to release glutamate which stimulate NMDA receptors and allows excess intracellular Ca to destroy neurons
episodic memory
memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context
semantic memory
memory of facts and general info
semantic dementia
loss of semantic memories caused by progressive degeneration of the neocortex of the lateral temporal lobes
place cells
a neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; directly involved in the navigation of space
place cells are typically found in the...
hippocampal formation
spatial task activated the ____ and the response task activated the ____ ____
hippocampus; caudate nucleus (component of the basal ganglia)
the hippocampus appears to receive its spatial info from the ___ ___ by means of the ___ ___
parietal lobes by means of the entorhinal cortex
hippocampal formation plays a crucial role in consolidation of ___ ___
relational memories
addictive drugs have ___ effects
reinforcing
fast-acting route of drug application
ex. injection, inhalation; last response that is reinforced by the high; this form of reinforcement is powerful and immediate
what determines the effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus?
amount of time between the response and reinforcement, the less time the stronger the reinforcement
physio effect that is common between all natural reinforcers
cause the release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens
the process of addiction appears to begin...
in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and then produce long-term changes in other brain regions that receive input from these neurons
first brain region where long-term changes first happen due to addiction
ventral tegmental area
control of compulsive addictive behavior
established by interactions between the ventral and dorsal striatum that are mediated by dopaminergic connections between these regions and the VTA
negative reinforcement
the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a particular response, with an attendant increase in the frequency of that response
for negative reinforcement to occur the response must make the unpleasant stimulus ___
end (or at least decrease)
tolerance
decreased sensitivity to a drug that comes from its continued use
withdrawal symptoms are...
primarily the opposite of the effects of the drug itself
drug addiction involves...
a cycle of spiraling dysregulation of brain reward systems that progressively increases, resulting in the compulsive use and loss of control over drug-taking
dACC (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) plays a role in ___
craving
vmPFC (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) plays a role in ___
suppression
activation of the prefrontal cortex appears to be related to...
craving for normal reinforcers as well for addictive ones
common factor in schizophrenia and substance abuse disorders
abnormality of prefrontal cortex
stress that occurs early in life can have ____ effects
long-lasting
up to __% of all schizophrenics have a substance abuse disorder and __-__% are nicotine dependent
50; 70-90
mu and delta receptors are responsible for...
reinforcement and analgesia
positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is regularly follows by an ____ stimulus
appetitive
negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is regularly followed by the ___ or ___ of an ___ stimulus
reduction or termination of an aversive
for opiates a person must...to achieve a high
take increasing amounts
analgesia
the relief of pain
kappa receptors are responsible for ...
producing aversive effects
naloxone
a drug that blocks mu opiate receptors; antagonizes the reinforcing and sedative effects of opiates
pimozide
a drug that blocks dopamine receptors
antagonize-precipitated withdrawal
sudden withdrawal from long-term administration of a drug caused by cessation of the drug and administration of an antagonistic drug
a single dose of an opiate ___ the firing rate of neurons in the locus coeruleus, but chronic administration ___ firing rate
decreases; normalizes
stimulant drugs
cocaine and amphetamine; act as potent dopamine agonists
cocaine
binds w/ and deactivates the dopamine transporter proteins thus blocking the reuptake of dopamine after it is released by terminal buttons
amphetamine
stimulates the release of dopamine from terminal buttons and blocks reuptake of dopamine
nicotine
stimulates nicotine acetylcholine receptors, it also increases the activity of dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic system and causes dopamine to be released in the NAC (nucleus accumbens)
exposure to stress during prenatal or early postnatal life can result in ___ and ___
impaired functions of the hippocampus and increased size of the amygdala
reinforcing effect of nicotine appears to be caused by...
activation of nicotinic receptors in the VTA; also increases the activity of dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic system and causes dopamine to be released in the NAC
rimonabant
drug that blocks canabinoid CB1 receptors, reduces nicotine self-administration and nicotine-seeking behavior in rats
withdrawal symptoms of nicotine
anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, and inability to concentrate
part of the brain that has the highest association with cessation of smoking
insula
two primary sites of action for alcohol
1. indirect agonist at GABAs receptors
2. indirect antagonist at NMDA receptors
2. indirect antagonist at NMDA receptors
effects of low doses of alcohol
-produces mild euphoria
-anxiolytic effect (reduces discomfort of anxiety)
-anxiolytic effect (reduces discomfort of anxiety)
effects of alcohol at high doses
-incoordination
-sedation
-sedation
positive reinforcement of alcohol
mild euphoria
negative reinforcement
termination of an aversive stimulus (anxiety and discomfort)
bipolar disorder
serious mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression
major depressive disorder
serious mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that do not alternate with periods of mania
episodes of mania
characterized by a sense of euphoria that doesn't seem to be justified by circumstance, nonstop speech/motor activity, delusions (not as disorganized as schizophrenic delusions), and sleeplessness while working on projects that are often unrealistic
evidence indicates that a tendency to develop an affective disorder is a ___ characteristic
heritable
MDD treatments
-monoamine oxidase inhibitors
-drugs that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin or interfere w/ NMDA receptors
-electroconvulsive therapy
-transcranial magnetic stimulation
-more on page 573
-drugs that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin or interfere w/ NMDA receptors
-electroconvulsive therapy
-transcranial magnetic stimulation
-more on page 573
bipolar disorder treatment
lithium and an anticonvulsant drug
tricyclic antidepressants
a class of drugs used to treat depression; inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin but also affects other NT's
SSRI's (specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
an antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other NT's; ex. prozac, celexa, and paxil
SNRI's (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
an antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other NT's; ex. milnacipran, duloxetine, and venlafaxine
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a brief electrical shock, applied to the head, that results in an electrical seizure; used therapeutically to alleviate severe depression
treatment-resistant depression
major depressive disorder whose symptoms are not relieved after trials of several different treatments
subgenual anterior cingulated cortex (subgenual ACC)
a region of the medial prefrontal cortex located below the "knee" at the front of the corpus callosum; shows a lower level of activation in depressed patients
lithium
chemical element; lithium carbonate is used to treat bipolar disorder
monoamine hypothesis
states that depression is caused by low level of activity of one or more monoaminergic synapses
tryptophan depletion procedure
procedure involving a low tryptophan diet and a tryptophan-free amino acid "cocktail" that lowers brain tryptophan and consequently decreases the synthesis of 5-HT
tryptophan depletion caused most of the patients to ___. when the patients resumed a normal diet again, they ___.
relapse back into depression; recovered
amygdala is critically involved in the expression of ___ ___
negative emotions
most effective form of psychotherapy for depression?
CBT
stressful experiences ___ hippocampal neurogenesis, and antidepressant treatments ___ it
suppress, increase
phototherapy
treatment of seasonal affective disorder by daily exposure to bright light
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
a mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, and craving for carbs during the winter season when days are short
anxiety disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by tension, overactivity of the autonomic nervous system, expectation of impending disaster, and continuous vigilance for danger
panic disorder
a disorder characterized by episodic periods of symptoms such as shortness of breath, irregularities in heartbeat, and other autonomic symptoms, accompanied by intense fear
anticipatory anxiety
fear of having a panic attack; may lead to the development of agoraphobia
agoraphobia
fear of being away from home or other protected areas
generalized anxiety disorder
a disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry serious enough to cause disruption to one's life
social anxiety disorder
disorder characterized by excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of other people that leads to avoidance of social situations in which the person is called on to perform
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions
obsession
an unwanted thought or idea which a person is preoccupied
compulsion
the feeling that one is obliged to perform a behavior, even if one prefers not to do so; 4 categories of compulsions:
1. counting
2. checking
3. cleaning
4. avoidance
1. counting
2. checking
3. cleaning
4. avoidance
tourette's syndrome
a neurological disorder characterized by tics and involuntary vocalizations and sometimes by compulsive uttering of obscenities and repetition of the utterances of others
first choice of medical treatment for panic attacks is an ___
SSRI
causes of OCD
-heritability
-brain damage at birth
-encephalitis
-head injuries
-in particular damage to basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, and prefrontal cortex
-brain damage at birth
-encephalitis
-head injuries
-in particular damage to basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, and prefrontal cortex
people with OCD show increased activity in the...
-orbitofrontal cortex (decision-making)
-cingulate cortex (receives info and projects to entorhinal cortex)
-caudate nucleus (within basal ganglia)
-cingulate cortex (receives info and projects to entorhinal cortex)
-caudate nucleus (within basal ganglia)
stress
a general, imprecise term that can refer to either a stress response or to a situation that elicits a stress response
stress response
a physiological reaction caused by the perception of aversive or threatening situations
glucocorticoid
one of a group of hormones of the adrenal cortex that are important in the protein and carb metabolism, secreted especially in times of stress
corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); behavioral effects produced by an injection of CRH into the brain are similar to those produced by an aversive stimulus
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids; a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to CRH
PTSD
a psychological disorder caused by exposure to a situation of extreme danger and stress
symptoms of PTSD
recurrent dreams or recollections that interfere with social activities and cause the feeling of hopelessness
psychoneuroimmunology
a branch of neuroscience involved with interactions between environmental stimuli, the nervous system, and the immune system
antigen
a protein present on a microorganism that permits the immune system to recognize the microorganism as an invader
antibody
a protein produced by a cell of the immune system that recognizes antigens present on invading microorganisms
B-lymphocyte
a white blood cell that originates in the Bone marrow; part of the immune system
immunoglobulin
an antibody released by B-lymphocytes that bind with antigens and help destroying invading microorganisms
T-lymphocyte
a white blood cell that originates in the Thymus gland; part of the immune system
cytokine
-a category of chemicals released by certain white blood cells when they detect the presence of an invading microorganism
-causes other white blood cells to proliferate and mount an attack against the invader
-causes other white blood cells to proliferate and mount an attack against the invader
nonspecific responses of immune system
-the inflammatory response
-antiviral effect of interferon
-action of natural killer cells against viruses and cancer cells
-antiviral effect of interferon
-action of natural killer cells against viruses and cancer cells
specific responses of immune system
chemically mediated and cell mediated responses
chemically mediated immune response
carried out by B-lymphocytes which release antibodies that bind with the antigens on microorganisms and kill them directly or target them for attack by other white blood cells
cell mediated immune response
carried out by T-lymphocytes whose antibodies remain attached to their membranes
entorhinal cortex
part of the hippocampal formation; main interface between the neocortex and hippocampus; the major source of input for the hippocampal formation
a rapid rate of stimulation causes EPSP's to ___, because...
summate, because each successive EPSP occurs before the previous one has dissipated
LTP requires two events:
-the activation of synapses
-depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
-depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
dendritic spines on CA1 pyramidal cells contain two types of glutamate receptors:
1. NMDAR's
2. AMPAR's
2. AMPAR's
strengthening of an individual synapse is accomplished by...
the insertion of additional AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane of the dendritic spine; the more AMPAR's present, the release of glutamate by the terminal button causes a larger EPSP
where do additional AMPAR's come from?
AMPAR's clustered at the base of the dendritic spine move to the tips, the location of the postsynaptic membrane
postsynaptic density
band inside the postsynaptic membrane that contains various proteins such as:
-receptors
-enzymes
-messenger proteins
-scaffolding proteins
-receptors
-enzymes
-messenger proteins
-scaffolding proteins
dentate gyrus
part of the hippocampal formation; receives inputs from the entorhinal cortex and projects to the CA3 of the hippocampus
as learned behaviors become automatic and routine, they are "transferred" to the ____
basal ganglia
basal ganglia and their connections
neostriatum (caudate nucleus + putamen) receives info from the cerebral cortex and frontal lobes - send info to globus pallidus (part of BG) - info is sent to premotor + supplementary motor cortex (planning) - then primary motor cortex (execution)
the reinforcement system seems to be activated by ___ reinforcing stimuli
unexpected
in Knecht et al.'s artificial vocabulary study, the group who learned faster was given...
L-DOPA 90 minutes before each session; L-DOPA increases the release of dopamine in the brain
korsakoff's syndrome
permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition
consolidation
the process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories
patients with anterograde amnesia are capable of _ of 4 types of learning
3; perceptual, stimulus response, and motor
brain regions responsible for the acquisition of nondeclarative memories
-sensory regions of cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia
-basal ganglia
damage to the...causes anterograde amnesia
hippocampus or to regions of the brain that supply its inputs and receive its outputs
three regions that constitute the limbic system of the medial temporal lobe:
1. entorhinal cortex
2. perirhinal cortex
3. parahippocampal cortex
2. perirhinal cortex
3. parahippocampal cortex
incentive salience
the stimuli associated with the drug taking become exciting and motivating - a provocation to act
for punishment to occur, the response must...
make the unpleasant stimulus occur
dual effect of nicotine on nicotinic receptors:
activation and then desensitization
apoptosis
programmed cell death; is induced by alcohol consumption
MAO
enzyme that destroys excess monoamine transmitter substances within terminal buttons; inhibition increases the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
adverse side effects of lithium
hand tremors / weight gain / excessive urine production / thirst
activity of the amygdala in depressed patients is ___
increased
activity of the subgenual ACC in depressed patients is ___
decreased
people with one or two short alleles show...when they look at photographs of faces expressing fear and anger
greater activation of the amygdala
the probability of major depression and suicidality ___ w/ the number of stressful life events people experience. the inc. is greater for people w/...
increased; one or two copies of the short alleles for the 5-HT (serotonin) transporter promoter
preparation for ECT
-anesthetized and is given drug to paralyze muscles
-electrodes are placed on the patient's scalp
-a jolt of electricity induces seizure
-electrodes are placed on the patient's scalp
-a jolt of electricity induces seizure
sleep of people with depression
shallow; slow-wave delta sleep (stages 3 and 4) is reduced, and stage 1 is increased; sleep is fragmented; REM occurs more in first half of night
two types of sleep deprivation
-selective
-total
-total
selective sleep deprivation
accomplished by monitoring patients' EEG and awakening them whenever they enter REM sleep; suggests relationship between REM sleep and mood
total sleep deprivation
produces immediate effects but depression returns the next day after a normal night's sleep
zeitgeber
synchronizes the activity of the biological clock to the day-night cycle
levels of anxiety in patients with one or two short alleles were ___ than in patients with two long alleles
higher
females are (more/less) commonly diagnosed with panic disorders than men
more
patients with anxiety disorders given an SSRI suffered (more/less) panic attacks per week
less; suggests that serotonin lays a role in anxiety disorders
About this deck
By: Andrew Hoydich
Created: 2010-12-19
Size: 202 flashcards
Views: 398
Created: 2010-12-19
Size: 202 flashcards
Views: 398
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis