Final Exam
Anthropology 101 with Cachel at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
About this deck
By: jake kostman
Created: 2010-12-04
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 341
Created: 2010-12-04
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 341
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Physical anthropology
a multidisciplinary science that draws from anatomy, biology, genetics, geology, paleontology, ecology, and archaeology (and other fields) to answer questions about human evolution.
Primate taxonomy
a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin
(figure 6.7, know the whole thing)
know it bitch
Primate mating systems & social behavior
The study of evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural section. Behaviors/patterns have been selected for because they increase the reproductive fitness of individuals in specific environmental contexts.
Aggressive/affiliative behavior
promote group cohesion and aggressive behaviors, which can lead to group disruption. Conflict w/ in a group frequently develops out of competition for a resources, including mating mating partners and food items
Life History Traits
Characteristics and developmental stages that influence rates of reproduction. Longevity. Age at Sexual Maturity. Length of Time Between Births.
Dominance
the state that exists when one person or primate has power over anothe
Reproductive Strategies
The complex behavioral patterns that contribute to individuals reproductive success. The behaviors need not be deliberate, they often vary considerably between male and female.
Language origins
The origin of language, known in linguistics as glottogony, a technical term formed from the Greek roots of the same meaning, refers to the acquisition of the ability to use language by an earlier stage in the evolution of mankind
Brain anatomy & language
The development of the brain, specifically Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area played a key role in language
Broca’s area
a region of the brain with functions linked to speech production.
Wernicke’s area
is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked since the late nineteenth century to speech. It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language
ischial callosities what/where they are, why they have them)
Bare, tough, nerveless pads attached to the hip (ischia) bones of the pelvis that make sitting on small branches easier
Basal metabolic rate
the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state
Symaptry
living in the same area. pertaining to two or more species whose habitats partly or largely overlap
Matriline
a line of descent from an ancestress to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers
primate locomotion
Primates usually are quadrupedal, but hominid ancestors were bipedal
primate tool behavior
Primates are the first species to design and use tools.
primate origins
Australopithecus garhi. • Recently discovered 2.5 m.y.a. hominid as a site in Ethiopia.
Behavioral Ecology
The study of evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural section. Behaviors/patterns have been selected for because they increase the reproductive fitness of individuals in specific environmental contexts.
Proconsul
Proconsul was an early genus of primates that existed from 23 to 17 million years ago during the Miocene epoch, first in Kenya, and restricted to Africa. Four species have been classified to date ranging in size from 22-84 lbs (10–40 kg). They inhabited rainforests.
Sexual Selection/Sexual Dimorphism
Sexual selection is the theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition. Dimorphism is a physical difference between male and female individuals
Aegyptopithecus
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis means “linking Egyptian ape”. It was discovered by E. Simons in 1965. There is controversy over whether or not Aegyptopithecus should be a genus on its own or whether it should be moved into the genus Propliopithecus
Paleoecology
the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology
Analogy/Homology
Analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. Homology is a type of analogy whereby two human beliefs, practices or artifacts are separated by time but share similarities due to genetic or historical connections
Adapis
an extinct genus of Adapidae primate belonging to the Adapinae subfamily The genus was named by Cuvier in 1822 and contains up to three species
Stem group
A crown group is the smallest monophyletic group, or "clade", to contain the last common ancestor of all members, and all of that ancestor's descendants
Time line for primate origins
Know if Bitch.
Euprimates
a member of the biological order Primates
Adapoids (Adapis)
Adapids (members of the taxon Adapidae) are a diverse group of extinct primates that primarily radiated during the Eocene epoch between about 55 and 34 million years ago.
Omomyoids (Rooneiya, Necrolemur, etc).
are a diverse group of extinct primates that radiated during the Eocene epoch (34 to 59 mya) between about 55 and 34 million years ago (mya). Fossils of omomyids are found in North America, Europe, Asia, and possibly Africa.
Y-5 vs. bipholodont
Bipholodont molars have two sets of transverse ridges.
Lemuriform vs. Anthropoid
Anthropoids have fused mandible, fused frontal, postorbital septum, no grooming claw, relatively large brain size.
New World vs. Old World
New World monkeys differ slightly from Old World monkeys in several aspects. The most prominent phenotype distinction is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The scientific name for the New World monkeys,Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed".
New World monkey origins
About 40 million years ago the Simiiformes infraorder split into parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys—in South America) and Catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys—in Africa). The Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have migrated across the Atlantic Ocean to South America on a raft of vegetation.
Old World monkey vs. ape
From the point of view of superficial appearance, Old World monkeys are unlike apes in that most have tails.
Ape vs. human skeletal
Look at chart
Culture/Tradition
fuck you, you know this
Behavioral Plasticity
an organism's ability to vary its behavior in response to environmental changes
Home Range
Total area exploited by an animal or social group, usually for a given year or the entire lifetime of the animal
Communication
Any act of that conveys inf in the form of a message to another individual. may be involuntary or a secondary consequence of intentional action
Biocultural evolution
an evolutionary process that is the result of culture's interaction with biology throughout human evolutionary history
Encephalization
The amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass. Quantifying an animal's encephalization has been argued to be directly related to that animal's level of intelligence
Osteodontokeratic Culture
a theoretical construct of the anthropologist, Raymond Dart. He proposed that certain jagged animal bones and horns found at the Makepansgat hominidsite represent pre-lithic artifacts with which Australopithecus murdered and cannibalized his fellow Australopithecines
Oldowan Industry
an anthropological designation for an industrial complex of stone tools used by prehistoric hominins of the Lower Paleolithic. The Oldowan is the first known tool complex in prehistory, including the simplest known flaked tools.
Core/Flake
Stone reduced by flake removal, a core may or may not be used as a tool itself.
Acheulean Industry
the name given to an archaeological industry of stone tool manufacture associated with prehistoric hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic era across Africa and much of West Asia and Europe. Acheulean tools are typically found with Homo erectus remains.
Bipedalism (origin of, theories, table 10.2)
the bodily attribute of being bipedal; having two feet. Look at Table
Mosaic Evolution
A pattern of evolution in which the rates of evolution in one functional system vary from those in other systems.
Taphonomy
The study of how bones and other materials came to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils. Taphonomists study the processes of sedimentation, the action of streams, preservation properties of bone, and carnivore disturbance factors.
Geological periods (know the geological time scale)
Check em out
Litho-/Bio/Magnetostratigraphy
Magnetostratigraphy is a chronostratigraphic technique used to date sedimentary and volcanic sequences. The method works by collecting oriented samples at measured intervals throughout the section.
Chronometric Dating (K/Ar, Ar/Ar, Carbon dating, Thermoluminescence, ESR)
Dating which provides an estimate of actual age.
Dental formula (how it works, what it is for early mammals and Anthropoid primates)
Know it
Glaciation
the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses of ice; the result of glacial action.
Human skeleton (figures A1 and A4)
See it.
Site: Olduvai
Louis Leaky discover Homo Erectus.
Site: Laetoli
Near Hadar discovered Afarensis.
Site: Swartkrans
Homind site prolific of all South African Pilo-Pleistroscene locals
Site: Dmanisi
Location for the earliest hominids
Site: Modjokerto
In Indonesia, in eastern Java. Thighbones found that showed man walked fully erect
Site: Boxgrove
contains the largest area of preserved paeolithic landsurface in Europe.
Site: Steinheim
Germany, nearly complete skull found lacking mandible of Homo heidelbergensis.
Site: Terra Amata
France - most detailed reconstruction of Middle Pleistocene life in Europe Hominid groupds
Site: East Turkana/Koobi Fora
Richard Leakey - Pilo Plestocene hominid
Site:Hadar
Where afarensis Lucy skeleton was found
Site: Taung
1st clue to East African fossils by Dart
Site: Sangiran
1.6 million year old at least 5 individuals found
Site: Zhoukoudian
he first Homo erectus (Pithecanthropus erectus) skull cap was found.
Site: Kabwe (Broken Hill)
H. heidelbergensis nearly complete cranium was found
Site: Bilzingsleben
There are limestone casts of leaves, trees, and humans that they found
Site: Schoningen
four ancient wooden spears found
Site: West Turkana
Leakey found Nariokotome site
Site: Sterkfontein
Fossil evidence of early hominid foot structure as well as important new fossils
Site: Nariokotome
Most complete skeleton of homo erectus
Site: Trinil
Found many homo erectus
Site: Atapuerca
finding place of fossils and stone tools of the earliest known hominids in Europe
Site: Swanscombe
Found heidelbergensis in England
Site: Fayum, Egypt
found a nearly 5000-year-old tomb
Proconsul - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Proconsul was an early genus of primates that existed from 23 to 17 million years ago during the Miocene epoch, first in Kenya, and restricted to Africa. Four species have been classified to date ranging in size from 22-84 lbs (10–40 kg). They inhabited rainforests
Pliopithecus - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Pliopithecus is a genus of extinct primates of the Miocene and Pliocene. It was discovered in 1837 by E. Lartet (1801–1871) in France, with fossils subsequently discovered in Switzerland.
Aegyptopithecus - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
extinct primate of about 38 million years ago; fossils found in Egypt
Dryopithecus - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Dryopithecus was a genus of apes that is known from Eastern Africa into Eurasia. It lived during the Upper Miocene period, from 12 to 9 million years ago, and probably includes the common ancestor of the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) and the great apes
Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is a name of a fossil that is dated to about . Its exact position--if the fossil can be regarded as part of the hominidae tree--is not made clear but there are arguments supporting and denying its place in the hominid tree
Australopithecus anamensis - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
ustralopithecus anamensis (or Praeanthropus anamensis) is a stem-human species that lived approximately four million years ago. Nearly one hundred fossil specimens are known from Kenya and Ethiopia , representing over 20 individuals.
Australopithecus/Paranthropus boisei - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
The East African robust hominid, dated from 2.2 to 1 mya. It had large features associated with chewing, although less pronounced than in P. aethiopicus. The first specimen was "Zinjanthropus." Sometimes included in genus Australopithecus.
Australopithecus garhi - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Australopithecus garhi is a gracile australopithecine species whose fossils were discovered in 1996 by a research team led by Ethiopian paleontologist Berhane Asfaw and Tim White, an American paleontologist. Asfaw B, White T, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G.
Homo erectus - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Homo erectus is an extinct species of hominid that originated in Africa—and spread as far as China and Java—from the end of the Pliocene epoch to the later Pleistocene, about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago
Orrorin tugenensis - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Orrorin tugenensis is considered to be the second-oldest known hominin ancestor that is possibly related to modern humans, and it is the only species classified in genus Orrorin. The name was given by the discoverers who found Orrorin fossils in the Tugen Hills of Kenya.
Australopithecus afarensis - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid which lived between 3.8 and 2.9 million years ago. A. afarensis was slenderly built, like the younger Australopithecus africanus. I
Australopithecus/Paranthropus robustus - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
The southern African robust hominid, dated from 2.2 to 1.5 mya. It was marked by robust chewing features, although they were less robust than in either P. aethiopicus or P. boisei.
Homo habilis - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
a species of the genus Homo, which lived from approximately at the beginning of the Pleistocene period. The discovery and description of this species is credited to both Mary and Louis Leakey, who found fossils in Tanzania, East Africa, between 1962 and 1964
Ardipithecus ramidus - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
rdipithecus is a very early hominin genus. Two species are described in the literature: A. ramidus, which lived about 4.4 million years ago during the early Pliocene, and A. kadabba, dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago (late Miocene).
Australopithecus africanus - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Australopithecus africanus was an early hominid, an australopithecine, who lived between 2–3 million years ago in the Pliocene. In common with the older Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus was slenderly built, or gracile, and was thought to have been a direct ancestor of modern humans
Homo rudolfensis - Species (know the anatomy, time range, geographic association, & evolutionary significance of the follwing taxa)
Homo rudolfensis is a fossil hominin species discovered by Bernard Ngeneo, a member of a team led by anthropologist Richard Leakey and zoologist Meave Leakey in 1972, at Koobi Fora on the east side of Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in Kenya.
Person - Dart
Australian born anatomist in South Africa in 1923, found Australopithecus africanus in Taung
Person - Black
Anatomist whom was given the H. erectus to look at and concluded belonged to early hominid.
Person - Johanson
Found the Lucy skeleton
Person - Broom
supported Dart, Scottish physician, part paleontologitst - found austrolopithecien endocast
Person - Weidenreich
distinguished anatomist that followed Black's work at Zhoukoudian, sent bones to America but they were lost.
Person - Tobias
Paleoanthropoliogists who analyzed remains also suggest that the large toe was divergent unlike the hominid pattern
Person - CK Brain
born in Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe) in 1931, is an eminent South African paleontologist who has studied and taught Africancave taphonomy for more than fifty years.
Person - Clarke
Paleoanthropoliogists who analyzed remains also suggest that the large toe was divergent
Person - The Leakeys
Mary and Louis Keakey reconstructed type specimen of Australopithecus
Person - Dubois
Dutch anatomist that connected two findings to being that of H. erectus
Person - Isaac
Talked about restricted areas and about multipurpose localities
Person - White
Suggests Bipedialism of skeleton found in Aramis.
About this deck
By: jake kostman
Created: 2010-12-04
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 341
Created: 2010-12-04
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 341
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy