Chemistry 120-Final Study Guide
Chemistry 120 with Barnes at University of Tennessee - Knoxville
About this deck
By: Sophie @Studyblue
Textbook:
Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)
Chemistry: The Central Science: AP Edition
Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)
Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 805
Textbook:
Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)Chemistry: The Central Science: AP Edition
Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 805
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy
Sign up (free) to study this.
Cl-
SOLUBLE except Ag+ Hg2^2+ Pb^2+ Cu+ and Ti+
CH3CO2-
SOLUBLE
NO3-
SOLUBLE
ClO3-
SOLUBLE
ClO4-
SOLUBLE
MnO4-
SOLUBLE
NH4+
SOLUBLE
SO4^2-
SOLUBLE except Ba^2+ Sr^2+ Pb^2+ and Hg^2+
HCO3-
SOLUBLE with group 1a and 2a
CO3^2-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
PO4^3-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
BO3^3-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
AsO4^3-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
AsO3^3-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
CN-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
(Fe(CN)6)^3-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
(Fe(CN)6)^3-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
C2O4^2-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
So3^2-
INSOLUBLE
except Nh4+ and group 1a
except Nh4+ and group 1a
OH-
INSOLUBLE
except group1a Ba^2+ Sr^2+ and Ca(OH)2
except group1a Ba^2+ Sr^2+ and Ca(OH)2
CrO4^2-
INSOLUBLE
except group 1a NH4+ Ca^2+ Cu^2+ Mg^2+
except group 1a NH4+ Ca^2+ Cu^2+ Mg^2+
SiO3^2-
INSOLUBLE
except group 1a
except group 1a
Percent Yield
Actual/Theoretical *100%
Cool/Hot Flame
COOL: air closed, bright yellow, no cones
HOT: air opened, blue with inner cones
HOT: air opened, blue with inner cones
Combustion Reaction
A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat.
something+O2---> something +heat
something+O2---> something +heat
Activity Series
List of metals in order of easily oxidized they are.
first five (most reactive with water to produce hydroxide and hydrogen gas (OH- and H2))
lithium
first five (most reactive with water to produce hydroxide and hydrogen gas (OH- and H2))
lithium
potassium
strontium
calcium
sodium
STP
This is T = 0 deg Celcius (273.15 K)
and P = 1.0 atm
At STP 1 mole of any ideal gas has a volume of 22.4 L.
and P = 1.0 atm
At STP 1 mole of any ideal gas has a volume of 22.4 L.
Ideal Gas Laws
PV=nRT
Boyle's Law
Boyle's law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas,
Charle's law
At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature on the absolute temperature scale (i.e. the gas expands as the temperature increases)
Moles-->Atoms/Molecules
Grams of substance / molar mass =moles of substance x Avo.# = #atoms or molecules
#atoms or molecules/Avo. # = moles of substance x molar mass = grams of substance
Formula for Epsom salt
MgSO4 *7H2O transparent
alt. MgSO4 * 6H2O dull/white
alt. MgSO4 * 6H2O dull/white
Formula for Asprin
C9H8O4
electronegativity
diagonally up to the right
the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond
the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond
Ionization
diagonally up to the right
Ionization is the physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions
Ionization is the physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions
Periodic Groups (left --> right)
Alkali Alkaline Transition metaloids Chalcogens Halogens noble gases
Specific Heat
the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade
Limiting Reagents
Suppose 2.00g of NaCl reacts with 5.00g of AgNO3 to form NaNO3 and AgCl. First we must write the balanced equation,
2.00 grams of NaCl ÷ 58.4425 grams/mole = 0.03422 moles NaCl
5.00 grams of AgNO3 ÷ 169.987 grams/mole = 0.02944 moles AgNO3
2.00 grams of NaCl ÷ 58.4425 grams/mole = 0.03422 moles NaCl
5.00 grams of AgNO3 ÷ 169.987 grams/mole = 0.02944 moles AgNO3
copper cycle
Cu+4HNO3-à Cu(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2O
Cu(NO3)2+2NaOHàCu(OH)2+2NaNO3
Cu(OH)2+H2SO4àCuSO4+2H2O
CuSO4+ZNàZnSO4+CU
Zn+2HClàZnCl2+H2
Hydrolysis of Acetic Anhydride
C6H6O3 + H2O---> 2CH3CO2H
water is added to decompose excess acetic anhydride
water is added to decompose excess acetic anhydride
Aspirin Color changes
FeCl3 turns dark purple if aspirin is contaminated with salicylic acid
KI-I2 detects starch w/blue-black color. (starch hastens the disintegration in the stomach)
KI-I2 detects starch w/blue-black color. (starch hastens the disintegration in the stomach)
Halides
anions with no color
Cl-
Br-
Cl-
Br-
Halogens
molecules that have color
Phenolphthalein
acid-base indicator that turns pink in a basic solution
Magnesium Ribbons
react at higher temperatures with nitrogen in the air to form magenesium nitride:
3Mg(s) + N2(g) --> Mg3N2(s)
3Mg(s) + N2(g) --> Mg3N2(s)
Vinegar
4-5% acetic acid CH3COOH titration determines this mass to the phenolphthalein endpoint with a measured volume of sodium hydroxide
Alum
hydrated double sulfate salt with the general formula:
M+M^3+ +(SO4)2*12H2O
M is a univalent cation...Na+ K+ ect
M3 is trivalent...Al^3+ Fe^3+
M+M^3+ +(SO4)2*12H2O
M is a univalent cation...Na+ K+ ect
M3 is trivalent...Al^3+ Fe^3+
KAl(SO4)2*12H2O
Potassium alum prepared from an aluminum can and potassium hydroxide. gives of hydrogen gas.
Aspirin synthesis
prepared by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride.
aspirin hydrolyzes forming salicylate and acetate ions.
aspirin is both an organic ester and an organic acid.
aspirin hydrolyzes forming salicylate and acetate ions.
aspirin is both an organic ester and an organic acid.
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
elemental composition of a pure substance never varies
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
the total mass of substances present at the end of a chemical process is the same as the mass of substances present before the process took place
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
if two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound the masses of B that can combine with a given mass of A are in the ratio of a small whole number
what are the types of subatomic particles
electron, proton, neutron
protons and neutrons have the same ____
mass
all atoms of the same element have the same number
protons
mass number equals
number of protons plus number of neutrons
atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are
isotopes
atomic and molecular masses can be measured accurately with
a mass spectrometer
1 amu =
1.66054X10^-24 g
average atomic mass=
atomic weight
empirical formula
lowest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
molecular formulas
give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound
structural formula
show the order in which atoms are bonded
when atoms lose or gain electrons they become
ions
ions that are positive and are formed by metals
cations
ions that are negative and are formed by non metals
anions
when two oxyanions involving the same element occur the one with the fewer oxygen ends in
-ite
when two oxyanions involving the same element occur the one with the more oxygens ends in
-ate
for chlorine, the one with the fest oxygens begins with ___ and ends with ___
hypo- and -ite
with chlorine, the one that has the most oxygens begins with ___ and ends in ___
per- and -ate
HCl name
Hydrochloric acid
HBr name
hydrobromic acid
HI name
hydroiodic acid
H2S name
hydrosulfuric acid
HCN name
hydrocyanic acid
H2SO4 name
sulfuric acid
HNO3 name
nitric acid
HClO4 name
perchloric acid
H2CO3 name
carbonic acid
H3PO4 name
phosphoric acid
CH3COOH name
acetic acid
if anion ends in -ide how do you name the acid?
add the prefix hydro- and the ending -ic
if the anion ends in -ate how do you name the acid?
change the ending to -ic acid
if the anions ends in -ite how do you name the acid?
change the ending to -ous acid
what are calculations based on chemical formulas and chemical equations
stoichiometry
atoms are neither ____ or ____during any chemical reaction
created; destroyed
short hand description of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas to rep the elements/compounds involved
chemical equation
what are the types of reactions?
combination, decompostion, combustion, redox, single replacement, double replacement
AB+C-->A+BC
single replacement reaction
AB+BC--> AC+BD
double replacement reaction
acid+base--> salt +water
redox reaction
hydrocarbon+ oxygen gas---> CO2(g) +H2O (g)
combustion reaction
the sum of the atomic weight for the atoms in a chemical formula
formula weight
percent composition =
(number of atoms times number of weight) divided by the formula weight times 100
what's avagadro's number?
6.022 x10^-23
molar mass =
the mass of one mole of a substance
what is a limiting reactant?
the reactant present in the smallest stoichiometric amount; or the reactant you'll run out of first
theoretical yield
maximum amount of product that can be made
actual yield
amount one actually produces and measures
percent yield
actual yield divided by theoretical yield times 100
who independently came to grouping the elements?
meyer and mendeleev
effective nuclear charge
the net electric field as if it results from a single positive charge located at the nucleus
bonding atomic radius
one half the distance between covalently bonded nuclei
bonding atomic radius increases on the periodic table
from top to bottom of a column
bonding atomic radius decreases
from left to right across a row
true of false? Cations are smaller than their parent atoms
true
are anions smaller or larger than their parent atoms
larger
ion sizes increase how on the periodic table?
as you go down a column
isoelectronic series
ions that have the same number of electrons
ionic size decreases with what?
increasing nuclear charge
ionization energy
amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom or ion
T/F : it requires less energy to remove each successive electron
false
quantum leap
when all valence electrons have been removed the ionization energy take a quantum leap
for first ionization energies, it decreases how on a periodic table?
from top to bottom
for first ionization energies, it increases how on a periodic table?
from left to right with some exceptions
discontinuities in first ionization energies occurs where?
between group 2A and 3A; and between 5A and 6A
electron affinity
energy change accompanying the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom
electron affinity becomes more exothermic going ___ to ___ on the periodic table
left to right across a row
discontinuities in electron affinity occurs..
between group 1A and 2A; and between 4A and 5A
metal characteristics
have a shiny luster, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, tend to form cations in aqueous solutions, usually are basic
nonmetal characteristics
do not have a luster, usually brittle, can be soft or hard, poor conductors of heat and electricity, usually are acidic, tend to form anions or oxyanions in aqueous solution
metalloid
have characteristics of metals and nonmetals; can be shiny but be a poor conductor
alkali metals have low..
densities, melting points, and ionization energies
alkali metals react with oxygen to form:
oxides, peroxides, or superoxides
trigonal planar- bond angles? electron domains?
3 electron domains and 120° bond angles
electronegativity trend increase how on a periodic table?
to the right and up
tend to form cations and are ionic solids that are basic
metals
effective nuclear charge`
Z-S=effective nuclear charge=outer electrons
trigonal bipyramidal-bond angles?hybrid orbitals?
90° and 120° ; 5sp3d
tetrahedral-bond angles? electron domains?
4 electron domains; 109.5° bond angles
mishaps for ionization occurs between which groups
2 and 3; 5 and 6
ionization energy
energy required to remove an electron from the ground to gas/excited state
trig bypyramidal-bond angles? electron domains?
90° and 120°; 5 electron domains
ionization energy trends increase on a periodic table
up and to the right
octahedral- bond angles? electron domains?
90° angles; 6 electron domains
About this deck
By: Sophie @Studyblue
Textbook: Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)
Chemistry: The Central Science: AP Edition
Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)
Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 805
Textbook:
Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)Chemistry: The Central Science: AP Edition
Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry: The Central Science (11th Edition)Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 805
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy