Geology 101-Final Study Guide

Geology 101 with Atwood at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

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By: Sophie @Studyblue
Created: 2011-04-24
Size: 115 flashcards
Views: 543

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Mineral

a naturally occurring crystalline solid, inorganic, with a specific chemical composition

Rock

a naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals

minerals

quartz and calcite

Non-minerals

obsidian, opal, and steel

Atoms

- the smallest unit of matter that combine in chemical reactions

- about 1 angstrom in diameter

Subatomic Particles

- the nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom

- protons have a positive (+) charge

- neutrons have no charge

- electrons have a negative (-) charge and surround the nucleus in an "electron cloud"

Fundamental Stratigraphic Principle

Oldest rocks are on the bottom

Anticline

Oldest is in the core

Syncline

Youngest is in the core

What must faults have?

Foliation

Faults

Where rocks have been permanently displaced

Reverse Faults are a result of

Compression

Right-lateral Faults

Dextral

Left-lateral Faults

Sinistral

Two Types of Strike Slip Faults

Left-lateral and right-lateral

In Unconformities you can see

Erosion

In Disconformities you can't see

Erosion

Strike

Direction of maximum inclination with respect to the north

Foliated Texture

Parallel orientation

Non-foliated texture

Un-parallel orientation

3 Rock Cleavage

Slaty
gneissic
relict

Slaty Cleavage/Schisty

Parallel Orientation/thin sheets
Slate
Phyllite
Schist

Gneissic Texture

Alteration of light colored and dark colored bands
Gneiss

Relict Texture

Outlines are still visible from bedding

Non-foliated Texture

Marble
Quartzite

Phyllite

Metamorphosed Muscovite

Detrital

Physical breakdown of pre-existing rocks

Non-detrital

Changed by chemical processes
Pre-existing life

Who resists alteration the most?

Quartz
Muscovite

Diagenesis

Physical/chemical processes

Lithified=

cemented

Bedding=

Layer-by-layer

Cross bedding=

Not parallel; sloping

Gradual bedding=

Coarser rocks at the bottom

3 Non-detrial rocks

Coal
Coquina
Limestone

Breccia

Angular pebbles

Conglomerate

rounded pebbles

Coal

glass texture

Arkose Sandstone (color, texture)

Pink
Sand

Quartz Sandstone (color, texture)

White
Sand

Coquina=

Shells

Limestone

From calcite

Siltstone

Silt

Shale

Clay and silt

Magma vs Lava

Lava is above surface
Magma is what forms igneous rocks

Plutonic textures

Phaneretic- large interlocking crystals- cools slowly

Volcanic Textures

Aphanetic-small crystals in matrix
Porphyritic- aphinitic + phenocrysts- cools slowly and rapidly
Vitric- glass- cools very quickly
Vesicular- large holes from gas bubbles

Ultramafic-plutonic

Dunite

Mafic-plutonic

Gabbro

Mafic-volcanic

Basalt

Intermediate- plutonic

diorite

Intermediate-volcanic

Andesite

Felsic- plutonic

granite

Felsic-volcanic

rhyolite

Pumice vs Tuff- what's lighter?

Tuff

Ultramafic

>45% SiO2

Mafic

45-55% SiO2

Intermediate

55-70% SiO2

Gabbro

pyroxene+plagioclase
more pyroxene

Diorite

plagio+pyroxene- equal amts

Granite

Quartz+Plagioclase+Feldspar+Biotite

Basalt

Black
Vesicular

Sialic

Quartz
Muscovite
Plagioclase
Orthoclase

Ferromagnesium

Biotite
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole

H<2.5

Talc
Muscovite
Biotite

Pyroxene- Cleavage

Amphibole- Cleavage

120-60

Plagioclase vs Orthoclase

Striations-Plagioclase
White=Plagioclase

Magnetite

Magnetic
Metallic Luster

Graphite

Writes on paper
Greasy
Gray streak
H < 2

Galena

Black streak
cubic cleavage
Metallic
D=7.6

Hematite

Red-brown streak
D=5.3

Pyrite

Gold color
cubic cleavage

Sphalerite

Smell:Rotten eggs
Metallic luster

Limonite

earthy luster

Halite

salty taste
cubic cleavage
H<2.5

Calcite

reacts w/ HCL
Rhombohedral cleavage

Gypsum

one directional cleavage
H>2.5

Corundum

hardness of 9

Apatite

hardness of 5
octahedral structure

Fluorite

hardness of 4
different colors

hardness of glass

5.5

hardness of fingernail

2.5

Conchoidal fracture

Curved
Smooth surfaces

Nonconchoidal Fracture

Irregular
Breaks along surface where there is not a smooth cleavage plane

How much of the total amount of water on Earth is Fresh Water?

Less than 1%

Precipitation equation?

Run off + Infiltration + Evaporation + Transpiration

Global Water Budget

Earths water is recycled thru various reservoirs without any net gain or loss, the general equation for this balance is called global water budget

Run-off feeds...

Feeds the surface water reservoirs (streams, lakes, oceans)

Infiltration feeds...

Feeds the groundwater reservoir

Balance between run-off vs. infiltration is governed by... (6 things)

1. Amount and duration of precipitation
2. Topography
3. Moisture content of the ground
4. Porosity and permeability of ground
5. Vegitation cover
6. Urbanization

2 Ways Run-off occurs in?

1. Sheet Flow
2. Stream (or channel) flow: Laminar flow, turbulent flow

What controls stream flow? (2 things)

1. The gradient (or slope) of the stream channel
2. The discharge of the stream

Discharge equation?

channel width (m) x channel depth (m) x velocity (m/sec)

Geological action of streams? (3 things)

1. Erosion
2. Transport of Sediments
3. Deposition of Sediments

Erosion produces sediments by?

Physical and Chemical weathering

Base Level of Erosion

The elevation at which the stream ends by entering a large body of water such as a lake or an ocean

Ultimate Base Level of Erosion?

Contemporary Sea Level

Graded Stream

Stream with a stable and smooth longitudal profile that is established by eliminating the high spots by erosion and filling the low spots with sediments

The sediments transported by a stream is commonly referred to as a?

Load

3 Types of Stream Load:

1. Bed Load -- carried along the bed
2. Suspended Load -- carried as suspension
3. Dissolved Load -- carried in solution

Factors that control transport of sediments by streams? (2 things)

-Particle size of sediments
-Stream velocity & discharge

Stream Capacity

The maximum load of solid particles that a stream can transport

Stream Competence

The maximum particle size that a stream can transport

Floodplain

the portion of a river valley that is unundated during a flood

The flood plain deposists are typically?

fine grained sediments such as silt and clay

Drainage Pattern: Dendritic

Pattern determined by the slope directions

Drainage Pattern: Radial

Pattern on volcanic cones and dominal uplifts

Drainage Pattern: Rectangular

Pattern controlled by joints and faults

Drainage Pattern: Trelis

Pattern controlled by alternating bands of more resistant and less resistant rock

Groundwater

Water that resides underground in the pore spaces of soils and rocks

About this deck

By: Sophie @Studyblue
Created: 2011-04-24
Size: 115 flashcards
Views: 543

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj