EXAM ONE STUDY QUESTIONS
Cell Biology And Neuroscience 356 with Golfetti at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
About this deck
By: Christina Peteraf
Created: 2011-02-17
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 475
Created: 2011-02-17
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 475
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What are Prof Merrill's suggested study techniques for this course?
1. Attendance
2. Sit close and record lectures
3. Good notes with figure #s
4. Review notes and listen to tape the SAME DAY and 1-2x more each week
5. Attend SI/tutor sessions aoap; see Merrill as needed
6. Read corresponding content in textbook
What is the first system to develop in an embryo?
Cardiovascular system (Not neuro)
cardiogenisis, erythropoesis, angiogenesis
What type of capillaries would we find in the blood-brain barrier?
continuous capillaries
Where would continuous capillaries be found?
blood-brain barrier, skeletal muscle
Where do the systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems begin and end?
Systemic: left ventricle to right artery
Pulmonary: right ventricle to left artery
Distinguish between hydrostatic pressure, transmural pressure, and driving pressure. Which one depends on orientation of the body?
hydrostatic: due to gravity (depends on body's orientation)
Driving: pressure gradient along two sequential points in a vessel
transmural: pressure gradient across walls of vessel
Why is it that capillary pressure does not equal the average of the pre-capillary and post capillary pressures (arteriole and venule?)
The arterioles have a much higher pressure than the corresponding venules
Why is the SA node named as such?
SA= sino atrial
located near the coronary sinus in the atrial wall
What are the two main cardiac cell types?
Ventricular (fast) myocytes
pacemaker (slow) myocytes
The respective depolarizations of the two types of myocytes depend on two different ions. What are they?
depolarization of fast myocytes: sodium
depolarization of slow myocytes: calcium
What are the differences between the action potential phases of each cardiac cell type?
slow myocytes: smaller amplitude, no resting membrane potential, no overshoot phase
fast myocytes: larger amplitude of AP, more negative starting point (-80mV)
What would happen if Ach was bound to a cholinergic receptor on the pacemaker cells?
Heart rate would go down
(tonic effect of parasympathetic branch of ANS)
Which branch of the ANS has more of a tonic effect on heart rate?
parasympathetic
What is a VPB?
Ventricular premature beat- this is a type of arrhythmia
What might you do (what might Prof. Merill suggest you do) if you want to avoid arrhythmias?
take acetaminophen
What would cause an 'active' change in the geometry of a vessel?
stimulation by hormones
What would cause a 'passive' change in the geometry of a vessel?
compliance as a response to increased volume (mechanoreceptors will accommodate)
What will happen downstream if upstream arteries are dilated?
higher pressure downstream
At what age are your vessels most compliant? What happens as you get older?
ages 18-20
as you get older, things like elastin are lost and compliance goes down
What 5 components make up a reflex Arc?
1. sensor/sensory pathway
2. afferent neuron
3. integrator in CNS
4. efferent motor pathway
5. activator
How would the baroreceptors act if there was increased arterial pressure?
baroreceptors would send signals to the brainstem to decrease HR
What is the location of the baroreceptors?
Arch of the aorta... carotid arteries
If there is a decrease in arterial pressure, which branch of the ANS would you want to stimulate the heart in order to compensate?
Sympathetic
(increase HR)
Where are the CV control centers?
pons and medulla- brainstem
What influences CO?
Stroke volume and heart rate
These are determined by other factors: temperature, ANS input, Atrial filling, inotropic state (rigor of contraction of heart)
When does left ventricle receive most CBF?
During Diastole
What is the influence of a positive inotropic state?
Heart contracts with more rigor which leads to a higher stroke volume
What percent of CO goes to the heart?
%5 (pretty low)
What determines the fraction of CO that an organ receives? (Two things)
Metabolic state and importance of the organ
Which type of skin contains AV shunts?
apical skin (ears, nose)
Under what conditions will AV shunts vasoconstrict?
When they detect heat
this pushes blood to periphery
What are three factors that will determine the magnitude of reactive hyperemia?
1. duration of occlusion
2. flow of blood
3. oxygen content of blood
Why does regional blood flow stay constant when pressure increases?
mechanoreceptors sense pressure changes and make compensatory accommodations
How much blood on average is pumped per minute? (What is steady state CO?)
5L / min
What is the purpose of nasal turbinates?
rid air of pollutants (filtration), humidifying air before it passes through to thorax
How and why is the left lung different from the right?
Right lung is trilobular. Left lung is bilobular to accommodate heart
What are two advantages of having residual air inside of the lungs?
Easier to initiate inflation (think of a deflated balloon v. a partially inflated balloon)
small extra supply of oxygen
What volume can not be collected using spirometry? What other method do experimenters use to obtain this volume?
Spirometry can NOT measure Residual volume or Functional Residual Capacity.
Plethysmography is used.
What are some variables that influence Inspiratory Respiratory Volume, Expriatory Respiratory Volume, and Vital Capacity?
- Current lung volume
- Compliance of lungs/thorax
- Fitness of respiratory muscles
- Comfort/discomfort of procedure
- Flexibility of vertebral column/skeleton
- Body position/posture
In what direction does the thoracic cavity expand during expiration?
All directions- 3D expansion
Distinguish between anatomical and physiological dead space
anatomical dead space refers to the residual volume of air in the lungs that is mixed with fresh air
physiological dead space refers to physiological factors (upstream occlusion) that might minimize gas exchange
How does surfactant increase lung compliance?
surfactant molecules wedge themselves between H2O molecules to reduce surface tension of H2O (which would otherwise make it harder to expand lngs)
Which set of intercostal muscles is inactive during resting conditions?
internal intercostal muscles
(involved in active expiration)
When (during the respiratory cycle) is alveolar surface area at a maximum?
at the end of inspiration
What happens at the end of inspiration to make diffusion of oxygen into blood stream easier?
alveolar surface area is at a maximum and Alveolar epithelium barrier is at a minimum (barrier becomes thin)
Why is it that after inspiring fresh air we will not get expected values of PAO2 (150mmHg) by experiment?
Mixture with dead space air
What are three factors that will affect rate of diffusion across a barrier?
surface area
concentration gradient
width of barrier
Which two forms will oxygen come in when it is diffused into the blood? Which form accounts for PO2?
bound (to Hb) and unbound- unbound accounts for partial pressure
What is the maximum amount of O2 that alveoli are delivering to the capillary per 100mL of blood
20mL
What happens to the structure of Hb when oxygen is bound?
it becomes more planar
How does the solubility of CO2 in lipid membranes compare to that of oxygen?
solubility is about 20x greater- suggests body is more concerned with homeostasis of CO2 than that of oxygen
How does CO2 help oxygen get to tissue?
CO2 helps to displace oxygen from hemoglobin by producing protons when forming carbaminos
How would breathing patterns change if vagal nerve was damaged?
duration of inspiration would be extended
Where is the Ventral respiratory group of neurons located with respect to the dorsal respiratory group?
Located more laterally as well as more towards the belly
Which respiratory group of neurons controls inspiratory (as opposed to expiratory) efforts?
Dorsal respiratory group
What does the central pattern generator do?
controls VRG and DRG neurons
Under what conditions are experimental dogs better suited to deal with induced hypoxia/apoxia?
when given acetaminophen
Where are the oxygen sensors? What stimulates them?
located in carotid bodies of carotid arteries- stimulated by hypoxia/acidosis/hypercapnia
What happens to a glomus cell when it detects hypoxia?
potassium channels are blocked which leads to accumulation of K+ and depolarization
About this deck
By: Christina Peteraf
Created: 2011-02-17
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 475
Created: 2011-02-17
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 475
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy