Final Essay Questions

History 1400 with Langer at University of Connecticut

About this deck

By: Allie Risbridger
Textbook:

Candide: Or Optimism (Penguin Classics)

Cengage Advantage Books: Western Civilization, Volume 2

The Communist Manifesto (Signet Classics)

The Social Dimension of Western Civilization, Volume 2

This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (Penguin Classics)

Western Civilization: Volume II: Since 1500 (Western Civilization to 1500)
Created: 2011-05-01
Size: 52 flashcards
Views: 780

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Religion (Voltaire)

believes in a higher power- deism

corrupt religious leaders--> Franciscan friar (jewel thief)

Religion (Borowski)

S.S. agents mock religion

detached from religion, questions existence of God

Money (only in Voltaire)

does not lead to happiness

finds fortune in Eldorado but still misses Cunegonde so he leaves

Suffering (Voltaire)

Pangloss's philosophy cannot explain the suffering, Martin's focuses on it

End suffering through work

Suffering (Borowski)

prisoners suffer every day

starving, fear, gas chambers, etc.

Punishment (Voltaire)

exiled from the castle for kissing Cunegonde

punished for beliefs-- Oreillons almost kill Candide and Cacambo for being Jesuits

Punishment (Borowski)

punishment for disobeying S.S. officer

death

Evil (Voltaire)

boredom, vice, poverty

Evil (Borowski)

S.S. agents impose suffering on the prisoners

What does Candide learn on his travels?

Money- doesn't always result in true happiness

Make your own destiny:

"We must cultivate our own garden"

rejects Pangloss's optimism and Martin's pessimism

Must learn through experience

Ending scene

Garden represents cultivation

Wants to start from scratch with his own ideologies without blindly following Dr. Pangloss

How does Borowski try to make us understand the radically altered world that existed in the camps?

Mass killings didn't shock the prisoners because so normal

No individuality:

shaved heads

naked

tattoos

Hannah Arendt- death had no meaning

"Auschwitz, Our Home"

people gassed on a daily basis

prisoners do unthinkable acts to survive

conditions better than Birkenau's

"Death of Schillinger"

nude woman throws gravel in his eyes and shoots him with his revolver

irony-->Schillinger does not understand why he is suffering

"Man with the Package"

holding his package gave him hope/comfort (holding a hand)

package contained whatever he received from patients

"World of Stone"

post-camp experience

shows no emotion towards anything and everything is like stone because it is meaningless

Why did the first Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

Agricultural revolution

Capital

Entrepreneurs

Mineral resources

Government

Markets

cotton, steam, coal, iron, railroads

Agricultural revolution

changes in farming and breeding led to increase in food production

more food at lower prices with less labor

Supply of capital

effective central bank

had money to pay for new machinery

Entrepreneurs

a lot of individuals willing to invest if the opportunity arose

Mineral resources

coal and iron

Government

Parliament provided stable environment

passed laws that protected private property

private enterprise

Markets

able to produce what was in demand in the foreign and domestic markets at a cheap price

How did English industrialization differ from the rest of Europe?

first industrial nation

Britain became wealthiest country

What was the impact on factory workers and artisans?

workers only hired to run the machines

had to work long shifts to make sure machines moving for max. output

poor living conditions

no protection from the police (increased wife-beating and drinking)

work 15-16 hour days

How did the factory workers and wealthy middle class differ from one another?

life expectancy half of the wealthy middle class

factory workers- 75% income on food, wealthy middle class-20%

middle class valued property and discipline (running water and private rooms)

Technological changes of Second Industrial Revolution

Substitution of steel for iron

Chemicals (i.e. artificial dyes)

Electricity (lightbulb, telephone, radio, electric railway)

Internal combustion engine

-switched coal to oil

-gave rise to automobile and airplane

Economic changes of Second Industrial Revolution

real wages increase, more disposable income

tariffs

cartels

Germany became industrial leader of Europe (over Great Britain)

economic zones

world economy

Tariffs

reaction against free trade

guaranteed domestic markets for products of their industries

Cartels

independent enterprises worked together to control prices and production quotas

prevented reduced prices

Economic zones

Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, etc. --> high standard of living, healthy and educated

Austria-Hungary, Russia, Southern Italy --> agricultural, food and raw materials

Social changes of Second Industrial Revolution

New jobs for women

-white collar jobs at low wages (clerks, secretaries)

-prostitution

Socialist parties

-German Social Democrats most successful

-strikes and labor unions

Rise of mass society

Population growth

-decline in infant deaths due to better nutrition

Urbanization

-mass employment in cities

-improved conditions in cities

Effects on middle class

Middle Class:

-added new groups- engineers, architects, accountant

-new white-collar workers

Effects on factory workers

rise in real wages

more disposable income- clothes, leisure

Women

increase in marriage rates

decrease in birthrates- birth control, limit number of children to limit poverty

How would you compare the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?

Second improved technologies of the first

-iron-->steel

-coal-->oil

-flying shuttle-->airplane

-spinning jenny-->sewing machine

Great Britain vs. Germany

First industrial workers vs. second industrial workers

-factory jobs vs. white collar jobs

Where would you locate the most important changes in European society?

Second Industrial Revolution (Germany)

Mass society

Electricity

Marx thought life would get worse after First Industrial- got better

What were the causes of WWI?

Literal cause: assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Imperialism

-Westernization of Africa and Asia

Feuds over the Balkan area

-Austria and Russia fought for the Serbian land

Nationalism

Militarism

Nationalism

emergence of nation-states led to competition

division of Europe into Triple-Entente (Britain, France, Russia) and Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)

Militarism

growth of mass armies heightened tensions and ensured that war would be destructive

European military machines doubled in size between 1890 and 1914

How did the war change European society?

Nationalism increased- most people believed their nation's cause was just

Domestic differences temporarily ignored

Socialist parties dropped strikes to fight for their country

Why was the war a crisis in liberalism?

Political need for a constitutional gov't, civil liberties, freedom

Economic need for open market and capitalism

Dual liberalism broke in WWI- turned to communism and fascism

What was the impact of war on the home front?

Total war- involved all citizens

Conscription- needed to draft citizens, made sure skilled workers stayed in factories

Extension of gov't

-regulated imports and exports, prices, wages

-nationalized transportation system and industries

What made fighting this war different from previous wars?

Airplanes

-i.e. Germans used airships to bomb England

Trench warfare

-caused a stalemate

-used in the West (germany)

Fascism, Nazism, and totalitarianism

Limit publications that show disrespect

Complete control

Terror- OVRA, SS

Superiority

Propaganda- "Mussolini is always right"

How do fascism and Nazism differ from liberalism and Marxism?

Fascism and Nazism:

-one party has power

-superiority

-war and struggle

Liberalism and Marxism:

-equality

-distribution of wealth and power

How do you explain the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany?

Nationalist party-->Nazi Party

-mass political movement through use of flags, uniforms, badges

Hitler's persuasion

Germany in a state of depression

Enabling Act

Gleichschaltung

Enabling Act

gave gov't power to do whatever had to be done to save the state

dispensed with constitutional forms

essentially appointed Hitler as a dictator

Gleichschaltung

coordination of all institutions under Nazi control

What changes did Nazism bring to Germany society in the 1930s?

Unemployment drops by over 3 million in 2 years

-regime claims full credit

Terror

Anti-semitic policies

-Nuremberg laws: separated German Jews from German citizens

-Kristallnacht

-Holocaust

Was Weimar Germany doomed to failure?

Yes.

No great political leaders

-Hindenburg was president

-not in favor of the Republic

Economic problems

-Great Depression

-led to unease, discontent