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- Education 143
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- Educational Psychology and Measurement Final
Educational Psychology and Measurement Final
Education 143 with Online at University of Iowa
About this deck
By: Alexa Schmidt
Created: 2011-05-05
Size: 121 flashcards
Views: 508
Created: 2011-05-05
Size: 121 flashcards
Views: 508
About StudyBlue
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the concerns of educational psychology are distinctive in that they...
relate to improving learning and instruction
when studies are based only on observations, the results should be expressed as...
descriptions
a correlation is a statistical description indicating the...
direction and strength of a relationship
which one of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?
-.78 (positive and negative don't matter)
A correlation coefficient of .90 indicates that...
one event is strongly related to another event
random assignments would be most critical in what type of research?
experimental
what type of research participants should researchers use for studies of cause-and-effect relationships?
random samples
Dr. Patterson concludes from her research that using a systematic study strategy caused good grades for students assigned to a particular group. What type of study is this?
experimental
All developmental theories have the following general principle in common...
development is gradual
according to Piaget, people pass through the four stages of cognitive development...
in the same sequence
what of the following sayings best conveys a child's thinking before the notion of object permanence is acquired?
"out of sight, out of mind"
michelle covers her eyes b/c she thinks her friends will not see her when playing a game of hide-and-seek. what stage of piaget's does this illustrate?
preoperational thought
nathan is shown 2 balls of clay that are equal. when one is rolled into a sausage he says that it has more clay. which stage is he likely to be?
preoperational thought
billy refuses to drink from a 1/2 full glass - he wants his favorite b/c it looks like there is more. with what concept of Piaget's is he having trouble?
Conservation
David has just purchased a car - it breaks - he locates the problem. What stage does this situation best illustrate?
Formal operations
An increasingly influential view of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky is based on...
culture and socioculture theory
vygotsky's view of cognitive development differs from Piaget's in the importance and emphasis placed on a person's...
interpersonal interactions
according to bygotsky, scaffolding represents...
external support for helping children solve problems on their own
the zone of proximal development is the area where students may solve a problem...
with support
the emphasis on erikson's stage theory is on...
the formation of the personal identity
according to erikson, if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage, the child is apt to...
encounter problems with resolutions of later crisises
erikson's notion of developmental crisises can be defined as...
conflict between a positive and unhealthy alternative
martin now takes considerable pride in completing his 4th grade hw and doing them well. he is upset he got an "A" vs an "A+" which stage of erikson's development is martin in?
industry vs inferiority
as with most developmental crisises, the resolution of the identity crisis...
may be an extended process
christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school. she is experiencing identity...
diffusion
17 yr old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing identity...
achievement
which one of erikson's crisises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?
integrity vs despair
during kohlber's stage of preconventional moral realism, a child is likely to believe that...
hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child
Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread....but thats wrong" what level of moral reasoning does he demonstrate?
Conventional
sue is presented with a moral dilemna and responds that she would act in a certain way to please her parents. the moral reasoning stage reflected is...
conventional
which one of the following statements is TRUE about intelligence?
it is theorized to be a collection of abilities by many psychologists
according to the work of Cattell and Horn, there are 2 types of intelligence:
fluid and crystalized
the theory that defines intelligence as encompassing at least 8 separate kinds of intelligence is...
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
what psychologist developed the concept of mental age?
binet
a deviation IQ score indicates...
how a person compares with others in his/her age group
approx. what percent of the general pop. scores over 100 on a standardized IQ test?
50
a major advantage of using standardized intelligence tests is that they...
provide ways of comparing a child's performance with those of other children in the same situation
what is the typical correlation between deviation IW scores from an individual intelligence test and school achievement for the general pop of school-age students?
moderately positive
which one of the following assessments would provide the most valid basis for identifying students who are academically gifted?
an individual IQ test
current beliefs about teaching the gifted...
views both acceleration and enrichment as beneficial
recent research has indicated that acceleration of students who are gifted...
has been unnecessarily discouraged in the past
what is the largest category of students with disabilities?
students with learning disabilities
Bill is smart and bright, however he cannot read as others in his class can. this description of bill would lead one to think about the possibility of...
a learning disability
hyperactivity can be most accurately described as a...
variable set of conditions with differing sets of causes
in treating hyperactivity, the medication that seems to work best is...
stimulants
what type of intervention appears to be the most successful in helping students with attention deficits?
behavior management strategies
attention deficit disorder refers to a condition that...
affects an individual's ability to focus on tasts and/or be patient
all of the following student conditions are covered under Section 504 except...
poverty
behavioral theories of learning emphasize...
observable actions
during music class, lisa enthusiastically sings aloud until the teacher tells her she is bad. feeling anxiety at the prospect of going to music class is an example of...
classical conditioning
in the above example involving lisa, felling ill at the prospect of going to the music class served as the...
conditioned response
a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that brings about an unconditioned response. through repeated pairings of neutral stimulus...
conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response
in an experiment, an electric can opener is used to open a can and no salivation by the subject is detected. after a # of pairings between the 2 the subject salivates. the conditioned response in this study is the...
salvation to the can opener
B.F Skinner is to ______, as ivan pavlov is to ______
operant conditioning ; classical conditioning
operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning by...
focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior
a consequence is defined by skinner as a reinforcer or a punisher depending on whether it...
increases or decreases the frequency of behavior that it follows
removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior exemplifies...
negative reinforcement
the essential difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that...
punishment decreases the behavior while negative reinforcement increases it
17 yr old kelly receives a ticket for speeding. her parents take away the priviledge of using her car. her parents are using...
removal punishment
mr smith uses token economy system in his history clas. whenever bill breaks a rule, he loses a "chip." if the infraction is major, bill loses several chips. this is an example of...
removal punishment
slot machines that pay off after an indeterminate # of uses illustrate what schedule of reinforcement?
variable-ratio
what schedule of reinforcement is most likely to be involved when teachers give "pop quizzes"?
variable-interval
the premack principle states that...
a preferred activity is a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity
mrs lever allows nathan to be the first to leave the uncomfortable bus b/c he has behavedso well on the trip. the technique being used is...
negative reinforcement
in a contingency contract program, teachers set up...
individual performance contracts with each student
alec still remembers how to tough-type, even though it has been 3 years since he has practiced. the memory system most directly involved here is...
procedural
one of the educational implications of sensory memory is that...
attention is necessary if children are to remember information
while Mr. L was explaining the social studies assignment, missy was doing hw due for next class. when the class began, she didnt know what to do. she was lost because...?
she did not pay attention to the instructions that were given
what you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?
working
megan tries to remember the address 10 Anchor st by imagining a 10-dollar bill attached to the anchor on a ship. shes using a memory strategy called...
elaborative rehearsal
items can typically be stored in working memory for approx how long?
about 20 seconds
research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?
five to nine
our ability to conserve something in working memory is most directly affected by the...
perceptual factors that we apply to the stimulus OR executive control processes
the basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to...
increase the amount of info to be stored in the long-term memory OR reduce the amount of info to be stored in the working memory
which one of the following persons most clearly illustrates the concept of elaboration?
john recognizes that he can use percetages in calculating his team's batting average
according to Woolfolk, the basic purpose of mnemonic aids is to...
make connections between the info to be memorized
dr beach used to be a typical "absent minded professor." however, she found that she could remember the things her husband asked her to pick up at the grocery store by imagining the items she needed placed on her desk. the mnemonic device that she used is...
the loci method
"i before e except after c" is an example of the use of what memory method?
chain
consuela is a fourth grade student who is studying geography. tomorrow she has a quiz and creates a mnemonic devies HOMES. which type of mnemonic device is she using?
acronym
bandura suggested that the main limitation of traditional views of learning is that these views are
incomplete
bandura challenged and expanded his early work on behavioral conceptions of learning by focusing on...
social learning theory
ms. jackson's perception of her capabilities to effectively deal with a particular task is her sense of...
self-efficacy
when failure does occur, self-regulated learners are LESS likely to...
get defensive
in addition to academic learning skills, self-regulated learners have...
good self-control abilities
in bandura's social cognitive learning theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental events and behaviors is called...
reciprocal causality
according to bandura, expectations are part of which one of the leements that comprise reciprocal causality?
personal factors
what are the steps involved in self-regulated learning?
analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies
which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy?
"I am usually good at math, so I will do well in this class"
erin is a fifth grade teacher who has a high degree of efficacy in teaching. consequently, erin will most likely...
try harder when students have learning difficulties
which one of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on presenting models so that students can learn from observing others complete a task?
social cognitive theory
what is a functional behavior assessment and its primary purpose?
figuring out what environmental factors are causing misbehavior. the purpose is to stop reinforcement for undesired behavior and continue reinforcement for desired behavior
name two rules about classroom rules
1. rule of thumb is 5
2. keep them short and clear
name one important thing to do on the first day of class
start enforcing and teaching the classroom guidelines/rules
who should be inolved when addressing bullying?
the person who is being bullied and the person who is doing the bullying. also the parents of each and the school
name 2 findings of the safe schools (secret service) report
1. the person has been bullied in the past
2. someone other than the police officer has gotten to them first (a teacher in the school)
how should you respond to a threat of suicide?
you should always respond quietly, seriously and don't overreact
what is motivation?
internal state that arouses, directs and maintains behavior -- causes a person to initiate action, move toward a goal
types of motivation
intrinsic = inside ; extrinsic = from others (doing something because you have to) ; alternative = continuum from self determined to determined by others
theoretical approaches (behavioral)
reinforcement, punishment, modeling explain it emphaiss on extrinsic motivation; motivated by rewards and incentives
theoretical approaches (humanistic)
encourages the learner to tap into inner resources such as competense, self esteem, autonomy; emphasizes personal choice
theoretical approaches (cognitive)
behavior is determined by our thinkiing; emphasis on intrinsic motivation -- affected by goals, schemas, expectations, etc
theoretical approaches (social cognitive)
intergration of behavior and cognitive
expectancy "s" value theories
individuals expectation of reaching a goal (x) the value of goal to the individual
theoretical approaches (sociocultural)
emphasizes participation in communities; engage in activities to maintain idenity and interpersonal relationships; authentic tasks carry high value
optimal level of arousal
higher on simpler tasks; lower on complex tasks
characteristics of effective teaching
subject knowledge
clarity and organization
importance of warmth and enthusiasm
"Expert" teachers (shuman, 1987)
1. academmic subject they teach
2. general teaching strategies
3. materials and programs from subject
4. subject-specific knowledge
5. settings in which students learn
6. goals and purposes of teaching
instructional objectives
= intended learning outcomes
*BEHAVIORAL - observable and measurable change
*COGNITIVE - students should be able to understand, comprehend and apply
POOR = general and vague objectives
Behavioral objectives; (Mager's instructional objectives)
1. describe intended student behavior
2. include conditions under which the behavior should occur
3. give criteria for acceptable performance
ex: "given five sentences, the student will correctly classify four of them"
Cognitive objectives (Gronlond's instructional objectives)
1. a general primary objective for student understanding
2. specific examples/outcomes
ex: "students will present and defend their research project before a group" (general)
"describes the project in a well-organized manner" (specific)
Bloom's Taxonomy
affective = attention, effort, commitment, valuing, etc
behavioral/psychomoto = student demonstrates performance and skills
cognitive = thinking, reasoning, solving
ex: remembering how many feet are in a yard ; understanding how to explain a topic
Standardized tests vs classroom assessments
= given in exact same way; same time, setting etc
= assessments done in class
*to measure assess and evaluate on specific quantative scores
2 types of assessment
*formative = used to "form" instruction ex: pretests
*summative = provide a summary of accomplishments ex: final exam
Norm-referenced testing
= most frequent ; compare test to average score of the group
BEST when...
-selecting candidates for a position
-assessing range of abilities ina group
-measuring general ability in an area
LIMITATIONS...
-encourages competitions and comparison
-doesn't indicate if student has prerequisites for material
Criterion-referenced testing
= need to meet specific criteria
BEST when..
-determining if student has prerequisites to start new material
-measuring mastery of specific objectives assessing skills
LIMITATIONS
-standards tend to be arbitiary
-absolute standards difficult to set in certain areas
interpreting test scores
reliability = measure of how consistent/stable test results are
validity = degree to which a test helps us ; assesses what we're interested in assessing
testing methods and avantages
*OBJECTIVE = scoring doesnt require interpretation ex: multiple choice
*ESSAY = clear and precise task ; assesses depth of knowledge, understanding, creativity and personal aspects of learning
Authentic assessment
= assessment that skills and procedures of tests as they would be applied in real life
procedures that test skills and abilities in real life
=performance - requires students to carry out activities in order to demonstrate learning
=exhibitions - require preparation and consider audience
= portfolios - collect process or best work
cautions concerning authentic assessments
validity = are results consistent with standardized assessments?
generalizability = skill assessed may be specific to a particular task
reliability = scoring can be unreliable and open to bias; appearance and speech come into play; outside resources play a bigger role
Maslow's Hierarchy (needs)
1. self actualization needs
2. aesthetic needs
3. need to know and understand
4. esteem needs
5. belongingness and love needs
6. safety needs
7, physiological needs
About this deck
By: Alexa Schmidt
Created: 2011-05-05
Size: 121 flashcards
Views: 508
Created: 2011-05-05
Size: 121 flashcards
Views: 508
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis