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Latin Grammar Rules
About this deck
By: Ben Allen
Created: 2011-05-24
Size: 230 flashcards
Views: 196
Created: 2011-05-24
Size: 230 flashcards
Views: 196
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Give the case these prepositions take: propter, cum, post, in
propter and post take Accusative
cum and in take Ablative
cum and in take Ablative
Name the 6 neuter 3rd declension nouns in alphabetical order
agmen, corpus, flumen, iter, nomen, vulnus
What is the predicate adjective case?
Nominative
In expressions of place, what does pro mean?
In front of or before
In expressions with nouns naming persons, what does pro mean?
On behalf of or for.
What adjectives govern cases?
Cupidus, plenus, finitimus, similis.
What case does cupidus, a, um govern?
Genitive.
What case does plenus, a um govern?
Genitive or ablative.
What case does finitimus, a um govern?
Dative.
What case does similis, e govern?
Genitive or ablative.
What does a direct reflexive pronoun do?
Refers back to the subject of its own clause.
What is the rule of agreement for pronouns?
It agrees in gender and number to its noun; the case by its use in its own clause.
What is an intransitive verb?
A verb than cannot take a direct object in the accusative case.
What is a postpositive conjunction?
A conjunction that cannot stand first in a sentence or clause.
What third person pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of its own clause?
Sui, sibi, se, se.
Is autem a postpositive conjunction?
Yes.
Is itaque a postpositive conjunction?
No.
Is enim a postpositive conjunction?
Yes.
"Per" is a preposition that takes what case and means what?
Accusative; through.
What are the possessive adjectives of the 1st person?
Meus; a, um; noster, nostra, nostrum
What are the possessive adjectives of the 2nd person?
tuus, a, um; vester, vestra, vestrum
What position do 1st and 2nd person adjectives take?
Usually follows the noun it modifies.
When does "in" take the Ablative case?
When there is no idea of movement or motion
When does agunt mean "give"?
when it has gratias for its object
When does gratia mean "grace"?
only in Christian Latin
"Forest" is translated into what # in Latin?
in the plural
How is Jesus's name declined in Latin?
Jesus, Jesu, Jesu, Jesum, Jesu
What happens to locus in the plural?
it becomes neuter
When pono is modified with an "in" phrase, what case does "in" take?
the Ablative (always)
How does Henle identify intransitive verbs?
4th principal part is -um
What is unique about proelium when used in the Ablative?
the preposition "in" is not used
What is the Ablative Accompaniment rule?
Cum is used w/the Ablative to express accompaniment or association.
When a main verb is in a primary tense, what tense is used in the purpose clause?
the Present Subjunctive
How is the Imperfect Subjunctive tense formed in all conjugations?
Personal Verb endings are added to the Infinitive.
3rd declension adjectives ending in is, e in the Nom. singular are declined how?
like gravis, grave
Subjects and verbs agree in:
Person and number
What is the agreement rule for Appositives?
An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case
Give the nom. and gen. singular for Latin words meaning "river" and "journey."
flumen, fluminis, iter, itineris
Give the nom. and gen. singular of the Latin words for "column" and "name."
agmen, agminis, nomen, nominis
What is the Position rule for adjectives?
Quantity adjective precedes its noun, Quality adjectives usually follow
What case does the preposition "pro" ALWAYS take?
Ablative
In expressions with nouns naming persons, what does pro mean?
On behalf of or for
In English and Latin, verbs change their form to show what 3 things?
tense, person and number
What are the 3 ways to translate a present tense Latin verb? Use "praise" in your examples.
I praise, I do praise, I am praising
Is enim a postpositive conjunction?
Yes
What are the 4 principal parts of the "to be" verb?
sum, esse, fui, futurus
What are the meanings of the 4 principal parts of "sum"?
I am, to be, I was (have been), about to be
What are the 4 principal parts of the compound of "sum" meaning "am away"?
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus
On which principal part is the perfect tense (active) formed?
3rd principal part
When does "in" take the Accusative case?
When there is movement or motion expressed.
When does "in" take the Ablative case?
When there is no idea of movement or motion.
When does posuerunt mean "pitched"?
when used with castra
"Enemy" (singular in English) is translated into what # in Latin?
plural
In Christian Latin, where is "sanctus" usually placed?
before its noun
What word for "winter quarters" is always used in the plural?
hiberna
What does "oratio" mean in regular/classical Latin?
speech
How is "tu" declined (singular)?
tu, tui, tibi, te, te
How is "vos" declined?
vos, vestri/vestrum, vobis, vos, vobis
When does "pono" mean "pitch"?
when used with "castra"
What is the Ablative of Means?
It expresses a non-living agent, the means, or instrument w/OUT a preposition.
How is the Perfect system Passive formed for all conjugations?
The 4th Principal Part with the proper form of sum
How is a purpose clause introduced?
with ut or ne
When the main verb is in a secondary tense, what tense is used in the purpose clause?
Imperfect Subjunctive
How is an adj. used as a noun when referring to a general class, especially of people?
In the masculine plural.
How is an adj. used as a noun when referring to a general class of things other than people?
the Neuter Nominative and Accusative Plural
Less frequently, how is an adj. used to express only a class (of people)?
Masculine Singular
Less frequently, how is an adj. used as a noun, especially 1st & 2nd decl. adjectives?
Neuter Singular
What is the IMperfect Subjunctive of sum?
essem, esses, esset; essemus, essetis, essent
What 3 things must be used to express "exchange" (as in "exchange hostages")?
The verb do, dare, the preposition inter, and a reflexive pronoun.
What kind of clause is a Relative Clause?
Adjective clause because it modifies a noun or pronoun
What is the general rule of agreement of pronouns, including relative pronouns?
Agrees in Gender & # with the word it refers to, case by its use in the clause.
What are the relative pronouns and what do they mean in English?
qui, quae, quod; who, which, that, what
When does ad mean "to" or "until"?
When used in expressions of time
When does ad mean "at"?
with verbs of motion as well as other verbs
When does ad mean "for"?
When used with certain adjectives
When is a verb used impersonally?
When it has no definite subject
How is an impersonal verb conjugated in Latin in a regular (non-compound) tense?
It is always in the 3rd person singular.
How is an impersonal verb conjugated in a compound tense?
the participle is always neuter singular
What type clause should be used instead of an ut-clause whenever possible?
A relative clause of purpose
How do you determine if a relative purpose clause can be used instead of an ut-clause?
When the relative pronoun can be made to agree with the noun in the main clause
Where is the conjunction -que placed in a Latin sentence?
to the end of the first word that follows the "and".
What word for "and" is more emphatic, and emphasizes the 2nd part of the combination?
atque
What conjunction is used to join things that are more closely associated?
-que
When is quo used to introduce a purpose clause?
When the purpose clause contains a comparative.
What 2 interrogative adverbs can translate the English "where"?
Ubi and quo
When is ubi used to mean "where"?
Only when the "where" refers to place in which and implies rest.
When is quo used to mean "where"?
Only when "where" refers to place to which and implies motion or direction
When is unde used?
Only of place from which and implies motion or direction
What 3 parts of speech can direct questions be introduced by?
interrogative pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs
When does nonne introduce a direct question?
When the answer "yes" is expected.
When does num introduce a direct question?
When the answer "no" is expected (or to express surprise)
How is the particle -ne used in asking questions?
It is added to the emphatic word and put first; used to ask for information.
What are the interrogative pronouns and what do they mean?
quis, quis, quid; who what
What is unique about the verb traduco, traducere?
It can take two accusatives
What is unique about verbs of calling, naming, making, showing, etc.?
may take 2 accusatives; one the direct object, the other a predicate accusative.
How is nomen used with verbs of naming, calling, etc.?
may take 2 accusatives; one the direct object, the other a predicate accusative
How is nomen used with verbs of naming, calling, etc.?
It is put in the Ablative to mean "by."
When is inquit used?
Always with Direct Quotations
How is the Vocative case formed in all nouns and adjectives, before the exception?
Like the Nominative singular
Where is the exception to the Vocative formation rule?
in singular -us nouns of the 2nd declension
How is the Vocative formed in -us nouns in 2nd declension?
with an -e
What are the exceptions to the -e vocative formation 2nd decl. nouns?
proper nouns in -ius and -filius; these have an -i
What is the vocative case of "God"?
Deus
What is the vocative case for the masculine singular of meus?
mi
When does doceo take two accusatives?
when it means teaching someone something
What is the Rule for Placement of a Vocative noun or adjective?
The Vocative generally does not stand first in the sentence.
How is the singular Imperative formed?
By removing the "re" from the present Infinitive (2nd principal part).
How is the plural Imperative formed?
By adding -ie to the singular Imperative.
What is the Rule for Position of Imperatives?
Imperatives more frequently stand first in a sentence.
What are the two basic functions of the Subjunctive mood?
Show that an action is: potential & not actual, or dependent on another action.
How are possible wishes expressed in Latin?
by the Present Subjunctive with utinam
How are wishes contrary to present fact expressed in Latin?
by the Imperfect Subjunctive with utinam
What is Hortatory?
It is an exhortation.
How is an exhortation most-often expressed?
In the 1st person plural, Present Subjunctive
What happens to the noun causa when put in the Ablative?
It becomes a preposition meaning "for the sake of " and governs the Gen. Case
When causa is used in the Ablative, what is its placement?
It stands after the word it governs.
How may mos, moris be translated when in the Ablative?
"according to custom"
When does cum take the subjunctive mood?
when it is used in secondary sequence
What tense in Subj. mood does cum require in secondary sequence?
Imperfect or Pluperfect, according to Tense by Sequence rule
What is the Ablative of Cause?
the Ablative being used to express cause or reason
When is the Ablative of Cause more often used?
with verbs of emotion
What form of Perfect Participle Passive can intransitive verbs have?
Neuter Participle Passive
When is a verb considered "defective"?
When there is no perfect participle passive
What 4th principal part is given for defective verbs?
the future participle active
If a verb has no perfect participle passive or future participle active, what is given?
Only three parts are given
How is the perfect participle passive of impedio (impeditus) often translated?
"encumbered" or "difficult"
What part of speech is: "this" and "these"
Demonstrative Adjectives
What is the Rule for Position of hic, haec, hoc?
generally precedes the nouns it modifies
Hic, haec, hoc may be used as what 2 parts of speech?
Pronouns and Adjectives
What does ex(e) or de mean with Ablative of Means in expressions of place?
"out of" or "from"
What does ab(a) mean with the Ablative of Means in expressions of place?
"away from" or "from"
The preposition de with the Ablative also means what?
"down from" or "from" indicating motion downwards
With what kinds of verbs and adjectives is the Ablative of Separation used?
Verbs and adjectives of 'separating,' 'freeing,' ' depriving,' and the like.
How is the Ablative of Separation used?
without a preposition with things; with de, ex, or ab with persons
What are the 5 Ablative constructions we have learned? (alpha order)
accompaniment, agent, cause, place, separation
When loco is modified by an adjective what happens?
the word "in" is often omitted
Proelio is generally used without what preposition?
"in"
Is possum transitive or intransitive and what does it mean?
intransitive; can, am able
Conjugate possum in the present tense indicative
possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt
Conjugate possum in the imperfect tense indicative.
poteram, poteras, poterat; poteramus, poteratis, poterant
Conjugate possum in the future tense indicative
potero, poteris, poterit; poterimus, poteritis, poterunt
How is the Present Infinitive Passive formed in 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugation verbs?
by changing the last letter of the present infinitive to an -i
How is the Present Infinitive Passive formed in 3rd conj. verbs?
by adding an -i to the present stem
What is an Infinitive in grammatical terms?
A Neuter Verbal Noun
Thinking of the Infinitive as a Noun, how can it be used in a sentence?
As a Subject, Predicate Noun, and an Object
As a verb, how does an Infinitive behave?
has tense, takes objects, may be modified by adverbs and adverbial phrases
An Infinitive is always what gender?
Neuter
When used as a Subject or Pred. Noun, an Infinitive may be translated how?
ending in "-ing" or as a noun
Adversus, a, um is frequently used with the plural of res to mean what?
"adversity"
The Infinitive is not used in classical Latin to express what?
Purpose
What is the Present Infinitive Active of the irregular verb "to be able"?
posse
What case does adversus, a, um govern?
Dative
What case does proximus, a, um govern?
Dative
What part of speech is jam and what does it mean?
adverb; already, now (at that time)
Why are only the Perfect Ind. Active and Perf. Participle Passive of consuevi given?
The present tenses are not common
What is unique about the Perfect tense of consuevi?
It may have a present meaning
What is unique about the pluperfect tense of consuevi?
It may have a perfect meaning
What case is the Subject of an Infinitive put in?
Accusative
What should you always keep in mind when translating oportet?
the idea or meaning of the Latin sentence
What does a Predicate Adjective after an Infinitive verb agree with?
the word to which it refers; whether expressed or understood
For numerals that decline, how do they decline?
like magnus, a, um except in Gen. and Dat. singular
What is the rule when totus modifies the Ablative of a noun indicating "place where"?
in is not used
Several irregular adjectives (solus, totus, ullus, etc.) are declined how?
like unus, a, um in the singular, and magni, ae, a in the plural
To express "one...another" and "some...others" when there are more than 2, what adj. is used?
alius, alia, aliud
To express "one...the other" when there are only 2, what adjective is used?
alter, altera, alterum
When "one" refers to one of two, what adjective is generally used?
alter, altera, alterum
"one does one thing, another another" is expressed how in Latin?
combines into one expression like, alius aliud depending on gender & #
In simple enumerations, what adjective is used for "the second" instead of secundus, a, um?
alter, altera, alterum
How is "the other" expressed in Latin when there are two?
alter, altera, alterum
How is "the other group" expressed in Latin when there are two?
in the plural: alteri, alterae, altera
"Others" in general is expressed how in Latin?
alii, aliae, alia
How do you recognize an -io verb?
Its 1st and 2nd principal parts end in -io, -ere
Where do -io verbs have endings of the 4th conjugation?
In all 4th conj. tenses that begin with 2 vowels.
Where do -io verbs have endings of 3rd conjugation?
In all forms that do not have the 2 vowel endings of 4th conjugation.
What conjugation do we say -io verbs fall in?
3rd conjugation
For -io verbs, which system of active tenses are formed regularly?
the Perfect System
For -io verbs, which system of passive tenses are formed regularly?
the Perfect System
What does the idiom iter facere mean?
to march
What does the idiom consilium capere mean?
to make a plan
With fides voluntas, and similar words, what does "in" with the Accusative mean?
"towards"
What case is used to express time when?
the Ablative
For -io verbs, which Subj. active tense is formed like 4th conj. verbs?
Present Subjunctive
For -io verbs, which Subj. active tense is formed like 4th conj. verbs?
Present Subjunctive
For -io verbs, which Subj. active tenses are formed regularly, like 3rd conj.?
Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect Subjunctive
What does this special use of conjicio mean: "In fugam hostes conjecit."
"He threw the enemy into flight."
What does "recipio, recipere" mean?
receive, accept, recover
What does "recipio, recipere" mean when used with the proper reflexive pronoun?
withdraw
What case is used to express the extent of space and time?
the Accusative case
What is mille (a thousand)?
an indeclinable adjective
What is milia (thousands) and what case does it govern?
a plural neuter noun, governs the Genitive case
What is quam?
interrogative adverb of degree
What does quam mean?
"How" in the sense of "to what degree"
For -io verbs in the passive voice, which indicative tenses are formed like 4th conj.?
Imperfect and Future
For -io verbs in the passive voice, what indicative tense is formed with a mixture of 3rd and 4th forms?
Present tense
After the verb eripio, eripere how is "from" translated?
as ex (e) with the Ablative
How is time within which expressed?
in the Ablative
How is the Perfect Tense of the Infinitive formed?
by attaching -isse to the Perfect Stem
How is the Future Tense of an Infinitive formed?
by attaching -urus, a, um esse to the Perfect Participle Passive stem
How is the Future Participle Active formed?
by attaching -urus, a, um to the Perfect Participle Passive stem
What does "Accusative with the Infinitive" mean?
The subject of an Infinitive verb is put in the Accusative case.
In Accusative w/Infinitive constructions after verbs of "saying" etc., how is the tense of the Inf. determined?
Tense by Relation
With verbs like jubeo and oportet taking Accus. w/Infinitive, how is tense determined?
Tense by Sequence
When Accusative w/Infinitive is used after other kinds of verbs, what tense is generally used?
Present
How is the Perfect Tense Passive Infinitive formed?
the Perfect Participle Passive (4th princ. part) with esse
What are the 3 degrees of adjectives?
Positive, Comparative, and Superlative
How is the Comparative of an adjective formed?
adding -ior, -ius to the stem of the positive
How are comparison adjectives declined?
like lex and flumen
How are superlatives formed?
adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem of the positive
How are superlative adjectives declined?
like magnus, a, um
What is unique about the adverb auam, "than"?
it takes the same case after as before it
What does the idiom certiorem facere mean?
"to inform"
In the idiom certiorem facere, with what does certiorem agree?
the direct object of facere
What constructions can certiorem facere take?
de w/Ablative; Accusative w/Infinitive; indirect question
Are there comparatives and superlatives that have no positive forms?
yes, a few
How are Latin superlatives often translated?
with the word "very" and the positive form of the adj.
What is a deponent verb?
a verb that has a passive form but active meaning
How are deponents conjugated?
like regular passive verbs
What exceptions are there to conjugating deponent verbs regularly?
the future infinitive, present & future participle, supine, gerund and gerundive
What part of speech is nactus, a, um?
the perfect participle of a deponent verb
Why is only the perfect participle given for nactus, a, um?
Because the other forms are rare
Present & Perfect Infinitives of deponents are regular; what about Future Infinitive?
it is active both in form and meaning
Arbitror is a deponent verb that takes the Accus. w/Infinitive. Why?
It is a verb of "thinking"
Is the irregular verb eo, ire transitive or intransitive?
Intransitive
What is the perfect stem of the irregular verb "to go"?
i with the v dropped
How are compounds of eo conjugated?
just like eo, but the v is regularly dropped in the perfect stem
How is eo conjugated in the Present Subjunctive?
just like the endings of the Present Subj. for 2nd conjugation
How is eo conjugated in the Imperfect Subjunctive?
just like the endings of the Imperfect Subj. for 4th conjugation
What are the Present, Future, and Perfect Infinitives of eo?
ire; iturus, a, um esse; isse
About this deck
By: Ben Allen
Created: 2011-05-24
Size: 230 flashcards
Views: 196
Created: 2011-05-24
Size: 230 flashcards
Views: 196
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj